This document discusses graphene and graphite. It begins by defining graphene as a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It then discusses the properties of graphite, including its layered structure, conductivity, and uses in lubricants, electrodes, and pencils. The document also covers the crystalline structure of graphite and methods for visualizing graphene using optical microscopy. Applications of graphene discussed include solar cells, batteries, and electronics. Key properties of graphene mentioned are its high electrical conductivity, strength, and thermal conductivity.

1. Department of physics
Making Graphene Visible
Name Indraj Meena Professor
Roll No. 211427 Dr. Sudipta Dubey
Semester 3rd
Subject Physics
Programme MSc – Phd (Dual Degree)

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Properties of Graphite
 Uses of Graphite
 Crystalline forms
 Graphene Visibility
 Uses of Graphene
 Applications of Graphene
 Properties of graphene
 Conclusion
 References

3. Introduction
 Graphene is one atom of a thick layer of carbon atoms
arranged in a hexagonal lattice, or every carbon atom in
graphite is bound to three other carbon atoms in such a way
that a layered hexagonal structure is formed.
 A graphite crystal is made of many sheets or layers of
carbon atoms. These layers slip over each other on applying
pressure.
 One layer of graphite is called graphene. It is an exciting
topic in experiments produced by slicing graphite layers.

4. Properties of Graphite
 Graphite found in nature is black, soft, brittle and slippery.
 Inside each layer of graphite, free electrons more continuously
within the entire layer. That is why graphite is a good conductor of
electricity.
 Due to the layered structure graphite can be used for writing on
paper.
 The density of graphite is 1.9 to 2.3 gram per centimeter cube.
 Graphite does not dissolve in most solvents.

5. Uses of Graphite
 Graphite is used for making lubricants.
 Graphite is used for making carbon electrodes.
 Graphite is used in pencil for writing.
 Graphite is used in paints and polish.
 Graphite is used in arc lamp which give a very bright light.

6. Crystalline Forms
 A crystalline form has a regular and definite arrangement of
atoms.
 They have high melting points and boiling points.
 A crystalline form has a definite geometrical shape, sharp
edge and plane surfaces.

7. Graphene Visibility
 Graphene crystal visualized using optical microscopy.
 It depends on the thickness of silicon dioxide.
 For visual detection 100nm is the standard thickness of
silicon dioxide.

8. Uses of Graphene
 Graphene is Used for making Solar cells.
 Graphene is used for making lithium Ion batteries or Graphene
batteries.
 Graphene is used for making nuclear power plants.

9. Applications of Graphene
 Biomedical
 Composities and Coatings
 Electronics
 Energy
 Membranes

10. Properties of Graphene
• Electronic properties – Graphene materials are highly depends on
number of layers used to produce graphene sheets. It is high
electrical conductivity. Graphene is most suitable for transistors
applications due to electron hole effect.
• Mechanical properties – Graphene is strongest material,
because of superior mechanical properties of graphene. It is
important that mechanical properties are depends on purity of
graphene sheets.
• Thermal properties – Thermal conductivity of graphene materials
depends on quality of graphene sheet.

11. I. We consider that
normal light incidence
from air (refractive
index n = 1) onto
trilayer structure
consisting of graphene,
silicon di-oxide and
silicon.

12. Conclusion
 some fabrication techniques of graphens are discussed which
are using presently.
 Various properties of graphene are discussed.
 The study states that graphene is an exciting material that is
well suited for many advanced industrial applications; various
aspects related to graphene production, properties, and real-
world applications need to be explored further to make graphene
more interesting.

13. References
 https://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/learn/applications/
 https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71818
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene