What is the difference between a short and long branchSolution.pdf
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What is the difference between a short and long branch? Solution long branch is a form of systematic error whereby distantly related lineages are incorrectly inferred to be closely related. LBA arises when the amount of molecular or morphological change accumulated within a lineage is sufficient to cause that lineage to appear similar (thus closely related) to another long-branched lineage, solely because they have both undergone a large amount of change, rather than because they are related by descent. Such bias is more common when the overall divergence of some taxa results in long branches within a phylogeny. Long-branches are often attracted to the base of a phylogenetic tree, because the lineage included to represent an outgroup is often also long-branched. The frequency of true LBA is unclear and often debated. Although often viewed as a failing of parsimony-based methodology, LBA can result from a variety of scenarios Long branch effects distort maximum.
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Explain how recombination increases the amount of genetic variation i.pdf
Explain how recombination increases the amount of genetic variation in offspring: Explain why
it is not possible to have a recombination frequency of greater than 50% (half recombinant
progeny): A second pair of Drosophila are mated. The female is Cucu YY (straight wing, gray
body), while the male is Cucu yy (straight wing, yellow body). Assuming recombination,
perform the cross and list the offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Solution
Que-3:
The recombination frequency is the measure of genetic linkage at different loci. The value of
recombination frequency is 50% if the chromosomal genes are located at different regions on the
different chromosome because of independent assortment. If the genes are located closely
together on the same chromosome, then those genes considered as genetically linked; because
they have not assorted independently due to \"crossing over\", then the recombination frequency
value is less than 50%. Linked genes are due to linkage often do not obey Mendel\'s laws of
inheritance such as independent assortment because of \"crossing over with reciprocal exchange
of hereditary genetic material meticulously in between non-sister chromatids\" at the time of
\"synapsis formation\" (propahse -I) in reduction division or meiosis 1. These events are leading
to formation of gamete cells with complete different genotypically from diploid parent
reproductive cell via meiosis finally induce \"genetic variation\" in phenotype due to
\"fertilization\" events between sperm cells & ovum.
The recombination of chromosomes enables meiosis process of cell division with the generation
of novel recombinant nucleotide -sequences by crossing over during the cell division in both
unicellular and multicellular species. Sometimes, double strand breaks in DNA during
homologous chromosomal recombination may be produced due to exposure any harmful
radiation finally may cause higher genetic variation via duplication followed by fertilization to
form a phenotype with higher genetic variation
Que-4:
Crossing over is somewhat randomly distributed over the length of the chromosome because if
the two genes are close together then it is very change to get exchange of chromosomal breaks
therefore, if the two genes are located farther apart then there will be higher room for the
exchange of genetic material with chromosomal breaks. Therefore, when two genetic are far
apart on the same chromosome are more likely to have a crossover between them than two loci
that are close together. This recombination frequency is considered as a measure of genetic
linkage during the crossover of the homologous chromosomes. Linkage disequilibrium defined
as the existence of alleles at different loci with the absence of genetic linkage between them even
though there is no equilibrium with allelic frequencies independently. The recombination
frequency is the measure of genetic linkage at different loci. The value of recombination
frequency is 50% \"if the chromosomal genes are .
Lecture 02 (2 04-2021) phylogeny
Unit 2: Phylogeny
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Define phylogeny, and describe what a phylogenetic tree can reveal about the species it models.
2. Describe how to construct a phylogenetic tree, and the complexities that create mistakes.
3. Explain how to root a tree, and contrast how to root the tree of life.
Recommended
Explain how recombination increases the amount of genetic variation i.pdf
Explain how recombination increases the amount of genetic variation in offspring: Explain why
it is not possible to have a recombination frequency of greater than 50% (half recombinant
progeny): A second pair of Drosophila are mated. The female is Cucu YY (straight wing, gray
body), while the male is Cucu yy (straight wing, yellow body). Assuming recombination,
perform the cross and list the offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Solution
Que-3:
The recombination frequency is the measure of genetic linkage at different loci. The value of
recombination frequency is 50% if the chromosomal genes are located at different regions on the
different chromosome because of independent assortment. If the genes are located closely
together on the same chromosome, then those genes considered as genetically linked; because
they have not assorted independently due to \"crossing over\", then the recombination frequency
value is less than 50%. Linked genes are due to linkage often do not obey Mendel\'s laws of
inheritance such as independent assortment because of \"crossing over with reciprocal exchange
of hereditary genetic material meticulously in between non-sister chromatids\" at the time of
\"synapsis formation\" (propahse -I) in reduction division or meiosis 1. These events are leading
to formation of gamete cells with complete different genotypically from diploid parent
reproductive cell via meiosis finally induce \"genetic variation\" in phenotype due to
\"fertilization\" events between sperm cells & ovum.
The recombination of chromosomes enables meiosis process of cell division with the generation
of novel recombinant nucleotide -sequences by crossing over during the cell division in both
unicellular and multicellular species. Sometimes, double strand breaks in DNA during
homologous chromosomal recombination may be produced due to exposure any harmful
radiation finally may cause higher genetic variation via duplication followed by fertilization to
form a phenotype with higher genetic variation
Que-4:
Crossing over is somewhat randomly distributed over the length of the chromosome because if
the two genes are close together then it is very change to get exchange of chromosomal breaks
therefore, if the two genes are located farther apart then there will be higher room for the
exchange of genetic material with chromosomal breaks. Therefore, when two genetic are far
apart on the same chromosome are more likely to have a crossover between them than two loci
that are close together. This recombination frequency is considered as a measure of genetic
linkage during the crossover of the homologous chromosomes. Linkage disequilibrium defined
as the existence of alleles at different loci with the absence of genetic linkage between them even
though there is no equilibrium with allelic frequencies independently. The recombination
frequency is the measure of genetic linkage at different loci. The value of recombination
frequency is 50% \"if the chromosomal genes are .
Lecture 02 (2 04-2021) phylogeny
Unit 2: Phylogeny
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Define phylogeny, and describe what a phylogenetic tree can reveal about the species it models.
2. Describe how to construct a phylogenetic tree, and the complexities that create mistakes.
3. Explain how to root a tree, and contrast how to root the tree of life.
linkage.pptx
Boyd 2014 [16] Record linkage is the process of bringing together data relating to the same individual from within and between different datasets. When a unique person-based identifier exists, linkage can be achieved by simply merging datasets on the identifier.
Linkage is the close association of genes or other DNA sequences on the same chromosome. The closer two genes are to each other on the chromosome, the greater the probability that they will be inherited together.
The two different types of linkage are:
Complete linkage.
Incomplete linkage.
“Linkage and recombination are the phenomena that describe the inheritance of genes.”
Linkage
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER ppt.pptx
The details of crossing and linkage between chromosomes and results of new structures of in new chromosomes.
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True False.pdf
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True / False
Solution
Yes, it is true. [answer]
Mutually exclusive events don\'t have anything in common. The complement of an event is
everything that is not in that event. Thus, they have nothing in common.
Hence, TRUE: THEY ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE..
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ioni.pdf
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ionic crystal arises because of the
action of the pauli exclusion principle and that it can be expressed as
Urep = B/ rn where r is the separation between the ions of opposit sign, n is a large number and
B is a constant of the crystal.
Solution
Please define the problem..
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globaliz.pdf
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globalization is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural boundaries of nation states. Discuss this process. Do you
think that globalization is a win-win situation for all countries? You may argue in favor of or
against this view.
Solution
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.
Globalization is defined as a process which integrates the world economy. It is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural bindings.
Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It is the process of
internationalintegration as a product of exchange of world views, products, ideas and other
aspects of culture in which worldwide exchange of national and cultural resources occurs in the
process.Many factors contributed for the growth of globalization major being advancement
intransportation and communication. The current wave of globalization is nothing but the
resultof Schumpeterian evolution in technology along with interaction of many actors at
differentlevels of the economy. Globalization means different for different people. For some it
createspositive political, economic and technological progress. For few globalization is
hegemonic andantagonist to local and national economies. Globalization has changed situations
in such amanner that power of state is determined by power of firm. If the goal of globalization
wasmore liberal exchange of goods, services, labor, thoughts etc which in later stages would
makeworld uniform, then there is no space for identity.
There are positive aspects for cultural globalization that will foster diversity when there is
aninteraction between boundaries leads to mixing of culture which results in pluralization.
Thereis condensation and differentiation on ideas which brought many unique aspects of
certainculture into lime light. The concept of glocalization has gained popularity which would
help inimproving standards of life, without hampering the local tradition. Diversity itself has
become aglobal value now which is been promoted by international organizations and
movements.
Globalization is not a debate aboutdivergence or convergence, but it is a dialectical process
which can both integrate and fragmentalong with creating both winners and losers.
I do not think that globalization is a win win situation for all countries and even if it is at least
winning amount is different for each country. not all countries are gaining equally from
globalization and some countries especially labour abundant countires like India are at loss as
there is no freedom of human capital transfer in globalization process.
Globalization is thus an ongoing syndrome. Globalization is not only about interplays
betweenlocal, regional, national and global scales, but also about the interconnectedn.
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E Solution BJT in active mode means EB Junc.pdf
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E
Solution
BJT in active mode means EB Junction is forward biased and CB juction is reverse biased.
Since EBJ is forward biased, the depletion width is smaller thean CBJ depletion width (which is
reverse biased). Let us consider the electrons injected from the emitter into the base. These
electrons will be minority carrier in the p-type base regrion. Because the base is usually very
thin, in the steady state the excess minority carrier concentration in the base will have an almost
straight-line profile. This tapered minority-carrier concentration profile causes the electrons
injected into the base to diffuse though the base region toward the collector. The Collector-Base
juction is reverse biased so the minority carrier concentration profile can be constant in collector..
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of el.pdf
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of electrons? Which one of the
following experiments demonstrates the wave nature of electrons? a) Small flashes of light can
be observed when electrons strike a special screen. b) Electrons directed through a double slit
can produce an interference pattern. c) The Michelson-Morley experiment confirmed the
existence of electrons and their nature. d) In the photoelectric effect, electrons are observed to
interfere with electrons in metals. e) Electrons are observed to interact with photons (light
particles).
Solution
part B.
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes .pdf
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
b.) Which of the following enzymes are known to be involved in the replication of DNA in
bacteria?
Check all that apply.
DNA Polymerase I
RNA Polymerase II
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Solution
Thanks for the question
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cell cytoplasm and, in prokaryotes, both transcription and
translation happen simultaneously. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the cell nucleus and, in
eukaryotes, transcription and translation differ in space and time. RNA polymerases are an
essential requirement for transcription.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than bacteria in many ways, including in terms of
transcription. Specifically, in eukaryotes, transcription is achieved by three different types of
RNA polymerase (RNA pol I-III).
These polymerases differ in the number and type of subunits they contain, as well as the class of
RNAs they transcribe
RNA pol I transcribes ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs),
RNA pol II transcribes RNAs that will become messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and also small
regulatory RNAs
RNA pol III transcribes small RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs).
Replication of DNA in bacteria requires
DNA Polymerase I
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Regards.
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been.pdf
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been dramatically increasing.
In fact, a recent bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa, known for its secretion of the hepatotoxin
microcystin, has threatened the water supply of Lake Erie cities such as Toledo and Cleveland.
An EPA friend wishes to study this species in order to prevent such blooms, and in so doing,
finds significant heterogeneity in gene expression in clonal algal cells (same species, identical
DNA) in the same environment! There is one order of magnitude of variation in certain
transcription factors and two orders of magnitude of variation in lipid content. Recognizing your
expertise your friend asks you for advice: Is this result reasonable or was this likely due to
experimental error? How would one go about testing and explaining the results? Provide an
answer to your colleague.
Solution
To study gene expression , since a long time, Microarray technology is being used in order to
study more number of genes in a single experiment. This is then interpreted using significance
analysis of transcriptomic data, but the disadvantage here lies that it would ignore gene
dependence structure. Therefore , along with microarray technology for studying heterogeneity,
FAMT would allow to capture gene dependence as a factor of computation of results.
FAMT: Factor Analysis for Multiple Testing (FAMT) : is defined as simultaneous tests under
dependence in high-dimensional data. It takes into account various factors to give high
throughput data and accurate results. In FAMT, effects of the experimental conditions and the
nuisance variability on gene expression, due to technical errors and other known or unknown
effects, can be easily separated. The factors can be distinguished and interpreted using graphics.
I am not aware of what protocol was followed by my colleague. Neither am I aware if the
interfering signals were cancelled by the protocol followed. So rather, I would suggest to
perform microarray for testing gene heterogeneity and interpreting the results using FAMT, so as
to eliminate all sorts of interfering signals/ factors and also handling errors , if some. Results can
be interpreted later after elimination of any error possibilities..
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which German.pdf
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which Germany youth, including
Heck, are socialized and indoctrinated under National Socialism?
Solution
German peopel resepects their nation much and they believe in their system. they are basically
true lovers of their nation and they works together to achieve national goals. they always give
first priority to national goals and later personal benefits. they thinks that all are equal in the
nation and every one should get the same facilities and same treatment from society or
government also.
there are different types of media where the young people use to promote the national previlage
and priorities. they used social media sites like twitter, facebook and also they use the support of
print media.
the other media is telecast and broad cast media, by using all these types of media German youth
are implementing their national socilism..
VHDL programming assignmentwrite functions for each of the follow.pdf
VHDL programming assignment:
write functions for each of the following purpose:
a function that takes in an array of integers and returns the average of the numbers in that array.
this array has a dynamic size.inside this function u cannot declare any variables or signals and
you are only permitted to use the inputs and the outputs. the function must hold the following
form:
Solution
for ( i=1;i=1to 10;i++)
i = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AVG= (I=1 to 10)
AVG(int i=1.
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of.pdf
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as
used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Solution
Answer:
Two general meanings of the term \"membrane\" in biology are to describe the structure of cell
membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not all molecules. Second meaning of a
\"membrane in biological cell\" is to protect inner cytoskeleton with organelles. Membrane is
made of phospholipid bilayer in which one is hydrophilic region and another is hydrophobic
region. The phsopholipid layers indicates layers of lipids and membrane proteins whereas the
layers of cells is mainly due to \"membrane associated cell adhesion molecules\"
These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which
periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is
formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for
the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential
aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate
their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into &
out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis
Fluid mosaic model describes that two-dimensional liquid layer of cell membrane where proteins
distributed like mosaic model in the phospholipid bilayer. This model mostly accepted by
biologists Role of the protein molecules in this model cell membrane layers are membrane
extracellular protein domains in connection to the lipid bilayer membrane. Membrane
phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water
whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by
micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Cell membrane
possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid
bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-
polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly,
proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body..
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response T.pdf
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response Th17 type response none of
the above Type III hypersensitivities involve large number of antibody-antigen complexes that
the body is having difficulty clearing up. Which organ is frequently overwhelmed by these
antibody/antigen complexes? liver lymph nodes kidney none the above Mosquito bites can
often result in a swollen skin area around the bite which is red and sore. This reaction is caused
by a saliva protein secreted by the mosquito to avoid clotting of the blood. Which type of
hypersensitivity do mosquitoe bites usually cause? type I type II type III type IV
Solution
13. Answer is Th-2. Type-1 hypersensitivity is a Th-2 response. In this B-lymphocytes are
stimulated by CD4+ or Th-2 cell in response to allergin and produce Ig-E antibodies which bind
to mast cells and execute Type-1 Hypersensitivity
14. Answe is Kidney or Glomarulus. The immune complexs frequently accumulate in Blood
vessels, Joints and kidneys
15. Type-1.
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed toQu.pdf
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to:
Question 8 options:
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
Solution
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to : mutations in genes that regulate
the development of limbs ,mouthparts etc..
The sample median is astatisticp-valueresidualparameterA.s.pdf
The sample median is a
statistic
p-value
residual
parameterA.
statisticB.
p-valueC.
residualD.
parameter
Solution
Any number describing a sample in general is
OPTION A: statistic [ANSWER]
****************
A parameter is the second closest answer, but it is for a POPULATION, but we have a sample
here.
P value and residual are far off from the point here. Thanks!.
The main advantage of organizing a business as a C Corporation in th.pdf
The main advantage of organizing a business as a C Corporation in the U.S. is: A) Limited
Liability B) Separation of ownership and managment C) Double taxation D) The relatively low
costs of incorporation versus the other forms of business E) Tax exemption
Solution
Ans option A
Limited liability is the main advantage of organizing a business as a corporation in US
It reduces the risk in case of default.
Single Source Shortest Path Assume that you have a model of a weight.pdf
Single Source Shortest Path Assume that you have a model of a weighted, connected graph made
of balls (representing the vertices) connected by strings (that represent the edges) with lengths
that represent the weighting of that edge. Describe how you can solve the single-source shortest-
path problem with this model.
Solution
-->Hold the ball representing the source in one hand and let the rest of the model hang down.
-->The force of gravity will make the shortest path to each of the other balls be on a straight line
down..
Question 2 Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Se.pdf
Question 2: Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Search by image
The following statistics comprises 142 years of data. However snowfall data started in 1885 so it
comprises 130 years. Data collection began at the University of Chicago, then at Midway, and
currently at O\'Hare which is now the official station for Chicago. Explain each of the following
4 charts (High, Low, Precipitation, Snowfall). Include rules, formulas, calculations, results and
interpretations of results. Include additional climate data table in your answer. Demonstrate all
quantitative or qualitative results for each chart (i.e, mean, median, mode, probability, deviation,
range, intervals, width, coefficient variation, boundary points, ROC, measure of location,
measure of spread, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, quantiles, etc.)
Easter Day Data:
A. High Temperatures Data: On Easter day: for 4 years it was <30, for 15 years it was 30-39, for
37 years it was 40-49, for 37 years it was 50-59, for 29 years it was 60-69, 13 years it was 70-79,
7 years it was 80>. The total years measured = 142 years.
B. Low Temperature Data: On Easter day: for 0 years it was <10, for 4 years it was 10-19, for 22
years it was 20-29, for 63 years it was 30-39, for 38 years it was 40-49, for 12 years it was 50-59,
for 3 years it was 60>. The total years measured = 142 years.
C. Precipitation Data: On Easter day: 61 years there was 0.00, 22 years there was trace, 7 years
there was 0.01, 32 years there was 0.02 - 0.25, 8 years there was 0.26 - 0.50, 4 years there was
0.51 - 0.75, 4 years there was 0.76 - 1.00, 2 years there was 1.01 - 1.25, 3 years there was 1.26.
Total years measured is 142 years.
D. Snowfall Data: On Easter day: 108 there was 0.0, 11 years there was trace, 8 years there was
0.1 - 0.9, 1 year there was 1.0 - 1.9, 0 years there was 2.0 - 2.9, 0 years there was 3.0 - 3.9, 0
years there was 4.0 - 4.9, 2 years there was 5.0>. Total years measured is 130.
ADDITIONAL EASTER DAY CLIMATE DATA ( * MEANS LAST OCCURRENCE)
MAX TEMP
WARMEST
MIN TEMP
WARMEST
PCPN
WETTEST
SNOW
MOST
85
April 10, 1977
62
April 13, 1941
3.12
March 31, 1929
7.1
March 29, 1964
83
April 11, 1971
61
April 19, 1992
1.49
April 9, 1882
6.4
April 4, 1920
82
April 18,1976 *
60
April 18, 1976
1.43
April 22, 1984
1.5
March 30, 1902
81
April 10, 1955 *
58
April 17, 1927
1.16
March 23, 1913
79
April 20, 2014 *
56
April 17, 1938 *
1.01
March 30, 1902
78
April 19, 1987
55
April 12, 1998
0.91
April 14, 1974
76
March 26, 1989
53
April 22, 1962
0.88
April 16, 2006
74
April 22, 1962
52
April 10, 1887
0.80
April 4, 2010 *
73
April 12, 1998 *
51
March 30, 1986
0.61
April 20, 1930
72
March 31, 1918
50
April 20, 2003
0.60
March 31, 1872
MAX TEMP
COLDEST
MIN TEMP
COLDEST
PCPN
DRIEST
SNOW
LEAST
19
March 25, 1894
11
March 24, 1940
0.00
April 20, 2014 *
0.0
April 20, 2014 *
23
March 24, 1940
13
March 25, 1894
T
March 31, 2013 *
T
April 8, 2007 *
28
March 30, 1975
18
March 29, 1964 *
0.01
March 31, 2002 *
0.1
March 26, 1978 *.
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linkage.pptx
Boyd 2014 [16] Record linkage is the process of bringing together data relating to the same individual from within and between different datasets. When a unique person-based identifier exists, linkage can be achieved by simply merging datasets on the identifier.
Linkage is the close association of genes or other DNA sequences on the same chromosome. The closer two genes are to each other on the chromosome, the greater the probability that they will be inherited together.
The two different types of linkage are:
Complete linkage.
Incomplete linkage.
“Linkage and recombination are the phenomena that describe the inheritance of genes.”
Linkage
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER ppt.pptx
The details of crossing and linkage between chromosomes and results of new structures of in new chromosomes.
Similar to What is the difference between a short and long branchSolution.pdf (6)
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An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True False.pdf
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True / False
Solution
Yes, it is true. [answer]
Mutually exclusive events don\'t have anything in common. The complement of an event is
everything that is not in that event. Thus, they have nothing in common.
Hence, TRUE: THEY ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE..
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ioni.pdf
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ionic crystal arises because of the
action of the pauli exclusion principle and that it can be expressed as
Urep = B/ rn where r is the separation between the ions of opposit sign, n is a large number and
B is a constant of the crystal.
Solution
Please define the problem..
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globaliz.pdf
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globalization is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural boundaries of nation states. Discuss this process. Do you
think that globalization is a win-win situation for all countries? You may argue in favor of or
against this view.
Solution
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.
Globalization is defined as a process which integrates the world economy. It is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural bindings.
Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It is the process of
internationalintegration as a product of exchange of world views, products, ideas and other
aspects of culture in which worldwide exchange of national and cultural resources occurs in the
process.Many factors contributed for the growth of globalization major being advancement
intransportation and communication. The current wave of globalization is nothing but the
resultof Schumpeterian evolution in technology along with interaction of many actors at
differentlevels of the economy. Globalization means different for different people. For some it
createspositive political, economic and technological progress. For few globalization is
hegemonic andantagonist to local and national economies. Globalization has changed situations
in such amanner that power of state is determined by power of firm. If the goal of globalization
wasmore liberal exchange of goods, services, labor, thoughts etc which in later stages would
makeworld uniform, then there is no space for identity.
There are positive aspects for cultural globalization that will foster diversity when there is
aninteraction between boundaries leads to mixing of culture which results in pluralization.
Thereis condensation and differentiation on ideas which brought many unique aspects of
certainculture into lime light. The concept of glocalization has gained popularity which would
help inimproving standards of life, without hampering the local tradition. Diversity itself has
become aglobal value now which is been promoted by international organizations and
movements.
Globalization is not a debate aboutdivergence or convergence, but it is a dialectical process
which can both integrate and fragmentalong with creating both winners and losers.
I do not think that globalization is a win win situation for all countries and even if it is at least
winning amount is different for each country. not all countries are gaining equally from
globalization and some countries especially labour abundant countires like India are at loss as
there is no freedom of human capital transfer in globalization process.
Globalization is thus an ongoing syndrome. Globalization is not only about interplays
betweenlocal, regional, national and global scales, but also about the interconnectedn.
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E Solution BJT in active mode means EB Junc.pdf
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E
Solution
BJT in active mode means EB Junction is forward biased and CB juction is reverse biased.
Since EBJ is forward biased, the depletion width is smaller thean CBJ depletion width (which is
reverse biased). Let us consider the electrons injected from the emitter into the base. These
electrons will be minority carrier in the p-type base regrion. Because the base is usually very
thin, in the steady state the excess minority carrier concentration in the base will have an almost
straight-line profile. This tapered minority-carrier concentration profile causes the electrons
injected into the base to diffuse though the base region toward the collector. The Collector-Base
juction is reverse biased so the minority carrier concentration profile can be constant in collector..
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of el.pdf
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of electrons? Which one of the
following experiments demonstrates the wave nature of electrons? a) Small flashes of light can
be observed when electrons strike a special screen. b) Electrons directed through a double slit
can produce an interference pattern. c) The Michelson-Morley experiment confirmed the
existence of electrons and their nature. d) In the photoelectric effect, electrons are observed to
interfere with electrons in metals. e) Electrons are observed to interact with photons (light
particles).
Solution
part B.
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes .pdf
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
b.) Which of the following enzymes are known to be involved in the replication of DNA in
bacteria?
Check all that apply.
DNA Polymerase I
RNA Polymerase II
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Solution
Thanks for the question
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cell cytoplasm and, in prokaryotes, both transcription and
translation happen simultaneously. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the cell nucleus and, in
eukaryotes, transcription and translation differ in space and time. RNA polymerases are an
essential requirement for transcription.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than bacteria in many ways, including in terms of
transcription. Specifically, in eukaryotes, transcription is achieved by three different types of
RNA polymerase (RNA pol I-III).
These polymerases differ in the number and type of subunits they contain, as well as the class of
RNAs they transcribe
RNA pol I transcribes ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs),
RNA pol II transcribes RNAs that will become messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and also small
regulatory RNAs
RNA pol III transcribes small RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs).
Replication of DNA in bacteria requires
DNA Polymerase I
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Regards.
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been.pdf
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been dramatically increasing.
In fact, a recent bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa, known for its secretion of the hepatotoxin
microcystin, has threatened the water supply of Lake Erie cities such as Toledo and Cleveland.
An EPA friend wishes to study this species in order to prevent such blooms, and in so doing,
finds significant heterogeneity in gene expression in clonal algal cells (same species, identical
DNA) in the same environment! There is one order of magnitude of variation in certain
transcription factors and two orders of magnitude of variation in lipid content. Recognizing your
expertise your friend asks you for advice: Is this result reasonable or was this likely due to
experimental error? How would one go about testing and explaining the results? Provide an
answer to your colleague.
Solution
To study gene expression , since a long time, Microarray technology is being used in order to
study more number of genes in a single experiment. This is then interpreted using significance
analysis of transcriptomic data, but the disadvantage here lies that it would ignore gene
dependence structure. Therefore , along with microarray technology for studying heterogeneity,
FAMT would allow to capture gene dependence as a factor of computation of results.
FAMT: Factor Analysis for Multiple Testing (FAMT) : is defined as simultaneous tests under
dependence in high-dimensional data. It takes into account various factors to give high
throughput data and accurate results. In FAMT, effects of the experimental conditions and the
nuisance variability on gene expression, due to technical errors and other known or unknown
effects, can be easily separated. The factors can be distinguished and interpreted using graphics.
I am not aware of what protocol was followed by my colleague. Neither am I aware if the
interfering signals were cancelled by the protocol followed. So rather, I would suggest to
perform microarray for testing gene heterogeneity and interpreting the results using FAMT, so as
to eliminate all sorts of interfering signals/ factors and also handling errors , if some. Results can
be interpreted later after elimination of any error possibilities..
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which German.pdf
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which Germany youth, including
Heck, are socialized and indoctrinated under National Socialism?
Solution
German peopel resepects their nation much and they believe in their system. they are basically
true lovers of their nation and they works together to achieve national goals. they always give
first priority to national goals and later personal benefits. they thinks that all are equal in the
nation and every one should get the same facilities and same treatment from society or
government also.
there are different types of media where the young people use to promote the national previlage
and priorities. they used social media sites like twitter, facebook and also they use the support of
print media.
the other media is telecast and broad cast media, by using all these types of media German youth
are implementing their national socilism..
VHDL programming assignmentwrite functions for each of the follow.pdf
VHDL programming assignment:
write functions for each of the following purpose:
a function that takes in an array of integers and returns the average of the numbers in that array.
this array has a dynamic size.inside this function u cannot declare any variables or signals and
you are only permitted to use the inputs and the outputs. the function must hold the following
form:
Solution
for ( i=1;i=1to 10;i++)
i = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AVG= (I=1 to 10)
AVG(int i=1.
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of.pdf
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as
used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Solution
Answer:
Two general meanings of the term \"membrane\" in biology are to describe the structure of cell
membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not all molecules. Second meaning of a
\"membrane in biological cell\" is to protect inner cytoskeleton with organelles. Membrane is
made of phospholipid bilayer in which one is hydrophilic region and another is hydrophobic
region. The phsopholipid layers indicates layers of lipids and membrane proteins whereas the
layers of cells is mainly due to \"membrane associated cell adhesion molecules\"
These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which
periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is
formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for
the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential
aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate
their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into &
out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis
Fluid mosaic model describes that two-dimensional liquid layer of cell membrane where proteins
distributed like mosaic model in the phospholipid bilayer. This model mostly accepted by
biologists Role of the protein molecules in this model cell membrane layers are membrane
extracellular protein domains in connection to the lipid bilayer membrane. Membrane
phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water
whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by
micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Cell membrane
possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid
bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-
polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly,
proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body..
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response T.pdf
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response Th17 type response none of
the above Type III hypersensitivities involve large number of antibody-antigen complexes that
the body is having difficulty clearing up. Which organ is frequently overwhelmed by these
antibody/antigen complexes? liver lymph nodes kidney none the above Mosquito bites can
often result in a swollen skin area around the bite which is red and sore. This reaction is caused
by a saliva protein secreted by the mosquito to avoid clotting of the blood. Which type of
hypersensitivity do mosquitoe bites usually cause? type I type II type III type IV
Solution
13. Answer is Th-2. Type-1 hypersensitivity is a Th-2 response. In this B-lymphocytes are
stimulated by CD4+ or Th-2 cell in response to allergin and produce Ig-E antibodies which bind
to mast cells and execute Type-1 Hypersensitivity
14. Answe is Kidney or Glomarulus. The immune complexs frequently accumulate in Blood
vessels, Joints and kidneys
15. Type-1.
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed toQu.pdf
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to:
Question 8 options:
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
Solution
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to : mutations in genes that regulate
the development of limbs ,mouthparts etc..
The sample median is astatisticp-valueresidualparameterA.s.pdf
The sample median is a
statistic
p-value
residual
parameterA.
statisticB.
p-valueC.
residualD.
parameter
Solution
Any number describing a sample in general is
OPTION A: statistic [ANSWER]
****************
A parameter is the second closest answer, but it is for a POPULATION, but we have a sample
here.
P value and residual are far off from the point here. Thanks!.
The main advantage of organizing a business as a C Corporation in th.pdf
The main advantage of organizing a business as a C Corporation in the U.S. is: A) Limited
Liability B) Separation of ownership and managment C) Double taxation D) The relatively low
costs of incorporation versus the other forms of business E) Tax exemption
Solution
Ans option A
Limited liability is the main advantage of organizing a business as a corporation in US
It reduces the risk in case of default.
Single Source Shortest Path Assume that you have a model of a weight.pdf
Single Source Shortest Path Assume that you have a model of a weighted, connected graph made
of balls (representing the vertices) connected by strings (that represent the edges) with lengths
that represent the weighting of that edge. Describe how you can solve the single-source shortest-
path problem with this model.
Solution
-->Hold the ball representing the source in one hand and let the rest of the model hang down.
-->The force of gravity will make the shortest path to each of the other balls be on a straight line
down..
Question 2 Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Se.pdf
Question 2: Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Search by image
The following statistics comprises 142 years of data. However snowfall data started in 1885 so it
comprises 130 years. Data collection began at the University of Chicago, then at Midway, and
currently at O\'Hare which is now the official station for Chicago. Explain each of the following
4 charts (High, Low, Precipitation, Snowfall). Include rules, formulas, calculations, results and
interpretations of results. Include additional climate data table in your answer. Demonstrate all
quantitative or qualitative results for each chart (i.e, mean, median, mode, probability, deviation,
range, intervals, width, coefficient variation, boundary points, ROC, measure of location,
measure of spread, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, quantiles, etc.)
Easter Day Data:
A. High Temperatures Data: On Easter day: for 4 years it was <30, for 15 years it was 30-39, for
37 years it was 40-49, for 37 years it was 50-59, for 29 years it was 60-69, 13 years it was 70-79,
7 years it was 80>. The total years measured = 142 years.
B. Low Temperature Data: On Easter day: for 0 years it was <10, for 4 years it was 10-19, for 22
years it was 20-29, for 63 years it was 30-39, for 38 years it was 40-49, for 12 years it was 50-59,
for 3 years it was 60>. The total years measured = 142 years.
C. Precipitation Data: On Easter day: 61 years there was 0.00, 22 years there was trace, 7 years
there was 0.01, 32 years there was 0.02 - 0.25, 8 years there was 0.26 - 0.50, 4 years there was
0.51 - 0.75, 4 years there was 0.76 - 1.00, 2 years there was 1.01 - 1.25, 3 years there was 1.26.
Total years measured is 142 years.
D. Snowfall Data: On Easter day: 108 there was 0.0, 11 years there was trace, 8 years there was
0.1 - 0.9, 1 year there was 1.0 - 1.9, 0 years there was 2.0 - 2.9, 0 years there was 3.0 - 3.9, 0
years there was 4.0 - 4.9, 2 years there was 5.0>. Total years measured is 130.
ADDITIONAL EASTER DAY CLIMATE DATA ( * MEANS LAST OCCURRENCE)
MAX TEMP
WARMEST
MIN TEMP
WARMEST
PCPN
WETTEST
SNOW
MOST
85
April 10, 1977
62
April 13, 1941
3.12
March 31, 1929
7.1
March 29, 1964
83
April 11, 1971
61
April 19, 1992
1.49
April 9, 1882
6.4
April 4, 1920
82
April 18,1976 *
60
April 18, 1976
1.43
April 22, 1984
1.5
March 30, 1902
81
April 10, 1955 *
58
April 17, 1927
1.16
March 23, 1913
79
April 20, 2014 *
56
April 17, 1938 *
1.01
March 30, 1902
78
April 19, 1987
55
April 12, 1998
0.91
April 14, 1974
76
March 26, 1989
53
April 22, 1962
0.88
April 16, 2006
74
April 22, 1962
52
April 10, 1887
0.80
April 4, 2010 *
73
April 12, 1998 *
51
March 30, 1986
0.61
April 20, 1930
72
March 31, 1918
50
April 20, 2003
0.60
March 31, 1872
MAX TEMP
COLDEST
MIN TEMP
COLDEST
PCPN
DRIEST
SNOW
LEAST
19
March 25, 1894
11
March 24, 1940
0.00
April 20, 2014 *
0.0
April 20, 2014 *
23
March 24, 1940
13
March 25, 1894
T
March 31, 2013 *
T
April 8, 2007 *
28
March 30, 1975
18
March 29, 1964 *
0.01
March 31, 2002 *
0.1
March 26, 1978 *.
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron.pdf
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron microscope, using the
method of fixation by immersion (human tissue)
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron microscope, using the
method of fixation by immersion (human tissue)
Solution
The prOtocol steps are as below:.
Michelle gets a cup of coffee and a muffin every day. She picks a co.pdf
Michelle gets a cup of coffee and a muffin every day. She picks a coffee shop at random and
independently of her choices on other days. The average price for a cup of coffee is $1.45 with a
standard deviation of $.30 and the average price of a muffin is $2.65 with a standard deviation of
$.10 and the two prices are independent of each other at each coffee shop.
What is the standard deviation of the amount she spends on breakfast weekly (7 days)?
Solution.
7. Which of the following statements is truea. Hormone binding to.pdf
7. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Hormone binding to nuclear receptors induces their movement from the nucleus to the
nucleolus in order to promote rDNA transcription.
b. Activation domains across eukaryotic species are often rich in basic amino acid residues.
c. The sequence and structure of the linkages between activator and DNA-binding domains in
transcriptional activator proteins are keys for their function.
d. Multiple types of activation domains are activated by the binding of other molecules such as
co-activators and ligands.
Solution
The sequence and structure of the linkages between activator and DNA-binding domains in
transcriptional activator proteins are keys for their function.
JUST DO QUESTION 8 When you are preparing a budget where could you g.pdf
JUST DO QUESTION 8 When you are preparing a budget where could you gather information
and data from? How could you estimate parameters for your budget? What are the four stages
involved in developing a budget? List and describe the 4 most common budgeting approaches.
You have discussed with the human resource manager the new budget. Why is it now important
that you incorporate their suggestions and make the modifications to the budget promptly? What
types of resources could be allocated in a budget? To ensure effective monitoring and reporting
of budgets what do you need to do? What are the key processes to effectively manage approved
budgets? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Solution
SOME KEY PROCESSES ARE-
1)-THE FIRST STEP OF MANAGING STARTS WITH PLANNING.HENCE THERE
SHOULD BE A PROPER PLAN FROM BEFORE TO EFFECTIVELY MANAGE
BUDGETS.THE PLAN WILL CONTAIN VARIOUS ACTIONS AND STEPS FOR
EFFECTIVE MANANGEMENT.
2)-THE REPECTIVE BUDGET VARIANCES SHOULD BE ANALYSED FROM TIME TO
TIME IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT BUDGET MADE ULTIMATELY MEETS THE
ORGANISATION OBJECTIVES ON TIME.
3)-THE BUDGET PLANNED OR MADE SHOULD BE REVIEWED AT REGULAR
INTERVALS IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT IT IS MEETING ORGANISATION GOALS
AND ANY REQUIRED MODIFICATIONS ARE UPDATED ON TIMELY BASIS SO THAT
AN EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF BUDGET REMAINS IN PL.
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- 1. What is the difference between a short and long branch? Solution long branch is a form of systematic error whereby distantly related lineages are incorrectly inferred to be closely related. LBA arises when the amount of molecular or morphological change accumulated within a lineage is sufficient to cause that lineage to appear similar (thus closely related) to another long-branched lineage, solely because they have both undergone a large amount of change, rather than because they are related by descent. Such bias is more common when the overall divergence of some taxa results in long branches within a phylogeny. Long-branches are often attracted to the base of a phylogenetic tree, because the lineage included to represent an outgroup is often also long-branched. The frequency of true LBA is unclear and often debated. Although often viewed as a failing of parsimony-based methodology, LBA can result from a variety of scenarios Long branch effects distort maximum