1. The document discusses key concepts in propositional logic including propositions, truth functionality, and sentential connectives.
2. A proposition is defined as the invariant meaning of a sentence, devoid of modality. Propositions involve the meanings of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences.
3. Sentential connectives like conjunction, disjunction, implication, equivalence, and negation determine the truth value of complex propositions based on the truth values of their component simple propositions.
The document discusses different types of word formation including clipping, blending, borrowing, coining, acronyms, and conversion. It provides examples for each type, such as "brunch" which is a blend of "breakfast" and "lunch". Various characteristics of words like indivisibility and positional mobility are also examined. The document aims to define words and analyze their structure, classification, and characteristics in the English language.
tiếng Anh ngành Logistics cho sinh viên
ĐÀO TẠO XUẤT NHẬP KHẨU - LOGISTICS THỰC TẾ - MASIMEX
Hotline : 0165 477 2330 || 0987 287 988
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 1* : Tầng 3, Đơn nguyên 1, KTX Mỹ Đình, Đường Hàm Nghi, Q. Nam Từ Liêm, Hà Nội (cách bến xe Mỹ Đình 300 mét)
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 2* : Số 45-A , đường Thái Hà, Q. Đống Đa, Hà Nội (cạnh FPT Shop Thái Hà)
Để tìm hiểu thêm về Nội dung + Học phí chương trình đào tạo thực tế : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://bit.ly/ctrinhdtmsm18
Để tìm hiểu thêm về kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://masimex.vn/category/blog/nghiep-vu/
Để tải xuống tài liệu kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập :
http://bit.ly/tailieuxnkmsm
Facebook page :
https://www.facebook.com/masimex/
Website :
http://masimex.vn/
học xuất nhập khẩu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu tại hà nội
học xuất nhập khẩu tại hà nội
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics tại hà nội
Compare and contrast british and vietnamese food,Thuy Pham
1. The document compares and contrasts aspects of British and Vietnamese culture such as food, drink, housing, and leisure activities. It discusses differences in typical breakfast foods, lunch habits, dinner meals, alcoholic beverages, housing types and preferences, and indoor and outdoor leisure pursuits between the two countries.
2. While breakfast and dinner tend to be lighter meals for both cultures, typical breakfast foods and favorite dishes differ. The British prefer tea over coffee, while Vietnam is the second largest coffee producer. Housing priorities also vary, with the British valuing privacy and home ownership more.
3. Common leisure activities in Britain include watching television, listening to radio, gardening, shopping, and engaging in sports, while Vietnam
Báo cáo thực tập tiếng Anh, điểm cao, tải miễn phíOnTimeVitThu
The document is an internship report from a student who interned at Dong Hanh Viet Travel Company in Da Nang, Vietnam. It includes an introduction to the company, a description of the student's receptionist job duties, and a weekly diary of the training activities performed during the 7-week internship. The student gained experience in tasks like greeting customers, answering phones, typing and translating documents, and learning about the company's domestic and international tour offerings. The supervisor was satisfied with the student's work and progress during the internship period.
The document discusses different types of word formation including clipping, blending, borrowing, coining, acronyms, and conversion. It provides examples for each type, such as "brunch" which is a blend of "breakfast" and "lunch". Various characteristics of words like indivisibility and positional mobility are also examined. The document aims to define words and analyze their structure, classification, and characteristics in the English language.
tiếng Anh ngành Logistics cho sinh viên
ĐÀO TẠO XUẤT NHẬP KHẨU - LOGISTICS THỰC TẾ - MASIMEX
Hotline : 0165 477 2330 || 0987 287 988
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 1* : Tầng 3, Đơn nguyên 1, KTX Mỹ Đình, Đường Hàm Nghi, Q. Nam Từ Liêm, Hà Nội (cách bến xe Mỹ Đình 300 mét)
Địa chỉ *Cơ sở 2* : Số 45-A , đường Thái Hà, Q. Đống Đa, Hà Nội (cạnh FPT Shop Thái Hà)
Để tìm hiểu thêm về Nội dung + Học phí chương trình đào tạo thực tế : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://bit.ly/ctrinhdtmsm18
Để tìm hiểu thêm về kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập : http://masimex.vn/category/blog/nghiep-vu/
Để tải xuống tài liệu kiến thức ngành xuất nhập khẩu - logistics : bạn vui lòng truy cập :
http://bit.ly/tailieuxnkmsm
Facebook page :
https://www.facebook.com/masimex/
Website :
http://masimex.vn/
học xuất nhập khẩu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu
học xuất nhập khẩu ở đâu tại hà nội
học xuất nhập khẩu tại hà nội
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics
đào tạo xuất nhập khẩu logistics tại hà nội
Compare and contrast british and vietnamese food,Thuy Pham
1. The document compares and contrasts aspects of British and Vietnamese culture such as food, drink, housing, and leisure activities. It discusses differences in typical breakfast foods, lunch habits, dinner meals, alcoholic beverages, housing types and preferences, and indoor and outdoor leisure pursuits between the two countries.
2. While breakfast and dinner tend to be lighter meals for both cultures, typical breakfast foods and favorite dishes differ. The British prefer tea over coffee, while Vietnam is the second largest coffee producer. Housing priorities also vary, with the British valuing privacy and home ownership more.
3. Common leisure activities in Britain include watching television, listening to radio, gardening, shopping, and engaging in sports, while Vietnam
Báo cáo thực tập tiếng Anh, điểm cao, tải miễn phíOnTimeVitThu
The document is an internship report from a student who interned at Dong Hanh Viet Travel Company in Da Nang, Vietnam. It includes an introduction to the company, a description of the student's receptionist job duties, and a weekly diary of the training activities performed during the 7-week internship. The student gained experience in tasks like greeting customers, answering phones, typing and translating documents, and learning about the company's domestic and international tour offerings. The supervisor was satisfied with the student's work and progress during the internship period.
Link Tải về File PDF Sách Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Logistics - English for Logistics Books.
Các bạn tải về tại link Medifire: http://www.mediafire.com/download/2ph3fn170zfvenh/English+For+Logistics.rar
Tham khảo thêm: CÁC THUẬT NGỮ THƯỜNG DÙNG TRONG LĨNH VỰC XUẤT NHẬP KHẨU tại http://damvietxnk.weebly.com/blog/cac-thuat-ngu-thuong-dung-trong-linh-vuc-xuat-nhap-khau
Nội dung cuốn sách Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Logistics gồm:
1. Introductions to logistics.
2. Logistics service.
3. Inventory management and procurement.
4. Modes of transport.
5. Planning and arranging transport.
6. Shipping goods.
7. Warehousing and storage.
8. Documentation and finance.
The document introduces the concept of referring expressions and discusses how some expressions can be used to refer to objects or people depending on the context, while others can never be used to refer. It also defines opaque contexts as parts of sentences where substituting co-referential expressions can change the meaning, and equative sentences as those used to assert the identity of two referring expressions.
This document discusses English semantics and propositional content. It defines a proposition as the meaning of a sentence that can be true or false. Propositions involve predicate-argument structure and can be represented notationally. Arguments refer to roles in a proposition and can be realized by referring expressions. Predicates provide specific information about the arguments. The relationship between entities as arguments and events as predicates is known as predication. Various semantic roles of arguments are identified, including agent, patient, and instrument. Propositions can be represented notationally in different ways, such as using capital letters for predicates and lowercase letters for arguments.
Báo Cáo Thực Tập Ngôn Ngữ Anh Tại Trường Cao Đẳng, Đại Học. Perhaps during the internship, data entry is the job that I have access to the most. With the receipts for tuition fees, I was instructed on how to enter the details on the invoice into excel software. The job seems pretty simple, just rely on the information available on the invoice and then enter it into the software, but it requires concentration and patience because there are hundreds of buying and selling receipts with content and all information is different, so great care must be taken to avoid confusion, errors, especially most important to pay attention to the column of sales without VAT and column of VAT because it affects tax and financial statements. … Invoicing, through this job, I know how to write receipts, how to store and deliver receipts. Practice due diligence to write receipts correctly. Thereby, I also know how to handle when the invoice is wrong.
Chia sẻ đến cho các bạn sinh viên một bài mẫu báo cáo thực tập tiếng anh biên phiên dịch tại công ty hoàn toàn miễn phí. Nếu các bạn sinh viên muốn tải bài mẫu này vui lòng nhắn tin nhanh qua zalo/telegram : 0934.573.149 để được hỗ trợ tải nhé.
This document discusses various types of meanings that words can have, including denotation, connotation, primary meaning, secondary meaning, literal meaning, and figurative meaning. It provides definitions and examples of each. Specifically, it defines denotation as the core meaning found in a dictionary, while connotation refers to additional meanings and associations beyond the denotative meaning. Primary meaning is the first meaning that comes to mind for a word, while secondary meanings are more context-dependent. Literal meaning is the basic or usual meaning, whereas figurative meaning uses words in a non-literal way like in metaphors or similes.
Luận văn Thạc sĩ chuyên ngành Quản trị kinh doanh: Nâng cao hiệu quả của quy trình giao nhận hàng hóa quốc tế tại Công ty TNHH Jet Delivery Logistics Việt Nam cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
The document discusses translation theory and definitions of translation. It provides definitions of translation from several scholars that view translation as expressing the meaning of a text in one language into another language while preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies. The definitions also note that translation involves linguistically transforming a message in a source language to be understood by readers of the target language. It further discusses translation as changing the form or state of a text from one language into another.
4 Loại Câu Trong Tiếng Anh Được Phân Theo Cấu Trúc Ngữ PhápNguyen Thi Thu Hang
Bạn đã biết, nếu được phân theo cấu trúc ngữ pháp thì trong tiếng Anh gồm có những loại câu nào chưa?
Nếu đã biết thì hãy cùng chúng tôi ôn lại kiến thức về ngữ pháp tiếng Anh bạn nhé. Còn nếu chưa, mời bạn cùng tham khảo ngay bài viết dưới đây!
TRUNG TÂM NGOẠI NGỮ CHẤT LƯỢNG CAO TẠI HÀ NỘI
Bạn đang phân vân để tìm cho mình một trung tâm ngoại ngữ chất lượng thực sự - Hãy đến với Universe!
Trung tâm tiếng anh Universe thuộc Công ty Cổ phần Đào tạo Universe là một trong những trung tâm đào tạo tiếng anh uy tín hàng đầu Hà nội. Chúng tôi đã và đang tạo được thương hiệu về chất lượng thông qua các chương trình: Tiếng anh Công sở, tiếng anh cho Trẻ em, tiếng anh cho Sinh viên.
Với đội ngũ giảng viên có kinh nghiệm sư phạm, trình độ chuyên môn cao, cách truyền thụ kiến thức lôi cuốn, trách nhiệm đang giảng dậy từ các trường Đại học Hà nội, Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Quốc gia Hà nội, Đại học Bách khoa….Cùng với giáo trình được thiết kế khoa học, đạt chuẩn chất lượng theo từng khóa học. Chúng tôi tin rằng học viên sẽ đạt được hiệu quả cao nhất khi theo học tại Trung tâm Universe.
Công ty Cổ phần Đào tạo Universe
Trụ sở 1: Số nhà 26 – Ngõ 51 – Thái Thịnh – Đống Đa – Hà Nội
Điện thoại: 04 3562 7592
Email: info@univ.edu.vn Web: univ.edu.vn
Trụ sở 2: Ô 3 - Lô 4A - KĐT Đền Lừ II - Hoàng Mai - Hà Nội
Điện Thoại : 04 3634 0401
This document provides information about different types of sentences and verbs in English grammar. It discusses:
1. Transitive verbs which take a direct object, intransitive verbs which do not take a direct object, and intensive/linking verbs which link the subject to a subject complement.
2. Complex transitive verbs which require both a direct object and an object complement to identify a quality of the direct object.
3. Ditransitive verbs which can be followed by two objects, one receiving the action and one directed towards.
4. Prepositional verbs which combine a verb and preposition to create a new verb with distinct meaning.
5. Examples are provided for each type along with exercises
This document provides information about parts of speech, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, and their definitions and examples. It discusses how nouns can be classified into different types and cases. It explains that pronouns are used to replace nouns and defines personal, reflexive, and objective pronouns. Verbs are defined as words that show action or state of being, and examples of physical, state of being (linking), and helping verbs are provided.
Link Tải về File PDF Sách Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Logistics - English for Logistics Books.
Các bạn tải về tại link Medifire: http://www.mediafire.com/download/2ph3fn170zfvenh/English+For+Logistics.rar
Tham khảo thêm: CÁC THUẬT NGỮ THƯỜNG DÙNG TRONG LĨNH VỰC XUẤT NHẬP KHẨU tại http://damvietxnk.weebly.com/blog/cac-thuat-ngu-thuong-dung-trong-linh-vuc-xuat-nhap-khau
Nội dung cuốn sách Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Logistics gồm:
1. Introductions to logistics.
2. Logistics service.
3. Inventory management and procurement.
4. Modes of transport.
5. Planning and arranging transport.
6. Shipping goods.
7. Warehousing and storage.
8. Documentation and finance.
The document introduces the concept of referring expressions and discusses how some expressions can be used to refer to objects or people depending on the context, while others can never be used to refer. It also defines opaque contexts as parts of sentences where substituting co-referential expressions can change the meaning, and equative sentences as those used to assert the identity of two referring expressions.
This document discusses English semantics and propositional content. It defines a proposition as the meaning of a sentence that can be true or false. Propositions involve predicate-argument structure and can be represented notationally. Arguments refer to roles in a proposition and can be realized by referring expressions. Predicates provide specific information about the arguments. The relationship between entities as arguments and events as predicates is known as predication. Various semantic roles of arguments are identified, including agent, patient, and instrument. Propositions can be represented notationally in different ways, such as using capital letters for predicates and lowercase letters for arguments.
Báo Cáo Thực Tập Ngôn Ngữ Anh Tại Trường Cao Đẳng, Đại Học. Perhaps during the internship, data entry is the job that I have access to the most. With the receipts for tuition fees, I was instructed on how to enter the details on the invoice into excel software. The job seems pretty simple, just rely on the information available on the invoice and then enter it into the software, but it requires concentration and patience because there are hundreds of buying and selling receipts with content and all information is different, so great care must be taken to avoid confusion, errors, especially most important to pay attention to the column of sales without VAT and column of VAT because it affects tax and financial statements. … Invoicing, through this job, I know how to write receipts, how to store and deliver receipts. Practice due diligence to write receipts correctly. Thereby, I also know how to handle when the invoice is wrong.
Chia sẻ đến cho các bạn sinh viên một bài mẫu báo cáo thực tập tiếng anh biên phiên dịch tại công ty hoàn toàn miễn phí. Nếu các bạn sinh viên muốn tải bài mẫu này vui lòng nhắn tin nhanh qua zalo/telegram : 0934.573.149 để được hỗ trợ tải nhé.
This document discusses various types of meanings that words can have, including denotation, connotation, primary meaning, secondary meaning, literal meaning, and figurative meaning. It provides definitions and examples of each. Specifically, it defines denotation as the core meaning found in a dictionary, while connotation refers to additional meanings and associations beyond the denotative meaning. Primary meaning is the first meaning that comes to mind for a word, while secondary meanings are more context-dependent. Literal meaning is the basic or usual meaning, whereas figurative meaning uses words in a non-literal way like in metaphors or similes.
Luận văn Thạc sĩ chuyên ngành Quản trị kinh doanh: Nâng cao hiệu quả của quy trình giao nhận hàng hóa quốc tế tại Công ty TNHH Jet Delivery Logistics Việt Nam cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
The document discusses translation theory and definitions of translation. It provides definitions of translation from several scholars that view translation as expressing the meaning of a text in one language into another language while preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies. The definitions also note that translation involves linguistically transforming a message in a source language to be understood by readers of the target language. It further discusses translation as changing the form or state of a text from one language into another.
4 Loại Câu Trong Tiếng Anh Được Phân Theo Cấu Trúc Ngữ PhápNguyen Thi Thu Hang
Bạn đã biết, nếu được phân theo cấu trúc ngữ pháp thì trong tiếng Anh gồm có những loại câu nào chưa?
Nếu đã biết thì hãy cùng chúng tôi ôn lại kiến thức về ngữ pháp tiếng Anh bạn nhé. Còn nếu chưa, mời bạn cùng tham khảo ngay bài viết dưới đây!
TRUNG TÂM NGOẠI NGỮ CHẤT LƯỢNG CAO TẠI HÀ NỘI
Bạn đang phân vân để tìm cho mình một trung tâm ngoại ngữ chất lượng thực sự - Hãy đến với Universe!
Trung tâm tiếng anh Universe thuộc Công ty Cổ phần Đào tạo Universe là một trong những trung tâm đào tạo tiếng anh uy tín hàng đầu Hà nội. Chúng tôi đã và đang tạo được thương hiệu về chất lượng thông qua các chương trình: Tiếng anh Công sở, tiếng anh cho Trẻ em, tiếng anh cho Sinh viên.
Với đội ngũ giảng viên có kinh nghiệm sư phạm, trình độ chuyên môn cao, cách truyền thụ kiến thức lôi cuốn, trách nhiệm đang giảng dậy từ các trường Đại học Hà nội, Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Quốc gia Hà nội, Đại học Bách khoa….Cùng với giáo trình được thiết kế khoa học, đạt chuẩn chất lượng theo từng khóa học. Chúng tôi tin rằng học viên sẽ đạt được hiệu quả cao nhất khi theo học tại Trung tâm Universe.
Công ty Cổ phần Đào tạo Universe
Trụ sở 1: Số nhà 26 – Ngõ 51 – Thái Thịnh – Đống Đa – Hà Nội
Điện thoại: 04 3562 7592
Email: info@univ.edu.vn Web: univ.edu.vn
Trụ sở 2: Ô 3 - Lô 4A - KĐT Đền Lừ II - Hoàng Mai - Hà Nội
Điện Thoại : 04 3634 0401
This document provides information about different types of sentences and verbs in English grammar. It discusses:
1. Transitive verbs which take a direct object, intransitive verbs which do not take a direct object, and intensive/linking verbs which link the subject to a subject complement.
2. Complex transitive verbs which require both a direct object and an object complement to identify a quality of the direct object.
3. Ditransitive verbs which can be followed by two objects, one receiving the action and one directed towards.
4. Prepositional verbs which combine a verb and preposition to create a new verb with distinct meaning.
5. Examples are provided for each type along with exercises
This document provides information about parts of speech, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, and their definitions and examples. It discusses how nouns can be classified into different types and cases. It explains that pronouns are used to replace nouns and defines personal, reflexive, and objective pronouns. Verbs are defined as words that show action or state of being, and examples of physical, state of being (linking), and helping verbs are provided.
The document provides information about parts of speech. It begins by defining parts of speech as how words function grammatically and semantically within sentences. It notes there are traditionally eight parts of speech in English, and sometimes articles are included. It includes a poll asking readers to identify which option is not a part of speech. The document then continues providing examples and explanations of different parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, adjectives and others. It includes various polls testing the reader's understanding of concepts.
Grammar Proficiency - Phrases and Clausessession 3.pptxNafisaHaque7
Grammar Proficiency can be acquired by knowing the nuances of Grammar'.From the rule of substitute reduce split to knowing the parts of speech is crucial.
The key lies in the function .How is it used is important.Thata decides whether a word would be a verb or a verbal.
The document discusses the main parts of speech in the English language. It defines nouns as persons, places, things or ideas that can be the subject of a sentence. Nouns can be proper, common, singular, plural, collective, countable or uncountable. Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence. Adjectives describe nouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Conjunctions join words and phrases together. Verbs show actions or states of being. Prepositions join nouns to other words.
This document provides information about parts of speech in English language. It defines parts of speech as traditional classes of words that vary based on their function or meaning in a sentence. The main types of parts of speech discussed are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. For each part of speech, the definition and examples are given. Noun types like proper noun, common noun, collective noun and abstract noun are explained. The document also provides examples to explain different types of verbs, pronouns, adjectives, prepositions and their usage in sentences. References from YouTube videos and images are provided at the end.
(Understanding the Nouns and Articles).pptxTjFlorendo
This is a PowerPont presentation of a parts of speech that focuses only on nouns and Articles or Determiners. Hopefully, this slide can help you somehow. This PPTX will explain the nouns and everything about it in a detailed manner. This PPT will help you make your students clearly understand the noun. No matter how old or young your students are. Hopefully, this ppt can serve its purpose effectively in terms of a fun and meaningful learning. It provides a definition about nouns, its two types which are; common and proper nouns together with its examples. Along with it are the three types of common nouns. Namely, abstract, collective, and concrete nouns. Aside from all of that, it also shows the nature and diverse roles of nouns in a sentence. Nouns can be a subject in the sentence, can be an object, object compliment, subject compliment, and also it can sometimes me a modifier and an appositive. Aside from nouns, this ppt, also discussed about Articles or commonly known as Determiners.
Modality refers to the speaker's attitude or opinion regarding the factual status of a proposition. There are two main types of modality: epistemic and deontic. Epistemic modality concerns beliefs, knowledge and truth, expressing levels of certainty. Deontic modality involves necessity or obligation and is concerned with actions. Mood is a syntactic concept referring to sentence structure, while modality is semantic and provides information about the speaker's perspective. Modality can be expressed through modal verbs, adverbs, adjectives and other means.
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4codybug134
This presentation was designed for a learning support class at a community college. It covers the basics like nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
This document provides an overview of different parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, and prepositions. It defines each part of speech and provides examples. For nouns, it discusses types of nouns like proper vs common nouns, countable vs uncountable nouns, and plural nouns. For adjectives, it outlines descriptive, quantity, number, demonstrative, possessive, and interrogative adjectives. It also explains different types of adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions.
This document provides an overview of the 8 major parts of speech in English grammar: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection. For each part of speech, definitions and examples are given. Additionally, different types or kinds of each part of speech are defined, such as common vs proper nouns, transitive vs intransitive verbs, adverbs of manner vs time, etc.
Here are the key points from the video about linguistic relativity:
- Linguistic relativity hypothesis proposes that the language we speak shapes or influences our thoughts and behaviors.
- Boroditsky gave examples showing how language can influence basic cognitive processes like spatial frames of reference. In languages like English, space is described in relation to the body (left, right). But in other languages, space is described in relation to environmental landmarks.
- In one study, Boroditsky found that speakers of languages with different spatial frames of reference think differently about basic spatial relations. For example, when asked to remember the location of objects, English speakers were more accurate remembering left/right while speakers of other languages were more accurate remembering environmental landmarks
This document provides an overview of logic, including its definition, methods of reasoning, divisions, and key concepts. Logic is concerned with correct thinking and reasoning. It can be considered both an art that guides reason and a science that investigates and explains laws of thought. There are two main methods of reasoning - inductive, which obtains universal knowledge from particular cases, and deductive, which proceeds from universal to particular. Logic is divided into formal logic, which focuses on correct thinking, and material logic, which studies main philosophical problems in logic. Key concepts explained include terms, propositions, and inference.
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Gr7.ppt
1. 1
Group 7
Sentence meaning and propositional content
• What is a proposition
• Proposition content
• Notational representation of propositions
• Truth functionality
• Sentence types and their meaning
2. 2
Proposition (Revisited)
• A Proposition is defined as the invariant meaning
expressed by a sentence, devoid of any modality.
e.g. She is probably right
• Proposition: She is right
• Modality: probable - impossible
• In semantics, the letters ‘p, q, r’ are often used as
symbols of propositions.
• Propositions involve in the meanings of not only
declarative, but also interrogative and imperative
sentences.
e.g. Is she right? (You) be careful
3. 3
Truth - value vs. truth - conditions
• The truth value of a proposition should be
distinguished from the truth conditions of a sentence
e.g. Mary married a rich man.
• Truth value of a proposition: The proposition can be
either true or false.
• Truth conditions of the sentence:
Mary must be a woman
Mary is of a marriageable age
5. 5
Propositional content
• A proposition usually consists of (a) something which is
named or talked about known as ARGUMENT or entity,
and (b) an assertion or predication made about the
arguments expressed by the PREDICATE.
e.g. The man bit the dog.
The dog bit the man.
• Predicate: BITE
• Two arguments: MAN & DOG
• The meaning of a sentence consists of the predicate,
argument(s), and the role of each argument. When we
specify all these elements, we are talking about the
propositional content of the sentence.
6. 6
Arguments
• Not all entities are arguments
e.g. It rained heavily
• The arguments may fall into two sub-groups: participant
and non-participant.
• Participants are those necessitated by the predication,
and answer the question: Who does what to whom?
• Non-participants are optional and answer the questions:
why, when, where, how?
e.g. The woman hit the man (with a ruler)
• There are three arguments: the woman, the man, ruler
• In standard grammatical treatement, participant
arguments surface as subject, direct or indirect object
whereas non-participant arguments occur as adverbials
7. 7
Predicator - Predicate
• A PREDICATE is any word, or sequence of words, which ,
in a given single sense, can function as the predicator of a
sentence.
e.g. Hungry, in, asleep, hit, show, bottle: are predicates
And, or, but, not: are not predicates
• Predicate and predicator are terms of quite different sorts.
The term ‘predicate’ identifies elements in the language
system, independently of particular example sentences.
• The term ‘predicator’ indentifies the semantic role played
by a particular word (or groups of words) in a particular
sentence.
• A simple sentence has one predicator, although it may
well contain more than one instance of a prediate.
8. 8
Degrees of predicates
• The combination of predicate and arguments can be
defined in terms of degree. The DEGREE of a predicate is
a number indicating the number of arguments it is normally
understood to have in a simple sentence.
• A predicate of degree one (often called a one-place
predicate) is used with one argument
e.g. Asleep, beautiful
• A prediate of degree two (often called a two-place
predicate) is used with two arguments
e.g. Kill, see
• A predicate of degree three (often called a three-place
predicate) is used with three arguments
e.g. Give, make
9. 9
Arguments vs. predicates
• Arguments refer to entities while predicates deal
with events, properties, attributes and states.
• Those individuals that are independent and can
stand alone are arguments.
• Things like qualities, relations, actions and
processes that are dependent and cannot stand
alone are termed predicates.
e.g. My computer
break down, fast, new
10. 10
Predication
• The relationship between entities as arguments and events,
qualities, states as predicates is predication.
• Frawley (1992) defines predication as the way that
individuals instantiate – embody, carry out, take on or are
linked to – properties, actions, events, attributes or states.
e.g. My wife is writing a report
• The event is “writing” because “writing” must be done by
someone, an entity, and of something, another entity.
• Each of the entities “my wife, and a report” is the arguments
of the predicate because they instantiate the “writing”
• However, not all events are predicates.
• In English, not only verbs, but also nouns, adjectives and
propositions can function as predicates
12. 12
Definition
• Semantic roles are a means to represent
sentence meaning in logical terms. They are
usually assigned to nouns and noun phrases
according to the relation they hold with the
predicate.
e.g. John is writing a letter
Mary kicked the dog
My mother bought me a car
13. 13
Levels of Generality
• Semantic roles can exist at three levels of generality
1. “Verb-specific” roles
Runner, killer, hater, smeller, receiver, located, sent to…
2. Relation or thematic roles: are generalizations across
the verb-specific roles like:
Agent (giver, speaker, dancer, runner), instrument,
experiencer (liker, thinker, feeler, presumer, lover),
patient…
3. Generalized or macro-roles: are generalizations
across thematic relations.
Actor (agent, instrument, recipient…), Undergoer
(experiencer, patient, stimulus…)
14. 14
Levels of Generality
• Van Valin, Jr (1999) claims that there are only two macro-
roles: ACTOR and UNDERGOER.
• ACTOR is generlization across agent, experiencer,
instrument and other roles, which surface as the
grammatical subjects.
e.g. Mary opened the door
They liked the play very much
The key opened this door
• UNDERGOER is a generalization subsuming patient,
theme, recipient, stimulus, and other roles, which surface
as the grammatical object.
e.g. She made me a cake
You love her because of her money
18. 18
Notes
1. Argument has to be a particular
someone/something
a. Someone get me a drink, please
b. Someone called me last night
2. Predicate can be Adj, V, Prep, N
• She is nice.
• She smiles.
• She is in New York.
• She is a bartender.
19. 19
Notes
3. The less arguments, the less informative the
proposition
My mother wrote a letter.
• My mother wrote me.
• My mother wrote me a letter.
4. Arguments of a proposition may be expressed
by another proposition.
• She said that she was well taken care of.
• Whoever did it must be brought to course.
20. 20
Embedded propositions
• The arguments of a proposition may be expressed by
another proposition, not a referring expression.
e.g. I know that she is a smart person
Do you want me to go there?
I doubt if the film will start on time
She did not tell me what to do
• According to Kreidler (1998), predicates that have
embedded propositions as theme arguments may
include the following
a. Knowledge or ignorance of a possible fact.
e.g. I know that she’s right
I doubt if she will come.
21. 21
b. An attitude or orientation towards a fact or possible fact.
e.g. I am happy that she was able to pass the test
I like to become a doctor
c. Causing, allowing, or preventing the occurence of a fact
e.g. She stopped me from going out
I’ll have the students rewrite their essays
d. Perception of a fact
e.g. I watched the boys playing football
I heard her cry
e. Saying something about a fact or possible facts
e.g. She said that she had lost her belongings
She told us what to do
f. The beginning, continuing, or termination of an event
e.g. I started to smoke
We will continue to have perfect leaders.
22. 22
• Propositions as arguments can occupy subject or object
positions, and they can surface as nominal clauses in the
following ways.
a. Wh- clauses
e.g. What happened last night was appalling
I didn’t like what I saw
b. That- clauses
e.g. That she cried in public was unthinkable
She said that she would come
c. To infinitive clauses
e.g. I want her to succeed.
It is rather hard to get a job these days
d. Ing- clauses
e.g. I saw the teacher coming
Treating her like that is unacceptable.
23. 23
Notational representation of
embedded propositions
• At the first level of representation, the proposition as
argument is symbolized by x.
• At the next level, this x-proposition will be presented in
the usual way for a simple proposition.
e.g. She said that she would wait for me
At the first level we can have:
sSAYx
At the next level down we have:
x = sWAITm
Putting the two together we have: sSAYx
x = sWAITm
25. 25
Simple and composite sentences
• Simple sentences: one clause
• Composite sentences: more than one clause
Compound sentences
Either he did not pass his driving test or I am a
Dutchman.
Complex sentences
If he passes his driving test, I am a Dutchman.
26. 26
Definition
• The truth value of a composite proposition is a
function (in a mathematical sense) of the truth
values of its component propositions (i.e. simple
propositions).
E.g., She is married and she is pregnant
29. 29
Conjunction
• The English words and and or correspond roughly to
logical connectives. Connectives provide a way of joining
simple propositions to form complex propositions. A
logical analysis must state exactly how joining
propositions by means of a connective affects the truth of
the complex propositions so formed.
• Any number of individual well-formed formulae can be
placed in a sequence with the symbol “&” between each
adjacent pair in the sequence. The result is a complex
wellformed formula.
• E.g. The three simple formulae: jGREETm (John greeted
Mary), jHUGm (John hug Marry) and jKISSm (John
kissed Mary) can be joined together to form:
(jGREETm) & (jHUGm) & (jKISSm)
31. 31
Conjunction
• This operation generates a composite proposition,
symbolized as p & q, which is true if and only if both p and
q are true. For example:
• In a situation in which Henry died and Terry resigned is
both true, then Henry died and Terry resigned is true
• In a situation where Henry died is true, but Terry
resigned is false, then Henry died and Terry resigned is
false
• Where Henry died is false, but Terry resigned is true,
then Henry died and Terry resigned is also false.
• Where Henry died and Terry resigned are both false,
then Henry died and Terry resigned is also false
32. 32
Disjunction
• Any number of well-formed formulae can be placed in a
sequence with the symbol V between each adjacent pair
in the sequence. The result is a complex well-formed
formula.
• For example, from the simple propositions:
hHERE: Harry is here
cDUTCHMAN Charlie is a Dutchman
A single complex formula can be formed:
(hHERE) V (cDUTCHMAN)
• More examples:
Dorothey saw Bill or Alan
Either John or Peter has used my computer
33. 33
Disjunction
p Q p V q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
You can get there (either) by train or
by bus.
• Truth table for V-inclusive
34. 34
Disjunction
p q p V q
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
Either you are her mother or that lady
is
• Truth table for V-exclusive
35. 35
Disjunction
• Disjunctions creates a composite proposition: p V q, which
is true
a. If and only if either p or q is true and
b. If and only if both p and q are true
• In a situation in which Henry died and Terry resigned is
both true, then (Either) Henry died or Terry resigned is
true
• Where Henry died is true, but Terry resigned is false,
then (Either) Henry died or Terry resigned is true
• Where Henry died is false, but Terry resigned is true,
then (Either) Henry died or Terry resigned is also true.
• Where Henry died and Terry resigned are both false,
then (Either) Henry died or Terry resigned is also false
36. 36
Implication
• The logical connective symbolized by →
corresponds roughly to the relation between
an ‘if’ clause and its sequel in English. The
linking of two propositions by → forms what
is called a conditional
• If Alan is here, Clive is a liar
38. 38
Material Implication
• This operation creates a composite proposition whereby p →
q (p implies q). p → q is true if and only if: (a) Both p and q
are true. (b) Both p and q are false. (c) p is false and q is true
• It is false if p is true and q is false. For example
If she has married him, they are honeymooning in HL now
• This composite proposition can be true if (1) it is true that
she has married him and they are honeymooning in HL now,
or (2) it is false that she has married him and it is also false
that they are honeymooning in HL now. If it is true that she
has married him but it is false that they are honeymooning in
HL now, then the proposition is false because p does not
imply q. The last case is when she has not married him but
they are honeymooning in HL now, which is found by most
people to be paradoxical.
39. 39
• Entailment
p is true and q is necessarily true (i.e. true in all
possible worlds)
If dogs are mammals, they are animals.
• Implicature
The truth of q can be inferred from p in certain
contexts in which p is made.
If Trang’s cellphone is on, she must be writing a
message or making a phone.
40. 40
Equivalence
• Truth table for ≡
p q p ≡ q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
If the horse is a mammal, the shark is a fish.
The conjunction of two implications
41. 41
Equivalence
• The logical connective symbolized by ≡ expresses the
meaning ‘if and only if’ in English. The linking of two
propositions by ≡ produces what is called a
‘biconditional’
• E.g. The meaning of “John is married to Mary if and only if
Mary is married to John” could be represented as:
(jMARRYm) ≡ (mMARRYj)
• The biconditional connective is aptly named because it is
equivalent to the conjunction of two conditionals, one
‘going in each direction’. Inother words, there is a general
rule: p ≡ q is equivalent to (p → q) & (q →p)
42. 42
Negation
• The connective ~ used in propositional logic is
paraphrasable as English ‘not’. Strictly speaking, ~
does not CONNECT propositions, as do (&) and
(V). ~ is prefixed to the formula for a single
proposition, producing its negation. ~ is sometimes
called the ‘negation operator’, rather than ‘negation
connective’.
• E.g.
Alice didn’t sleep can be represented as ~ aSLEEP
Clare is not married to Bill = ~cMARRYb
44. 44
Exercise
Find out the truth-value of the following composite
propositions in the following cases (a, b, c, d)
1. I passed the driving test and got the license a week later.
(a). It was true that I passed the driving test, but I received the
license four weeks later.
(b). It was true that I passed my driving test, and I got the
license a week later.
(c). It was true that I did not pass my driving test, but it was
true that I got the license a week later.
(d). Neither of the situations was true.
45. 45
Exercise
2. If you marry her, I will kill my self
(a). If it is true: ”you marry her”, and it is also true: “I will kill
myself”.
(b). If it is true: ”you marry her”, but it is not true: “I will kill
myself”.
(c). If it is not true: ”you marry her”, but it is true: “I will kill
myself”.
(d). Neither is true.