This document proposes research on experimenting with a novel seaweed extract to control Pseudomonas infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly causes infections and is difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. The aim is to screen Pseudomonas strains using a micro-assay to test if the seaweed extract inhibits their growth. Seaweed extracts contain bioactive compounds and have potential pharmaceutical benefits. The proposed methodology involves culturing bacteria, analyzing growth with and without the extract, and examining changes at the DNA and carbohydrate levels to evaluate the extract's effects on bacterial exploitation and possible adaptation. The goal is to develop a cheap, effective, and environmentally friendly treatment for Pseudomonas infections.
In Vitro Combine Interactions of Antimicrobial Agents with Plant Extract agai...Premier Publishers
The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris and certain known antimicrobial drugs i.e. Oxacillin, Ceftazimide, Cefriaxone, Ofloxacin, Meropenem, Erythromycin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin was evaluated. The study was carried out against ten bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia species, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolated from urine, pus and blood samples. Both disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of plant extract in combination with antibiotics. Antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 25-33 mm among all tested antibiotics followed by Ofloxacin (10-26.5 mm), Ceftriaxone (8-20 mm), while Oxacillin showed no activity against almost all bacterial strains. The study showed that most bacterial strains were resistant to most of the antibiotics used, ranging from 20-60%. The methanolic extract (nhexEXT) of A. capillus-veneris used alone was active against most of the bacterial isolates with maximum activity against E. coli with 16 mm ZI. The study also indicated that there was an increased activity in case of combination of nhexEXT with antibiotics. The combined effects of plant extract with antibiotics were synergistic against most of the bacterial strains. The nhexEXT showed maximum synergistic effect with Ceftazimide with ZI of 42 mm followed by Meropenem (40 mm) and Ceftriaxone (28 mm) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The data suggests that plant extract could be used as alternative to antibiotics. These results give scientific backing that combination between plant extract and antibiotics would be useful in fighting the emerging drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
Background: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are common in hospitals. This study aims to describe the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria and their associated demographic and clinical factors. Methods: It was a prospective study of 73 isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae for a period of six months from July to December 2019 in the laboratory of Befelatanana. Results: This study showed 73 (6.3%) isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases- producing Enterobacteriaceae, represented by 25 (34.2%) isolates of Klebsiella spp, 24 (32.9%) isolates of Escherichia coli, 22 (30.1%) isolates of Enterobacter spp and 2 (2.7%) isolates of Proteus spp. The antibiotic resistance of these bacteria varied from 0% to 100% for all of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to aminoglycosides ranged from 0% (amikacin) to 69.9% (gentamycin). Resistance to quinolones ranged from 43.8% (levofloxacin) to 76.7% (nalidixic acid). Similarly, 60 (82.2%) isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and 25 (34.2%) isolates to chloramphenicol. Patients under 20 years (57.1%) (p=0.03), men (52.2%)(p=0.11; NS), patients with respiratory samples (83.3%)(p=0.004), with pus (61.9%)(p=0.02) and hospitalized in surgery and intensive care units (68.4%)(p=0.0009) were the most affected by these enterobacteria. Conclusion: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for severe infections and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
Keywords: Beta-lactamase, Enterobacteriaceae, antibiotic resistance, amikacin, imipenem.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
In Vitro Combine Interactions of Antimicrobial Agents with Plant Extract agai...Premier Publishers
The in vitro interaction between n-hexane extract (nhexEXT) of root of Adiantum capillus-veneris and certain known antimicrobial drugs i.e. Oxacillin, Ceftazimide, Cefriaxone, Ofloxacin, Meropenem, Erythromycin, Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime and Ampicillin was evaluated. The study was carried out against ten bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia species, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolated from urine, pus and blood samples. Both disc diffusion and well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of plant extract in combination with antibiotics. Antimicrobial sensitivity indicated that Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 25-33 mm among all tested antibiotics followed by Ofloxacin (10-26.5 mm), Ceftriaxone (8-20 mm), while Oxacillin showed no activity against almost all bacterial strains. The study showed that most bacterial strains were resistant to most of the antibiotics used, ranging from 20-60%. The methanolic extract (nhexEXT) of A. capillus-veneris used alone was active against most of the bacterial isolates with maximum activity against E. coli with 16 mm ZI. The study also indicated that there was an increased activity in case of combination of nhexEXT with antibiotics. The combined effects of plant extract with antibiotics were synergistic against most of the bacterial strains. The nhexEXT showed maximum synergistic effect with Ceftazimide with ZI of 42 mm followed by Meropenem (40 mm) and Ceftriaxone (28 mm) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The data suggests that plant extract could be used as alternative to antibiotics. These results give scientific backing that combination between plant extract and antibiotics would be useful in fighting the emerging drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
Background: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are common in hospitals. This study aims to describe the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria and their associated demographic and clinical factors. Methods: It was a prospective study of 73 isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae for a period of six months from July to December 2019 in the laboratory of Befelatanana. Results: This study showed 73 (6.3%) isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases- producing Enterobacteriaceae, represented by 25 (34.2%) isolates of Klebsiella spp, 24 (32.9%) isolates of Escherichia coli, 22 (30.1%) isolates of Enterobacter spp and 2 (2.7%) isolates of Proteus spp. The antibiotic resistance of these bacteria varied from 0% to 100% for all of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to aminoglycosides ranged from 0% (amikacin) to 69.9% (gentamycin). Resistance to quinolones ranged from 43.8% (levofloxacin) to 76.7% (nalidixic acid). Similarly, 60 (82.2%) isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and 25 (34.2%) isolates to chloramphenicol. Patients under 20 years (57.1%) (p=0.03), men (52.2%)(p=0.11; NS), patients with respiratory samples (83.3%)(p=0.004), with pus (61.9%)(p=0.02) and hospitalized in surgery and intensive care units (68.4%)(p=0.0009) were the most affected by these enterobacteria. Conclusion: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases - producing Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for severe infections and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
Keywords: Beta-lactamase, Enterobacteriaceae, antibiotic resistance, amikacin, imipenem.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
This poster was presented at the 2015 Georgia Bio Conference in Atlanta, GA.
Abstract:
Alarming trends in the spread of antibiotic resistance among top pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, have pushed mankind toward what has been coined as the “post-antibiotic era.” Therefore, an indirect attack on bacteria through interfering with their means of communication, quorum sensing, is proposed. An underappreciated source for modern anti-infectives is natural products from terrestrial plants. A rich history of medical traditions developed under the influence of diverse cultures in the Mediterranean and many of these are still practiced by local people. Investigation of botanical folk medicines used in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections identified Castanea sativa (European Chestnut) for its potential antibacterial activity.
This work demonstrates the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of oleanene and ursene derivatives from a C. sativa leaf extract against all S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles. Multiple layers of evidence for agr blocking activity (IC50 1.56-25 µg mL-1) are reported: toxin outputs, reporter assays, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity studies, and an in vivo abscess model. The C. sativa extract is neither cytotoxic to human keratinocytes, nor murine skin; it neither inhibits S. aureus growth, nor skin commensal growth. Serial passaging experiments with the extract did not result in the development of resistance. In conclusion, the disruption of quorum sensing in the absence of growth inhibition demonstrated by this natural product derived non-biocidal inhibitor of virulence shows potential for future antibiotic therapies.
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for assessing the anti-infective potential ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation delivered at the 16th Annual Conference on the Science of Botanicals and 5th Annual Interim American Society of Pharmacognosy Meeting from April 11-14, 2016 in Oxford, MS, USA.
Abstract:
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for Assessing the Anti-infective Potential of Natural Products in a Time of Rising Antibiotic Resistance
Quave CL1,2
1 Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 550 Asbury Circle, Candler Library 107, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. 2 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, the pool of viable anti-infective therapeutic options is becoming rapidly exhausted. New therapies are in high demand and natural products are a likely source of novel bioactive compounds to meet this need. In particular, botanical secondary metabolites represent a rich pool for antibiotic discovery efforts. Plants are often the primary ingredients used in traditional anti-infective therapies, and yet their activity and mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Much of the antibacterial research on botanical extracts and essential oils has focused on growth inhibitory studies using outdated methods limited in their ability to obtain an accurate assessment of bioactivity. The emergence of new molecular and bioanalytical tools for drug discovery provides a unique opportunity for application to natural products research.
Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model, tools for anti-infective testing of plant extracts will be reviewed, specifically focusing on the merits and limitations of each method. Examples include standardized methods for examining activity for the inhibition of growth (e.g., MIC, MBC), virulence (e.g., quorum sensing and toxin quantification) and pathogenesis (e.g., biofilms and antibiotic synergy). Data from our recent discoveries of novel biofilm [1] and quorum sensing [2,3] inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants (Rubus ulmifolius, Castanea sativa and Schinus terebinthifolius) will be presented in the review of these tools.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT007052). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of NCCIH or NIH.
References: [1] Quave CL, Estévez-Carmona M, et al. (2012) PLoS ONE, 7(1): e28737. [2] Quave CL, Lyles JT, et al. (2015) PLoS ONE, 10(8): e0136486. [3] Quave CL, Horswill AR (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 706.
Environmental toxins not only affect the health and performance of livestock to a substantial degree, they also pose a risk to human health. Mycotoxins in particular can enter the food chain through animal feed and foodstuffs and have a high risk potential. All over the world these fungal toxins are ever-present in agricultural products depending on the respective crop type, weather conditions, producer region and the storage conditions.
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
Disinfectants play an important role in health careassociated
infection control by either minimizing or preventing
microorganism dissemination. This article to study the
morphological changes which may be related to the lose of
antibiotic resistance after disinfectant exposure using SEM.
Showed all isolates resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin,
cephalexin, tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol,
trimethoprim cefotaxime and erythromycin, while one of burn
isolates was susceptible for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and
trimethoprim, and 15 of burn, 6 of wound, 5 of ear, and all urine
isolates were susceptible to gentamicin using Kirby-Bauer
method.
The MICs of four common in use disinfectants (Hexatane,
Dettol, Savlon and Povidone – Iodine) were determined for all
isolates. The results showed that the MICs of Hexatane ranged
from (64–512) µg/ml, Dettol (2048–16384) µg/ml,
Savlon (4096:40960)–(32768:327680) µg/ml and for Povidone –
Iodine MICs were (8192–32768) µg/ml. It has been found that
burn and urine isolates were more resistant to disinfectants than
wound and ear isolates. According to the effect of subMICs of
disinfectants at different exposure patterns on antibiotic
resistance, the results showed lose of resistance to tetracycline,
doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and
trimethoprim in %72, %72, %68, %22, %28 and %36 of isolates,
respectively. The results of SEM micrograph showed normal
morphology and small sized bacteria with nub formation on some
of them when exposed to dettol, and shape changes in cells with
bulging in exposed to Povidone-iodine, while elongation and
deformation were recorded in some cells in exposed to
Savlon(chlorohexidine/ cetrimide) and Hexatane (chlorohexidine/
gluconate), respectively.
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
This poster was presented at the 2015 Georgia Bio Conference in Atlanta, GA.
Abstract:
Alarming trends in the spread of antibiotic resistance among top pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, have pushed mankind toward what has been coined as the “post-antibiotic era.” Therefore, an indirect attack on bacteria through interfering with their means of communication, quorum sensing, is proposed. An underappreciated source for modern anti-infectives is natural products from terrestrial plants. A rich history of medical traditions developed under the influence of diverse cultures in the Mediterranean and many of these are still practiced by local people. Investigation of botanical folk medicines used in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections identified Castanea sativa (European Chestnut) for its potential antibacterial activity.
This work demonstrates the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of oleanene and ursene derivatives from a C. sativa leaf extract against all S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles. Multiple layers of evidence for agr blocking activity (IC50 1.56-25 µg mL-1) are reported: toxin outputs, reporter assays, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity studies, and an in vivo abscess model. The C. sativa extract is neither cytotoxic to human keratinocytes, nor murine skin; it neither inhibits S. aureus growth, nor skin commensal growth. Serial passaging experiments with the extract did not result in the development of resistance. In conclusion, the disruption of quorum sensing in the absence of growth inhibition demonstrated by this natural product derived non-biocidal inhibitor of virulence shows potential for future antibiotic therapies.
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for assessing the anti-infective potential ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation delivered at the 16th Annual Conference on the Science of Botanicals and 5th Annual Interim American Society of Pharmacognosy Meeting from April 11-14, 2016 in Oxford, MS, USA.
Abstract:
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for Assessing the Anti-infective Potential of Natural Products in a Time of Rising Antibiotic Resistance
Quave CL1,2
1 Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 550 Asbury Circle, Candler Library 107, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. 2 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, the pool of viable anti-infective therapeutic options is becoming rapidly exhausted. New therapies are in high demand and natural products are a likely source of novel bioactive compounds to meet this need. In particular, botanical secondary metabolites represent a rich pool for antibiotic discovery efforts. Plants are often the primary ingredients used in traditional anti-infective therapies, and yet their activity and mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Much of the antibacterial research on botanical extracts and essential oils has focused on growth inhibitory studies using outdated methods limited in their ability to obtain an accurate assessment of bioactivity. The emergence of new molecular and bioanalytical tools for drug discovery provides a unique opportunity for application to natural products research.
Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model, tools for anti-infective testing of plant extracts will be reviewed, specifically focusing on the merits and limitations of each method. Examples include standardized methods for examining activity for the inhibition of growth (e.g., MIC, MBC), virulence (e.g., quorum sensing and toxin quantification) and pathogenesis (e.g., biofilms and antibiotic synergy). Data from our recent discoveries of novel biofilm [1] and quorum sensing [2,3] inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants (Rubus ulmifolius, Castanea sativa and Schinus terebinthifolius) will be presented in the review of these tools.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT007052). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of NCCIH or NIH.
References: [1] Quave CL, Estévez-Carmona M, et al. (2012) PLoS ONE, 7(1): e28737. [2] Quave CL, Lyles JT, et al. (2015) PLoS ONE, 10(8): e0136486. [3] Quave CL, Horswill AR (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 706.
Environmental toxins not only affect the health and performance of livestock to a substantial degree, they also pose a risk to human health. Mycotoxins in particular can enter the food chain through animal feed and foodstuffs and have a high risk potential. All over the world these fungal toxins are ever-present in agricultural products depending on the respective crop type, weather conditions, producer region and the storage conditions.
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
Disinfectants play an important role in health careassociated
infection control by either minimizing or preventing
microorganism dissemination. This article to study the
morphological changes which may be related to the lose of
antibiotic resistance after disinfectant exposure using SEM.
Showed all isolates resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin,
cephalexin, tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol,
trimethoprim cefotaxime and erythromycin, while one of burn
isolates was susceptible for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and
trimethoprim, and 15 of burn, 6 of wound, 5 of ear, and all urine
isolates were susceptible to gentamicin using Kirby-Bauer
method.
The MICs of four common in use disinfectants (Hexatane,
Dettol, Savlon and Povidone – Iodine) were determined for all
isolates. The results showed that the MICs of Hexatane ranged
from (64–512) µg/ml, Dettol (2048–16384) µg/ml,
Savlon (4096:40960)–(32768:327680) µg/ml and for Povidone –
Iodine MICs were (8192–32768) µg/ml. It has been found that
burn and urine isolates were more resistant to disinfectants than
wound and ear isolates. According to the effect of subMICs of
disinfectants at different exposure patterns on antibiotic
resistance, the results showed lose of resistance to tetracycline,
doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and
trimethoprim in %72, %72, %68, %22, %28 and %36 of isolates,
respectively. The results of SEM micrograph showed normal
morphology and small sized bacteria with nub formation on some
of them when exposed to dettol, and shape changes in cells with
bulging in exposed to Povidone-iodine, while elongation and
deformation were recorded in some cells in exposed to
Savlon(chlorohexidine/ cetrimide) and Hexatane (chlorohexidine/
gluconate), respectively.
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
Risk and Return: An Overview of Capital Market Theory PANKAJ PANDEY
Discuss the concepts of average and expected rates of return.
Define and measure risk for individual assets.
Show the steps in the calculation of standard deviation and variance of returns.
Explain the concept of normal distribution and the importance of standard deviation.
Compute historical average return of securities and market premium.
Determine the relationship between risk and return.
Highlight the difference between relevant and irrelevant risks.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Background: The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in emergence of community-acquired antibiotic resistance among uropathogens in outpatient’s population. This constitutes an impediment in the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in both community and hospital settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the current antibiotic resistance trends, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and plasmid profile of uropathogens from outpatients. Methods: A total of 370 mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured by standard methods. Isolated uropathogens were identified using appropriate biochemical methods. The modified Kirby Bauer disk method was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. The ESBL-producing uropathogens were identified and their plasmid DNA extraction and curing were carried out by standard methods. Results: About 35.7% and 32.7% of uropathogens were multi-drug resistant and ESBL-producing respectively. There was higher prevalence of ESBL-production among isolates from female patients (62.5%) when compared to that from male patients (37.5%). The isolated uropathogens were most resistant to Cefotaxime, and most sensitive to Imipenem. Resistance to antibiotics by ESBL-producing uropathogens was found to be plasmid-mediated. Conclusion: Community acquired Uropathogens from outpatients were multidrug resistant due to ESBL production localized on plasmids, a probable cause of treatment failures experienced in Uyo.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
Biopharmaceuticals Plant-based Medications for the FutureJust A.docxAASTHA76
Biopharmaceuticals: Plant-based Medications for the Future
Just A. Student
Central Washington University
Treating disease and administering vaccines to those in the poor communities and developing nations who need them the most if a challenge. The production of the vaccines is often expensive, and delivery requires a sterile syringe, and often even booster shots over time to ensure the vaccine is treatment is still effective. This is costly, monetarily speaking, and can even cost human lives when those shots are delivered with a sterile needle, or are done improperly. 20 million cases of infection arise annually (Kwon et al, 2012).
While genetically modifying naturally occurring organisms for medicinal purposes is nothing new, some scientists started to mull over the idea of administering medications and life-saving vaccines around the globe in a different way. Biopharmaceuticals are on the rise, and their potential is incredible.
PLANT-BASED MEDICATIONS OF THE FUTURE 2
Though it the early stages of testing, development and regulating, delivery of vaccines and medicines orally via plants is proving to be a field worth paying attention to. The process is relatively low cost, with decently high yield, and distribution would be simple. Perhaps a utopian world where the locals can medicate themselves with the fruits from a banana is not possible just yet (Mandy, 2005), but it cannot be ruled out just yet. Biopharmaceuticals are merely in their infant stage, and will continue to improve as our science does.
History
While this field of biopharmaceuticals seems straight out of a futuristic movie plot, it is not exactly new. Biotechnology has been in place for decades, beginning with Alexander Flemming's discovery of "mold juice"- penicillin- in 1928 (ACS, 1999). Flemming found that something as simple as this mold growth within a petri dish secreted a substance that could kill a variety of bacteria, ranging from diphtheria to streptococcus. Though it took some time before the penicillin could be properly purified and used to fight infection, the first major fungi based pharmaceutical had been manufactured (ACS, 1999), and an industry was born.
Technology has improved drastically since 1928, and by 1970 scientists were discovering the capabilities of recombinant DNA. The process involved using pieces of DNA from two different species, and joining them together to create a new, hybrid set of DNA. This hybrid would then need to be placed back into a cell, which often was that of a bacterium (NHGRI, 2013). This process of "cut and paste" DNA would eventually lead to the development of somatostatin in 1977, which is currently used to treat individuals suffering from gigantism (Uckon, 2013). This process might not have been possible without bacterium acting as a surrogate cell for these DNA cocktails.
Biopharmaceutical technology was on the upswing by the 1980s, with mass production disease fighting biopharmaceuticals (Uckon, 2013). In 1980 Cohen an ...
The term probiotics is a relatievly new word meaning “for life” and is currently used to name bacteria associated with beneficial effects for humans and animals. The development of resistance to range of antibiotics by some important pathogen has raised a possibility of return to pre antibiotic dark ages. So there was need of new treatment paradigm to be introduced to treat periodontal diseases. This need was fulfilled by the introduction of probiotics. Probiotics are counterparts of antibiotics thus are free from concerns for developing resistance, further they are body’s own resident flora hence are most easily adapted to host. The buzz about probiotics has become a roar but despite great promises, probiotics work is limited to gut. Periodontal works are sparse and need validation by large randomized trials. It can be said probiotics are still in “infancy” in terms of periodontal health benefits, but surely have opened door for a new paradigm of treating disease on a nano molecular mode. Novel species are likely to be added in the future as research data
accumulate. In-depth understanding of the intrinsic microbial ecological control of commensal microbiota may introduce new putative species to this discussion.
1. Mohammed Kazzeh RDC S00127084
Project Title:
Experimenting the theoretical potential of a novel seaweed extract for controlling
Pseudomonas infections.
Layman-friendly summary:
These Pseudomonas infections are typically initiated by a common bacteria called
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is usually carried by healthy people, this bacteria creates
microbes which cause difficulties such as acute external otitis and hot tub folliculitis. This
infection is the best predominant pathogen of cystic fibrosis infection of the lungs. If a
person is ill or weak these microbes can cause severe difficulties to the body. This disease is
tough to treat as the microorganisms can repel several kinds of antibiotics. (WebMD, 2015)
The aim of this research grant proposal is to find a way to treat the infection for the
minority of people which are weak, ill or healthy. Best method is to try and prevent by
general hygiene and vaccines. If that doesn’t work than normally antibiotics such as
gentamicin are used to cure but for immuno-comprised patients it is sometimes relatively
difficult to cure. (Bonsall, 2015) In my research I plan to eradicate the problem of developing
Pseudomonas infections by experimenting the theoretical potential of a novel seaweed
extract. Seaweed extract from marine macro algae show that they have potential
pharmaceutical and health promoting benefits as they are a rich source of bio-chemicals.
Scientific summary:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are gram negative which are normally found in soil, water, plants
and animals. It is a major problem that causes acute and chronic diseases in people that
have cooperated defences in their body. It has been found that these infections occur in
biofilms which meet oxygen constraint.(Filiatrault, 2006) These infections are becoming
hard to treat because they have constitutive manifestation of AmpC β-lactamase and active
efflux mechanism, joined with a small absorptivity of the outward membrane. It has
extraordinary talent to obtain advanced confrontation contrivances to double groups of
anti-microbial agents, comprising of β-lactams, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones.
(Strateva, 2009) The composites which existed to devise antiseptic movement were
organised in the method of a colloidal interruption for oral management were GC-MS. The
extracts mentioned could be used as prophylactics. The use of algal excerpts for the
management of Pseudomonas infections is a cheap operational and ecological pleasant
method. (Thanigaivel, 2015)
Introduction:
Pseudomonas infections can reason infections to individuals and are typically originated in
water and on plants. There are some Pseudomonas infections which are not plain and can
be simply cured such as dermatitis. But in this research we look at the infections which are
severe. Most of these infections typically happen in patients which are previously distress
from a severe infection. Pseudomonas can also cause healthcare illness in hospitals which
can infect patients in the hospital. A patient can defend themselves from receiving a
Pseudomonas infections by washing with soap and drying ears after swimming, and asking
2. Mohammed Kazzeh RDC S00127084
your doctor for assistance to treat the infection. Therefore we experiment with seaweed as
its biomass has high value and is already being used in food products. When the bioactive
complexes in seaweed were researched we found that there were nine species. (Løvstad,
2011) The products of the ocean provide a wide collection of natural products. There are a
number of successful pharmaceuticals such as dolastatin 10. This products have been used
for cancer chemotherapy, drug resistance and a number of emerging infectious diseases.
The use of novel seaweed extract has so much benefits with many of the polysaccharides
having indicative bioactivities of high pharmaceutical value.(M D. , 2003) From researching
about seaweed a fucoidan or laminaran is to be removed from a brown alga called
Ascophyllum nodosum, this was to be done by an approach called innovative low-chemical
procedure. These bifidobacteria are live without air, split sugar, great GC comprise, gram-
positive bacteria which are incapably of moving and do not form spores or supply gas by
metabolism. Research has been done on how to isolate, and the enzymatic modification and
bioactivity of algal polysaccharides from the brown macro algae. A number of probiotics are
already being used like galacto-oligosaccharides in food, especially this probiotic which can
moderate the microbiota and encourage bifidobacterial development in an infant and adults
intestinal tract. It was accepted that not all B. breve strains own endogalactanase movement
also by performing relative genome hybridization it was tranquil to institute the
manifestation of endogalactanase movement anywhere it is severely related by the
existence of the galA gene in the Bifidobacterial breve strains.(Motherway, 2013) Portions
which are augmented in exact polysaccharides have recognised positive effects on the
development of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in vitro. The movement of exact portions has
been improved through selective alteration with novel fungal enzymes and a freshly
determined scientific test/dietary interference study has established in vivo assistances.
Many plant advances influence turn out to be advances of the streptophte algae and other
algae cell wall structures might devise even profounder origins and share backgrounds with
further historical algae descendants. Additional classification of algae hey wall
polysaccharides and the enzymes that manufacture them might expose the presence of
essential structures mutual to eukaryotic cell walls. (Popper, 2010) Current assembly
investigation has established that an algae polysaccharide rich excerpt is manufactured by
an organised low chemical technique. This has a noteworthy development despondent
adaptable properties in vitro in contradiction of explicit organisms such as Pseudomonas sp.
that confront patients in a clinical location. The structure of the excerpt has existed to be
resolute in feature in a struggle to compare assembly with natural purpose. The excerpt
which is experiencing preparation and toxicology examinations to test its appropriateness as
a nutritional element. Although, any upcoming requests as a possible bacterial regulator
mediator for relevant or nutritional submission in a scientific location necessitates a
comprehensive understanding of its strength in contradiction of a variety of clinically-
relevant strains and strain flexibility. (Domozych, 2012) This infection is a very common
nosocomial pathogen responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. People
can get in contact with this disease by exposure to a contaminated source within hospital
environment.
3. Mohammed Kazzeh RDC S00127084
What is the aim of my research on this topic?
The main working hypothesis aim for this project is to carry out an investigation on the
novel algal extract which has great potential for the control of the growth of Pseudomonas
sp. including clinically-relevant strains, particularly in exterior ear infections. If these
infections are not treated it will not stop on its own but it will increase if there is no action
or treatment done. There are treatments such as antibiotics, creams for rashes and pain for
minor problems of this infection. This project will propose to test the hypothesis by
screening the development reply of a panel of Pseudomonas strains using a current micro-
assay system. My aim is to research this novel seaweed extract and to try and eliminate this
infection in Ireland and the world.
Why did I choose to do my research on this topic?
This investigation effort will demonstrate innovation and important chances for novelty.
This study will make the student reason and query the consequences and results established
and also permits the student to contribute in group meetings. This research will syndicate
the subjects of microbiology and biochemistry which will be brilliant for this research. I find
glycobiotechnology to be fascinating in its submission to recognising and emerging novel
polysaccharides and oligosaccharides that control microbial development. I revealed that
glycobiology is developing fast as a principal ground of attention for bio-molecular and
biomedical investigation. To review biochemical and microbiological structures of growth
response of Pseudomonas sp. containing the clinically-relevant strains.
Methodology:
This experiment was to be completed approximately in 7-8 weeks.
1. The microbial cell culture was to be done using petri dishes of agar-based growth
medium. The desired bacteria is added to the petri dishes to inoculate using aseptic
techniques.
2. End-point analyses was to be done with the application of the first culture batches
on the target test extract and control which was glucose.
3. Microscopic analysis of cultures was to be done by determining the cell
morphologies and features and any changes to be recorded.
4. DNA extraction by purification of DNA from the sample by the amalgamation of
physical and chemical approaches. Amplification enumeration of bacterial cell
numbers by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) for nucleic acid
quantification.
5. PCR product sequencing using the right fragment and also removing all residual PCR
primers and independent nucleotides. The bioinformatics analysis was done using
proprietary software.
6. HPAEC (high-performance anon-exchange chromatography) and wet chemistry
analysis of carbohydrates and examination of resolvable mono-saccharides and
oligo-saccharides in culture broths to define bacterial exploitation and possible
breakdown of the excerpt.
7. Examination of possible microbial adaptableness to the excerpt in micro-plate and
chemo-stat cultures. The samples will be taken at scheduled intermissions,
4. Mohammed Kazzeh RDC S00127084
administered end-point breakdown will include cell totals. The quantification of
possible bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties and qPCR constructed gene specific
marker assays. The samples will also be treated and warehoused for upcoming
proteomics and marker assays.
8. The transcriptomics analysis by description of most of the transcriptional movement
and or by choice subsection of RNA transcripts,
9. Preparation of reports and posters, and presentation for the research team to show
their discovery.
10. If the results are found to be reasonable, clinical trials would be carried out on this
research.
Gantt chart:
Phases Tasks Weeks
W1-3 W3-5 W5 W5-7 W8
1 Microbial Cell Culture
End-Point Analyses
Microscopic Analysis of
Cultures
2 DNA Extraction
Bioinformatics Analysis
3 HPAEC Analysis
4 Investigation of
Microbial Adaptability
Transcriptomics
Analysis
5 Data Check and Thesis
Preparation
Conferences
Publication
5. Mohammed Kazzeh RDC S00127084
ExpectedOutcomes:
Once completed the pupil will examine quantity reactions to the algae excerpt, possible
bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties by alive/deceased examination as well as possible
deprivation or consumption of the polysaccharide-rich excerpt by HPLC/wet chemistry
assays by the bacteria. Microbial cell development will be observed by nephelometry at
600nm by using Tecan GENios systemwith listing of bacterial cell quantities by plate counts
and qPCR. Microscopy will be used to examine morphological properties on microorganisms
and colony/biofilm creation also for bacterial imaging. One control and one scientific strain
will be examined in micro-plate and chemo-stat cultures to acquire original results on
possible strain compliance. This effort will purpose to offer a firstly, significant vision into
the possibility of the algal polysaccharide as an original, harmless biomaterial for the
regulator of the development of scientifically appropriate Pseudomonas sp. The pupil will
acquire measureable information to provision downstream growth and usage of the algal
excerpt in scientific submissions such as regulating of the external ear infections. This
research when completed will give other scientists the opportunity to carry out other
investigations and experiments relating to this subject and to carry out clinical trials to see
whether it works or not. If it is found to work perfectly and have no side effects it would
cost a lot of money to sell and glycobiotechnology would be researched in further detail
because of its biomedical opportunities. Also once put onto the marketplace, this infection
management will have additional duplicates and many dissimilar management categories.
Budget:
Staff (€)
PhD student tuition fee 1,750
PhD student capitation charge 850
PhD maintenance grant 11,000
Equipment (€)
Dionex HPAEC-PAD system 1,000
Temperature controlled micro-plate reader 5,395
Thermo cycler 155
DNA and Protein Electrophoresis
equipment
225
Microscope 150
Materials (€)
Light Cycler 480 Multi well 96 plates (white)
for gPCR
364
Chemicals 5,500
Travel (€)
2 conferences 3,500
6. Mohammed Kazzeh RDC S00127084
Item Total Cost
Staff 13,600
Equipment 6,925
Materials 5,864
Travel 3,500
Total 29,889
Plans for Dissemination:
Once done all the informationwillbe assembledtogetherandwill be accessibleapplicablyinthe
thesis.Once the thesisisdone itwill be inspectedandcheckedbyreliablepeers.If there are any
identifiable errorsestablishedbythem,the thesiscanthenbe amendedif required.The audiences
will thenlookatthe scientificandlaymanof the thesistounderstandthe researchgrantproposal.
For this researchproposal totake place there has to be two dissimilarkindsof conferenceswhere it
will holdtwodissimilarkindsof assemblies.WhenpresentingusingPowerPointPresentationthe
presentationslideshave tohave applicablelanguage andlayouttopermitthe viewersto
comprehendwellaboutthe investigationandthe outcomesandresultsattainedinthe research.The
firstconference willallow the viewersto comprehend the scientificportion whichwill allowthemto
comprehend whathappened inthe experimentandthe results.Thiswillallow the viewerstocarry
out theirownexperimentonthisresearchonce theyhave abetterunderstanding. Thiswillalso
allowthemtocarry outclinical trialsonpatientsonce the treatmenthasbeenfoundtowork
perfectlyandhave noflaw.The secondconference will allow the wholeworldnotjustthe viewersto
comprehendthe reputationof thisresearchandunderstandthe researchdone.Once the viewers
have understoodthe researchtheywill be able tocarry out new thoughtsandmore assetintothis
area of glycobiotechnologyforevenmore investmentandforfurthermore researchinthe coming
future. Once all of thisis complete itwill be placedonscientificjournals,newspapers,articlesand
websites.
References
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AnaerobicGrowth. American Society forMicrobiology.
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Journalof Applied Phcology,543-597.
M, D. (2003). Marine natural productsand theirpotential applicationsasanti-infectiveagents.
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Cell Walls. PlantPhsiology American Society of PlantBiologists,373-383.
Stary,H. C.(1995). A Definitionof AdvancedTypesof AtheroscleroticLesionsandaHistological
Classificationof Atherosclerosis. Circulation.
Strateva,T. (2009). Pseudomonasaeruginosa –a phenomenonof bacterial resistance. Journalof
Medical Mmicrobiology.
Thanigaivel,S.(2015).Differential solventextractionof twoseaweedsandtheirefficacyin
controllingAeromonassalmonicidainfectioninOreochromismossambicus:A novel
therapeuticapproach. Elsevier,56-64.
webmd.(2015, 05 11). Retrievedfromwedmd:http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-
atherosclerosis
WebMD.(2015, 07 20). Retrievedfromhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pseudomonas-
infection-topic-overview