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JOHN FLOWERDEW (2013)
Chapter 3: Cohesion
Instructor: Dr. Ali Malmir
Assistant Professor of Applied Linguistics, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
Discourse Analysis and Grammar
Cohesion - cohesive devices
Grammatical devices
Reference - Substitution - Ellipsis - Conjunctions
Many Examples with good explanation
إعداد : عبدالرحمن ايمن عبدالاه
Email: Abdelrahman.Ayman.Abdella@gmail.com
تحت إشراف / د. حامد أبو شرق
كلية التربية جامعة دمنهور
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Chapter 3: Cohesion
Instructor: Dr. Ali Malmir
Assistant Professor of Applied Linguistics, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
Discourse Analysis and Grammar
Cohesion - cohesive devices
Grammatical devices
Reference - Substitution - Ellipsis - Conjunctions
Many Examples with good explanation
إعداد : عبدالرحمن ايمن عبدالاه
Email: Abdelrahman.Ayman.Abdella@gmail.com
تحت إشراف / د. حامد أبو شرق
كلية التربية جامعة دمنهور
2018
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2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
2021/08/23 2
3. Introduction 4. Objectives
5. You and I after
this presentation
meme
6. Types of
conjunctions
7. Cooperative
conjunctions
8. Subordinate
conjunctions
9. Corelative
conjunctions
10. More
conjunctions
examples
11. Summary 12 Bibliography
3. INTRODUCTION
Grammar is a set
of rules that need
to be followed in
the English
language as it
describes the
structure of the
language through
spoken and
written language.
Grammar is
commonly used in
written language
because it is more
formal than
spoken language
and it is easy to
detect
grammatical
errors in written
than spoken
language.
Grammar is
divided into
several
components.
However, in this
presentation, we
will be focusing on
conjunctions only.
Specifically,
Coordinating,
Subordinating and
Corelating
conjunctions.
The reason behind
this presentation
is to deepen your
understanding of
Conjunctions so
that the sentences
that you form are
clear to you and
the person who
will receiving
them. This may be
either though
spoken language
or written
language.
7. WHAT ARE
CONJUNCTIONS?
• Conjunctions are words used to
connect two words, clauses, and
or phrases to bring meaning
from the constructed sentence.
• Also, a conjunction may be used
to join two sentences to avoid
forming long sentences.
• Not being able to correctly use
conjunctions as a student may
cost you marks and may suggest
to the markers that your work is
unprofessional and too informal.
8. COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating Conjunctions are used to join words
or clauses that are correspondent to each other.
These conjunctions are important when you are
forming contrasting sentences and the most
common words used are easily remembered using
the acronym: FANBOYS.
FANBOYS represents: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet,
and So.
•Image reference (Zhang, 2014)
9. SUBORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS
These conjunctions join a dependent clause into an independent clause.
The function of subordinate conjunctions is to add additional or
supportive information to the main clause
Example, “I trust him because he is a trustworthy person”.
More examples: so, although, unless, because, after, before,, once, how,
if, since, that, until, when.
Image(Saixas, 2013)
10. CORELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS
• From their name, it suggests that these
conjunctions corelate and work together to
join clauses or phrases that contain the same
value or idea.
• CO-RELATIVE- Corresponding/ mutual
relationship.
• They are different from subordinate and
coordinating conjunctions because they work
in pairs.
• Example: “both/and”, “not/but”
• “she is both intelligent and respectful”
• (Muhammad, 2016) reference to image
13. BILBIOGRAPHY
• Annie. Basic grammar: Conjunctions. College of St. Elizabeth, Drew University. Bitgab teacher.
[online picture] https://www.bitgab.com/exercise/conjunctions (Accessed date: 22 August 2021)
• Conjunctions are your connectors - What are some conjunctions that you can think of?.
Makemeameme.org [online picture] (Accessed date: 22 August 2021)
https://makeameme.org/meme/conjunctions-are-your
• Dancing black kids. Makemeameme.org [online picture] https://makeameme.org/meme/when-you-
finally-5b17ee (Accessed date: 22 August 2021)
• Darpy. (2009) Connecting Words. Available from SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/Darplay/connecting-words?from_action=save (Accessed date: 21
August 2021)
• McPheat, S. How to set objectives that won’t be forgotten after two weeks (2020) Management
Training Specialists [online picture] https://www.mtdtraining.com/blog/set-objectives-wont-forgotten-
two-weeks.htm (Accessed date: 22 August 2021)
• Muhammed, W, H. (2016) Conjunctions. Available from SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/AzkaRehmanRehman/conjuctions-66947540?qid=1d54d45a-c594-
44e8-8849-ed792e588cfc&v=&b=&from_search=3 (Accessed date: 21 August 2021)
• Saixas, M. (2013) Conjunctions. Available from SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/madonnaseixas/conjunctions-24904769?qid=afec50f7-b23c-4c2e-b8f7-
492659aa30b4&v=&b=&from_search=4 (Accessed date: 21 August 2021)
• Spazzers, O. (2014) Conjunctions. Available from SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/OZIAZHARI/conjuctions-33185233?qid=8530ea6d-a940-480d-b54e-
cdb17250e32d&v=&b=&from_search=3 (Accessed date: 21 August 2021)
• Green, S. Two piece puzzle. VectorStock: [online picture]https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-
vector/two-piece-puzzle-2-step-puzzle-couple-vector-20703039 (Accessed date: 21 August 2021)
• Zhang, V. (2014) Grammar and editing conjunctions_edited. Available from SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/Jerraine83/13-grammar-and-editing-conjunctionsedited?qid=5b1b0689-
8531-4358-a8b8-c0c35d7e5995&v=&b=&from_search=6 (Accessed date: 21 August 2021)