This document provides an overview of oil drilling and production processes. It discusses the key components of drilling rigs including the derrick, hoisting system, rotary system, and blowout preventer. It also describes well completion processes like casing, cementing, and installing the christmas tree and wellhead. The document is intended as part of a graduation project on the oil and gas industry.

1. General Directorate of Institutes and Training
Hawler Institute for Oil & Gas
Department of Petroleum Institute (PETI)
Fifth Year – Group C
Shajwan Azad
Graduation Project
2019 – 2020
Academic year

3. These wells had depths of up to about 240 meters (790 ft.)
were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles
An oil well is a deep, narrow hole in the ground that's used for bringing oil to the surface
A drilling rig is an integrated system that drills wells, such as oil or water wells, in the
earth's subsurface
The first oil drilling occurred in China
Definition and history of drilling

4. Midstream
Oil industry
Exploration & Drilling & Production
Refinery & Marketing
Types of Drilling
1-Vertical
2- Horizontal
3- Directional
Transportation
Upstream
Downstream

5. Onshore rigs (Land rigs)
Conventional rigs
Mobile rigs
Offshore rigs (Sea)
Floating rigs
Bottom anchored rigs

6. Types of drilling rig (offshore)
For most offshore wells, the types of rig required will fall into one of three groups
 Jack-ups
 Semi-Submersibles
 Drill Ships
Drill ships are used to drill the well in deep water ( up to 7000 ft. )
Semi-Submersibles are used mostly in the range of water depths from 100-600 m.
Jack-ups – where the water depth is less than 100m
Types of drilling rig (onshore)
 Conventional rigs
 Mobile rigs

7. – Surface location (land, inland water, offshore).
– Estimated maximum hole depth.
– Horsepower requirements.
– Cost.
– Availability.
Selecting The Rig
There are many factors to be considered in selecting the best rig for the job, a
few are especially critical. They are:
Should be able to hold 250,000 – 1,500,000 pounds of pipe and
can withstand a wind speed of 100 – 130 Mph with racks full of pipe.
The Derrick or Mast

8. Component
of drilling rig
Well
control
system
Rotary
system
Power
system
Well
Monitoring
system
Circulating
system
Hoisting
system
Well depth, Weight on bit, Rotary
speed, Pump pressure
Fluid-flow rate ,Flow return, Hook load
Component of drilling rig

9. Hoisting system
1. Draw works
2. Derrick
3. Crown block
4. Traveling block
5. Hook
6. Wire rope
The hoisting system is made up of the :
Drill pipe
API drill pipe Ranges :
Range Length (ft.)
1 18-22
2 27-30
3 38-45

10. Types of Drilling Bit
There are basically three types of drilling bit:
1. Drag Bits
2. Roller Cone Bits
3. Diamond Bits
Drag Bits
Roller Cone Bits
Diamond bits
Drag bits: used in soft formations such as sand or clay.
Diamond bit: used in hard formation
Roller cone bit: used in very soft formation to very hard formation.

11. Main functions and advantages Top drive system has 3 main functions:
- 1. Perform all normal hoisting requirements
- 2. Rotate the drill string
- 3. Enable circulation through the drill string Most
rigs today are equipped with top drive
TOP Drive
Rotary Table drive Drilling
Top Drive Drilling
The top drive rotates the drill string end bit without the use of a Kelly and
rotary table. The top drive is operated from a control console on the rig floor

12. Drilling Fluids
Three types of drilling mud are in common use:
 water-base mud
 oil-base mud
 Gas based fluids
 Bottom Hole Cleaning.
 Cuttings Transport.
 Bore Hole Wall Support/ Stabilization.
 Cooling The Bit.
 Hydraulic Power Transmission.
 Data Transmission (MWD).
 Reducing Friction.
 Corrosion Protection.
 Solid Suspension.
 Balancing Formation Pressure.
Functions

13. Principal Components
1. mud tanks
2. mud pump
3. standpipe
4. rotary hose
5. swivel
6. Kelly
7. Drill string
8. Bit
9. Annulus
10. mud return line
11. shale shaker
12. reserve pit
13. desanders
14. desilters
15. degaser
16. mud centrifuges
Circulating system

14. An equipment the uses a vibrating screen to remove cuttings from the circulating fluid in
rotary drilling operations.
Shale Shaker

15. Casing
Casing is large diameter pipe that is assembled and inserted into a recently drilled
section of a borehole.
Types of Casing Strings
1- Conductor casing
2- Surface casing
3- Intermediate casing
4- Production casing
5- Liners
36 in. OD
30 in. OD
24 in. OD, 20 in. OD
13 3/8 in. OD, 10 ¾ in. OD
9 5/8 in, OD, 7 ½ in. OD
5 ½ in. OD
4 ½ in. OD
4 in. OD
Where OD is Outside Diameter.
Available Casing Sizes :

16. Cementation
Oil well cementing is the process of mixing slurry of cement and water and displacing it
down the casing, tubing or drill pipe to a pre specified point in the well
1- Primary cementing → Casing Cementation
2- Secondary cementing
Types of cementing
Reasons for setting cement:
1. To stop lost circulation during drilling.
2. Directional drilling and side tracking.

17. Video (Cementation)
Video Link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F75S-hd-QTE

18. • Tubing Head Adaptor
• Tubing Head
• Tubing Hanger
• Side Outlets
• Casing Spool
• Casing Head
• Casing Hangers
• Casing
• Tubing
Basic components of a wellhead
Wellhead
Tubing Head
Casing Spool
Casing Head
Tubing
Tubing Head Adaptor
Tubing Hanger
Casing Hangers
Casing
Christmas Tree Assembly Mounts Here
Side Outlets
The wellhead consists of the pieces of equipment mounted at the opening of the well to
manage the extraction of hydrocarbons from the underground formation.

19. Blowout preventer
The Blowout Preventer, or BOP, is safety equipment designed to prevent uncontrolled flow of
formation fluids during drilling and completion operations.
Blowout preventer are of two types:
1- Annular BOP
2- Ram BOP
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF BOP
Selection of BOP determined by the following factors:
• Maximum anticipated surface pressure.
• Size of casing, casing hanger, bit and other drilling tools to be lowered through the BOP stack.
• Space available between top of cellar pit and bottom of rotary table.
• Matching flange connection according to the size and pressure rating of wellhead flange.
• Service conditions.

20. Video (BOP)
Video Link
https://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/what-is-a-blowout-preventer/

21. Main components of Christmas tree :
1. Pressure gauge
2. Tree Cap
3. Swab valve
4. Primary wing valve
5. Kill wing valve
6. Choke
7. Upper master valve
8. Lower master valve
Christmas tree Valves
Christmas tree function
1- Safety barrier
2- Safely stop produced or injected fluid
3- Injection of chemicals to well or flow line
4- Allow for control of down hole valves
5- Allow for electrical signals to down hole gauges
6- To bleed of excessive pressure from annulus
7- Regulate fluid flow through a choke
8- Allow for well intervention
The primary function of a tree is to control the
flow into or out of the well.

22. The effects of blowout are
 Loss of life.
 Loss of drilling equipment.
 Loss of the well.
 Loss of oil and gas reserves.
 Environmental Pollution.
Kick: Kick : An influx of formation fluid into the wellbore
Blowout: Uncontrolled flow of formation fluids (gas, oil or water) from the wellbore
Kick and blowout can occur when hydrostatic pressure of mud is lower than the formation pressure.
Kick and Blowout
Drilling Problems
Definition: When part of the drill pipe or collars are stuck in the hole If pipe cannot be rotated or pulled and
circulation is good, then pipe is probably wall stuck.
Stuck Pipe/Pipe Sticking