This Presentation is an abstract of discussion I had during my Session with Participants of a Webinar at Regional Center of IGNOU, Patna on Future Skills & Career Opportunities in POST COVID-19

1. Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey
Professor & Director (IT & UG)
Institute of Technology & Science
Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad
Online Career Opportunities
POST COVID-19

4. History
• 19th century Britain saw rise of the secret oath based radical
organization of English textile workers - Luddites, who
destroyed factories and machines as a form of protest against
the 1st Industrial revolution to protect their livelihood. Their
protest was designed against layoffs and business owners who
replaced them with machines. This story narrates the shadow
that automation or change creates, which generates fear of
mass joblessness and loss of livelihood.
• In the 1980s, the age of personal computers created a wave
of “Computer phobia”, which saw people depicting a range
of resistance, fears, anxieties, and hostilities. The fear
erupting out of the feeling that you can be replaced by a
machine, become slave to it, or feeling aggressive towards
computers.
• This moved into the 1990s creating another technological
anxiety – the cyber space.

5. The Theory of Natural Selection
• The theory of “Natural Selection”, as specified by the 19th
century modern biologist Darwin, also used as a synonym to
“survival of the fittest”, coined by Herbert Spencer to draw
comparison between the economic theory and the biological
one, is the process of preservation of favored races in their
struggle for life. Who is really favored in this race? Darwin
explains -
“This preservation, during the battle of life, of varieties
which possess any advantage in structures, constitution, or
instinct. I have called Natural selection; and Mr. Herbert
Spencer has well expressed the same idea by the survival of
the fittest.”
• As this race navigates in different spheres of life, it can easily
abstract the theory of evolution/ natural selection/ survival of
fittest into multiple different fields – mathematics, chemistry,
computer science, IT and pretty much every other field which
studies changes over time.

6. Industrial Revolutions
• Throughout history, people have always been
dependent on technology. Of course, the
technology of each era might not have the same
shape and size as today, but for their time it was
certainly something for people to look at.
• People would always use the technology they
had available to help make their lives easier and
at the same time try to perfect it and bring it to
the next level. This is how the concept of the
industrial revolution began.

8. The first Industrial Revolution
(1765)
• The first industrial revolution followed the proto-
industrialization period. It started at the end of
the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th. The
biggest changes came in the industries in the form of
mechanization. Mechanization was the reason why
agriculture started to be replaced by the industry as the
backbone of the societal economy.
• At the time people witnessed massive extraction of coal
along with the very important invention of the steam
engine that was the reason for the creation of a new
type of energy that later on helped speed up the
manufacturing of railroads thus accelerating the
economy.

9. The second Industrial
Revolution 1870
• Following the first Industrial Revolution, almost a century
later we see the world go through the second. It started at
the end of the 19th century, with massive technological
advancements in the field of industries that helped the
emergence of a new source of energy. Electricity, gas, and
oil.
• The result of this revolution was the creation of the internal
combustion engine that started to reach its full
potential. Other important points of the second industrial
revolution was the development for steel demand, chemical
synthesis and methods of communication such as the
telegraph and the telephone.
• Finally, the inventions of the automobile, and the plane in
the beginning of the 20th century are the reason why, to this
day, the Second Industrial Revolution is considered the
most important one!

10. The Third Industrial
Revolution 1969
• Another century passes and we bear witness to the Third
Industrial Revolution. In the second half of the 20th century,
we see the emergence of yet another source of untapped,
at the time - Energy. Nuclear energy!
• The third revolution brought forth the rise of electronics,
telecommunications and of course computers. Through the
new technologies, the third industrial revolution opened
the doors to space expeditions, research, and
biotechnology.
• In the world of the industries, two major inventions,
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Robots helped
give rise to an era of high-level automation.

11. Industry 4.0
• For many people, Industry 4.0 is the fourth Industrial
Revolution, although there is a large portion of people that
still disagree. If we were to view Industry 4.0 as a revolution
then we would have to admit that it is a revolution
happening right now. We are experiencing it everyday and
its magnitude is yet unknown.
• Industry 4.0 started in the dawn of the third millennium with
the one thing that everyone uses every single day. The
Internet. We can see the transition from the first industrial
revolution that rooted for technological phenomenon all
the way to Industry 4.0 that develops virtual reality worlds,
allowing us to bend the laws of physics.
• The 4 Industrial Revolutions shape the world. Worldwide
economies are based on them. There are programmes and
projects being implemented all around the world, focusing
on helping people take advantage of the marvels of the
fourth revolution during their everyday lives.

12. • The Fourth Industrial Revolution is changing the very concept of manufacturing. Within
the smart factory, software-defined automation allows manufacturers to link all stages of
the value chain, rapidly adapt to changing markets, and create highly personalised
products on a mass scale. These machines communicate their health and status in real
time, increasing efficiency and throughput and minimizing downtime.
• The opportunities presented by this revolution are incredible. According to McKinsey,
the economic impact of smart factories could reach up to $2.3 trillion per year by 2025.
• At the heart of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is IoT, which uses digital technology to
connect sensors, actuators, and machines to each other and to factory workers. The IoT
enables a broad swath of transformational opportunities, including open-standards-
based automation solutions, IT and operational technology (OT) convergence, and vastly
enhanced business intelligence.
• These opportunities flow from the IoT’s ability to handle enormous variety, velocity and
volumes of data. Many manufacturers are already feeling the benefits of this access to
industrial IoT (IIoT) data.
• In an Economist Intelligence Unit study of senior factory executives, 86% reported major
increases in shop floor data collection over the past two years, and two-thirds said data
insights have led to annual quality and efficiency savings of 10% or more.
• But all of these advances are dependent upon collaboration – no single organisation can
deliver the benefits of IoT alone. That is why computing juggernaut Intel has partnered
with technology leaders like ADLINK, Dell, IBM, PrismTech (an ADLINK company), and
SAS. Together these companies are powering smart factories with solutions that
generate value from industrial data.

13. Contd….
• The 4th industrial revolution is around the corner with a wave of
technologies (AI, Big Data, Mobile computing, Cloud Computing,
Robotics and Automation, etc.) knocking the door of every industry
such as Financial sector, education, health, agriculture, energy,
infrastructure, government service delivery system, etc.
• The changes predicted by this wave is projected to be at an
exponential rate, whose affects will not be localized but globalized.
• India is at a stature of having the youngest population in the ageing
world, By 2020, the median age in India will be just 28, compared to
37 in China and the US, 45 in Western Europe, and 49 in Japan.
• Demographics can change the pace and pattern of economic
growth. While China’s spectacular growth has already benefited from
a demographic dividend, India is yet to do so.
• But is the young population ready to sail in the tide of change, did it
adapt well to the changing tide, are they the fittest in this journey to
cope up with change, and will they survive in the changing structures
and constitutions?

14. • The previous three revolutions came with their own
anxieties, job scare, livelihood issue, skills being irrelevant,
etc.
• The fourth revolution has its own features and is totally
unique in its characteristics – being exponential in growth
and not localized to any industry.
• McKinsey Global Institute report suggests that by 2030
intelligent agents and robots could eliminate as much as
30% of world’s human labor.
• Automation will displace between 400 and 800 million jobs
by 2030, requiring as many as 375 million people to switch
job categories entirely.
• The impending civil chaos does not seem distant.
• The executives of top companies put skilling in their top 10
priorities to train their existing workforce for the up tide, so
that they stay relevant.

16. Professional & Soft Skills

17. Attributes to succeed

20. India’s Digital Economy

25. 1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Artificial Intelligence or AI is the Intelligence displayed by a machine that constitutes a
human or animal intelligence. AI is goal oriented meaning the accomplishment of a task by
analyzing the environment and doing the changes in itself accordingly is how an AI
Program functions. Future is full of the machines that will operate on it own and helps
human in completing their task.
• Jobs Related to this field
• AI Research Scientist
• AI Research Scientist Image & Videos
• Hardware Integration Engineer
• AI Research Scientist
• Language Processing
• Data Scientist
• Data Architect
• Software Engineer
• Testing Software Engineer
• Application Platform, AI

26. 2. Cyber Security
• Ever Since the introduction of the Internet for general public
consumption, Cybersecurity is also something that is a major concern.
Securing the sensitive data and preventing any use of the data against
any individual is the goal of a Cyber Security provider.
• Jobs Related to this field
• Security Analyst
• Analyst Application Security
• Analyst Identity And Access Mgmt
• Analyst End Point Security
• Analyst Compliance Audit
• Analyst Security Operations Centre
• Penetration Tester
• Consultant Network Security
• Forensic Specialist
• Security Infrastructure Specialist
• Architect Identity And Access Mgmt

27. 3. IoT (Internet of Things)
• Internet of Things is a branch where the integration of daily object with a
computer and sometimes Artificial Intelligence is known as IoT. This will make
our home, cars, office and our other places a better place to live.
Jobs Related to this field
• Embedded Systems Programmer
• Cloud Support Engineer Information Security Analyst
• Solution Architect Business Analyst
• Hardware Design Engineer Designer
• Computer Vision Engineer UI/UX Designer
• Network Wireless Specialist Software Engineer
• Platform Developer Data Scientist
• Testing Engineer, IoT App Developer
• Data Architect

28. 4. Virtual Reality (VR)
Virtual Reality is an interactive computer generated Visual experience that can
simulate our sensory systems. This technology will help in connecting the
computer with our sensory system that can direct the user for a better
experience.
•Jobs Related to this field
• App Developer Optical Scientist Product Hardware Engineer
• Service Technologist VFX ((Visual Effects) Artist
• Testing Engineer, Virtual Reality UI Designer
• Computer Vision Engineer Information Security Analyst
• Solution Architect Sensor Architect
• Sound Designer Virtual Reality
• Software Engineer, VR Devices 3D Modeling Engineer
• 3D Graphic Artist

29. 5. Robotic Process Automation
Robots are very helpful when it comes to work that takes a lot of
human efforts. A robot also prevents any mistake that a human can
make. Current technology requires at least a human to program
the coding to perform a task but with the Process Automation and
Machine learning the robot will be self-guided.
Jobs Related to this field
• Service Engineer
• Business Analyst
• Robotic Process Automation Developer
• Solution Architect
• Development Coordinator
• Solution Architect
• Testing Engineer
• Business Analyst

30. 6. Big Data Analytics
We are surrounded by data that requires some structure
and appropriate organization to keep the data clean and
tractable which is achieved by Big Data Analytics. Every day
2.5 exabytes (2.5×1018) of data are generated that requires
data integration in a structured way to prevent any data
loss.
Jobs Related to this field
• Data Analyst
• Data Integrator
• Business Analyst
• Data Scientist
• Solution Architect

31. 7. Block Chain
Block Chain is a chain of block connected to each other.
Block consists of the data information that the two
parties are transferring. The cryptocurrency like Bitcoin
is the creation of this technology.
Jobs Related to this field
• Block Chain Developer
• Bitcoin
• Ethereum
• Hyperledger

32. 8. 3D Printing
Those days are long gone when we only print on the paper.
Now with the advancement of the technology 3D printer that
can print a complete office building is available. This
technology will change the way we build things.
Jobs Related to this field
• Software Engineer-Slicing
• 3D Modeling Engineer
• 3D Graphic Artist
• Solution Architect
• System Test Engineer
• 3D Printing Technician
• Material Analyst Engineer

33. 9. Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is a technology that provides storage
or accessibility to the file stored in the cloud
environment. This will make the application accessible
to the user in a faster and effective way.
Jobs Related to this field
• Migration Engineer
• Cloud Architect
• Cloud Software Engineer

34. 10. Social and Mobile
Mobile is the most used device in the world almost
everyone has a Smartphone in their hand. In this field,
services related to Mobile devices like app, social Media
etc. will be provided.
Jobs Related to this field
• Social Engagement Manager
• UI Designer
• UX Designer
• Application Developer
• Testing Engineer
• Digital Marketing

35. Nature of Jobs- Future ahead
• Conventional Ways will no more continue
• increased demand for digital skills aimed at bridging the digital divide
• Work From Home Culture is going to remain
• According to historical data, many people switch to more career-oriented courses of study
during economic hard times. If the post-COVID workforce follows this trend, degrees in
fields like engineering, accounting, business, the natural sciences, healthcare and
computer-related fields may become increasingly sought after
• Online Internships/ Work already started picking-up as new normal, Project based
Outsourcing
• Nature of Jobs, Types of Skill, Work Culture and Work environment is changing
• Self-Disciplines, Ownership and Technology Led work environment is the future
• Peer Dependency, Cordial relations among others, Stretched Working Hours and Flexibility
is expected to be new normal
• It’s more about the career skill sets changing rather than some careers disappearing
• Saying of Alvin Toffler "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who
cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.“
Continuous Learning, Unlearning & Re-learning would be the Key to survive, sustain and
succeed