This document provides an overview of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) in 3 paragraphs. GPRS allows mobile phones to send and receive data across mobile networks. It supplements existing circuit-switched data and SMS with a packet-switched service that is faster and less costly. GPRS provides packet switching for internet applications like web browsing and file transfer on mobile phones. The document describes user features of GPRS including speed, immediacy, new applications, and service access. It then covers technical aspects such as network elements, mobility management, and GPRS processes to establish user sessions.
Mobile Originated Call Process in Simple WordsAssim Mubder
Call Setup
Different procedures are necessary depending on the initiating and terminating party:
Mobile Originating Call MOC: Call setup, which are initiated by an MS
Mobile Terminating Call MTC: Call setup, where an MS is the called party
Mobile Mobile Call MMC: Call: setup between two mobile subscribers; MMC thus consists of the execution of a MOC and a MTC one after the other.
Mobile Internal Call MIC: a special case of MMC; both MSs are in the same MSC area, possibly even in the same cell.
Handovers, also called handoffs, allow mobile users to maintain connectivity as they move between different cells. They involve transferring control of a call or data session from one cell to another. There are different types of handovers in GSM including intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. Factors like transmitted power, received power, area and shape of cells, and user mobility affect the handover process.
Cellular concepts and system design fundamentalsKamal Sharma
The document discusses the cellular concept which aims to increase capacity by replacing single high-power transmitters with multiple low-power transmitters, each covering a small cell. Key aspects covered include:
- Cells are allocated different channel groups to minimize interference between nearby base stations.
- A cellular system reuses the same set of channels in different cells through frequency planning and by assigning different channel groups to neighboring cells.
- Hexagonal cell shapes help maximize coverage while minimizing gaps and support efficient frequency reuse patterns.
- Techniques like cell splitting, sectoring, and microcells help increase capacity by reducing cell sizes and reusing frequencies.
This document summarizes GSM architecture and call flows, including inter-MSC and intra-MSC call flows. Inter-MSC call flow occurs between two different MSCs, while intra-MSC call flow is between two BSCs within the same MSC. The inter-MSC call flow involves signaling between the BSC, MSC-O, MSC-T, HLR, and RNC to set up and release the call bearers. The intra-MSC call flow involves signaling between the MS-O, BSC-O, MSC/VLR, MGW, HLR, BSC-T, and MS-T to authenticate, set up, and release call bearers within a single MSC
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) technology allows for wireless communication via satellite using small dish antennas. A VSAT network consists of a central hub with a large antenna that communicates with multiple remote VSAT sites. The hub controls and monitors the network, sending data to the satellite which amplifies and redirects the signals to the VSATs. VSAT offers advantages like flexibility, lower installation costs than terrestrial networks, and ability to access areas without terrestrial infrastructure. Common applications of VSAT include corporate networks, internet access, distance education, and retail/banking networks. VSAT uses multiple access techniques like TDMA to allow efficient sharing of satellite bandwidth among sites.
The document summarizes the call flow process in GSM networks. It describes the sequence of events that occur when a mobile subscriber makes a call to a landline, when a landline subscriber calls a mobile, and between two mobile subscribers. It also provides an overview of the user services, data services, supplementary services, and security features supported in GSM networks, such as encryption, authentication, and temporary identification numbers to protect subscriber privacy.
Physical channels carry information over the air interface between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Logical channels map user data and signaling information onto physical channels. There are two main types of logical channels - traffic channels which carry call data, and control channels which communicate service information. Control channels include broadcast channels which transmit cell-wide information, common channels used for paging and access procedures, and dedicated channels for signaling during calls or when not on a call. Logical channels are mapped onto physical channels to effectively transmit information wirelessly between network components in a GSM system.
The GSM system architecture is divided into three major systems: the Switching System (SS), the Base Station System (BSS), and the Operation and Support System (OSS). The SS handles call processing and subscriber functions and includes the MSC, HLR, VLR, and other registers. The BSS handles radio functions and includes the BSC and BTS. The OSS manages errors, configuration, faults, and performance across the network. Key interfaces include the A interface between MSC and BSS, the B interface between MSC and VLR, and the Um interface between MS and BTS.
Mobile Originated Call Process in Simple WordsAssim Mubder
Call Setup
Different procedures are necessary depending on the initiating and terminating party:
Mobile Originating Call MOC: Call setup, which are initiated by an MS
Mobile Terminating Call MTC: Call setup, where an MS is the called party
Mobile Mobile Call MMC: Call: setup between two mobile subscribers; MMC thus consists of the execution of a MOC and a MTC one after the other.
Mobile Internal Call MIC: a special case of MMC; both MSs are in the same MSC area, possibly even in the same cell.
Handovers, also called handoffs, allow mobile users to maintain connectivity as they move between different cells. They involve transferring control of a call or data session from one cell to another. There are different types of handovers in GSM including intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. Factors like transmitted power, received power, area and shape of cells, and user mobility affect the handover process.
Cellular concepts and system design fundamentalsKamal Sharma
The document discusses the cellular concept which aims to increase capacity by replacing single high-power transmitters with multiple low-power transmitters, each covering a small cell. Key aspects covered include:
- Cells are allocated different channel groups to minimize interference between nearby base stations.
- A cellular system reuses the same set of channels in different cells through frequency planning and by assigning different channel groups to neighboring cells.
- Hexagonal cell shapes help maximize coverage while minimizing gaps and support efficient frequency reuse patterns.
- Techniques like cell splitting, sectoring, and microcells help increase capacity by reducing cell sizes and reusing frequencies.
This document summarizes GSM architecture and call flows, including inter-MSC and intra-MSC call flows. Inter-MSC call flow occurs between two different MSCs, while intra-MSC call flow is between two BSCs within the same MSC. The inter-MSC call flow involves signaling between the BSC, MSC-O, MSC-T, HLR, and RNC to set up and release the call bearers. The intra-MSC call flow involves signaling between the MS-O, BSC-O, MSC/VLR, MGW, HLR, BSC-T, and MS-T to authenticate, set up, and release call bearers within a single MSC
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) technology allows for wireless communication via satellite using small dish antennas. A VSAT network consists of a central hub with a large antenna that communicates with multiple remote VSAT sites. The hub controls and monitors the network, sending data to the satellite which amplifies and redirects the signals to the VSATs. VSAT offers advantages like flexibility, lower installation costs than terrestrial networks, and ability to access areas without terrestrial infrastructure. Common applications of VSAT include corporate networks, internet access, distance education, and retail/banking networks. VSAT uses multiple access techniques like TDMA to allow efficient sharing of satellite bandwidth among sites.
The document summarizes the call flow process in GSM networks. It describes the sequence of events that occur when a mobile subscriber makes a call to a landline, when a landline subscriber calls a mobile, and between two mobile subscribers. It also provides an overview of the user services, data services, supplementary services, and security features supported in GSM networks, such as encryption, authentication, and temporary identification numbers to protect subscriber privacy.
Physical channels carry information over the air interface between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Logical channels map user data and signaling information onto physical channels. There are two main types of logical channels - traffic channels which carry call data, and control channels which communicate service information. Control channels include broadcast channels which transmit cell-wide information, common channels used for paging and access procedures, and dedicated channels for signaling during calls or when not on a call. Logical channels are mapped onto physical channels to effectively transmit information wirelessly between network components in a GSM system.
The GSM system architecture is divided into three major systems: the Switching System (SS), the Base Station System (BSS), and the Operation and Support System (OSS). The SS handles call processing and subscriber functions and includes the MSC, HLR, VLR, and other registers. The BSS handles radio functions and includes the BSC and BTS. The OSS manages errors, configuration, faults, and performance across the network. Key interfaces include the A interface between MSC and BSS, the B interface between MSC and VLR, and the Um interface between MS and BTS.
The document provides information on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) including:
- GSM was developed to standardize cellular networks in Europe and provide compatibility between systems.
- It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the radio spectrum at the same time. Carriers are divided into time slots and frequency channels.
- The key components of GSM are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching subsystem including HLR, VLR and MSC, and operation subsystem for network management.
The document summarizes the simplified call flow signaling process for a 2G/3G voice call. It shows that UE1 establishes a connection with the access network and core network to page UE2. UE2 responds and a connection is established between the two user equipments through the core network, with a notification that they are now connected.
A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) facilitates wireless communication between user equipment and networks. It encodes, encrypts, and modulates RF signals that are transmitted from antennas. A BTS consists of transceivers, antennas, rectifiers, Radio Remote Units (RRU), Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), GSM Transmission & Management Units (GTMU), Universal Main Processing & Transmission Units (UMPT), and Site Monitoring Units (SMU). The BTS communicates with mobile stations and Base Station Controllers.
Concepts of & cell sectoring and micro cellKundan Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to cellular network sectoring and microcells. It explains that cells can have square or hexagonal shapes, with hexagons providing equidistant antennas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells by controlling base station power to limit interference. Common frequency reuse patterns include reuse factors of 1, 3, 7, etc. Capacity can be increased through methods like frequency borrowing, cell splitting, cell sectoring, and microcells which use smaller cell sizes.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless technology that can provide data transmission rates up to 480 Mbps. It operates by transmitting short pulses across a wide spectrum of frequency bands between 3.1-10.6 GHz. UWB offers advantages over other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi by providing faster data transfer speeds, better multipath performance, and precise localization capabilities. Potential applications of UWB include wireless USB, high quality video transmission, and radar/imaging systems.
This document discusses simple telephone communication systems and their components. It describes how a carbon microphone works as an amplitude modulator to transmit sound signals along the line. An inductor allows DC current to flow while acting as a high impedance element for voice signals. At the receiver, an electromagnet converts the electrical signals back into sound waves. Early telephone systems used half duplex communication and included sidetone circuits to allow users to hear themselves. The document also covers the components and operation of local battery and central battery telephone exchanges.
The document discusses different types of location updating procedures in mobile networks:
1. Location updating type normal occurs when a mobile subscriber (MS) moves to a new location area and needs to update the network of its new location.
2. IMSI attach is used when the MS powers back on in the same location area it was in when it entered detached mode.
3. Periodic registration is used to avoid unnecessary paging and prevent database failures. The MS registers at periodic intervals set by the network operator, from every 6 minutes to every hour.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves on existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched one. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS allows multiple users to share the same physical channel and users are billed based on the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. Maximum transfer rates are improved to 171.2 kbps.
Chap 1&2(history and intro) wireless communicationasadkhan1327
The document provides an outline for a course on wireless communication, beginning with an introduction to wireless networking concepts, cellular system design including frequency reuse and handoff, wireless link characteristics such as propagation and fading, modulation techniques, and multiple access methods including TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. It also gives a brief history of wireless technology from early systems like smoke signals to the development of modern cellular standards such as GSM and LTE. Key wireless networking and mobile communication systems are defined.
Wireless cellular networks divide geographic areas into cells served by base stations to allow for frequency reuse. As users travel between cells, their calls are handed off seamlessly. Cellular systems improve capacity by allocating unique frequency groups to each cell and reusing the same frequencies in cells sufficiently distant from each other. Larger networks connect multiple base stations and mobile switching centers to facilitate roaming and complete calls between mobile and fixed users.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
1) Optimal routing (OR) is a value-added service that allows calls between roaming subscribers within the same country to be directly routed between serving networks, avoiding international call legs and saving costs.
2) OR requires maintaining a real-time database of inbound roamers including location, serving network, and other data extracted from signaling messages.
3) Typical OR implementations route calls to a special platform housing the roamer database, which analyzes the destination and routes internally or obtains a local number from the destination network.
Mobile networks have evolved over several generations from 1G analog cellular to 4G LTE networks. This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and evolution of mobile networks including discussions of 2G, 3G, 4G networks and the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the core network functions and interfaces as well as basic network scenarios.
This presentation & video explains electromagnetic spectrum, frequency, band, bandwidth and how these concepts are used in mobile technology. We also look at antennas for smartphones including 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G
Gives you the complete knowledge of different channel allocation techniques, reverse and forward CDMA, GSM Frame Structure, GSM channel Types, cellular concepts, handoff strategies, Frequency reuse and GSM call structure.
This PDF provides a in-depth explanation for all the concepts and practices used before.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses how GSM uses a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to maximize channel usage. It also describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and support subsystem. Additionally, it covers functions like frequency reuse, handovers, short message service, speech coding, and call routing in GSM networks.
in these slides you will learn what is roaming and how it is work in simple way also with some signaling to show how the operators work together and how call & SMS routed , billing ,agreement ,
for any information plz contact me (rawand.ali@hotmail.com)
Tel: +9647701105935
MIGRATION STRATEGY OF GSM TO MOBILE BROADBANDSitha Sok
This document provides a summary of a report on migration strategies from GSM to mobile broadband networks. It discusses the current usage of GSM spectrum bands across the Asia-Pacific region. It then reviews technical methods for rearranging existing GSM spectrum to introduce UMTS and LTE, including dynamic spectrum sharing and tight frequency reuse. The report also presents a general migration process and case studies. It aims to provide guidance on carefully planning GSM spectrum refarming to ensure a smooth transition to mobile broadband networks.
This power point presentation discusses cell splitting and sectoring techniques used to increase channel capacity in cellular networks. It explains that a large cellular area is divided into smaller hexagonal cells, each with its own base station and frequency set. To further increase capacity, cells can be split into smaller cells served by additional base stations. Alternatively, directional antennas can be used to sector each cell into three segments to reduce interference and allow frequency reuse over smaller areas. Both techniques aim to add channels by subdividing congested cells.
Mobile phone networks use radio waves to allow communication between mobile phones and base stations. The base stations are connected to the telephone network and route calls. To provide coverage to more users, networks reuse frequencies by dividing coverage into cells served by base stations operating on different frequencies. As more users join the network, cell size decreases and more base stations are added to increase capacity without interference between frequencies. Common mobile technologies are GSM, operating at 900MHz and 1800MHz, and UMTS, operating at 2GHz.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that allows intermittent and bursty data transmissions over existing GSM networks. It uses packet switching to allocate resources only when needed, reducing connection times. GPRS supports flexible channel allocation and sharing of available resources between users. Common applications include standard IP-based services as well as GPRS-specific point-to-point and point-to-multipoint applications. Operators can generate revenue through new subscribers, services, applications, and increased data traffic under GPRS.
The document provides information on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) including:
- GSM was developed to standardize cellular networks in Europe and provide compatibility between systems.
- It uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to access the radio spectrum at the same time. Carriers are divided into time slots and frequency channels.
- The key components of GSM are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, switching subsystem including HLR, VLR and MSC, and operation subsystem for network management.
The document summarizes the simplified call flow signaling process for a 2G/3G voice call. It shows that UE1 establishes a connection with the access network and core network to page UE2. UE2 responds and a connection is established between the two user equipments through the core network, with a notification that they are now connected.
A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) facilitates wireless communication between user equipment and networks. It encodes, encrypts, and modulates RF signals that are transmitted from antennas. A BTS consists of transceivers, antennas, rectifiers, Radio Remote Units (RRU), Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), GSM Transmission & Management Units (GTMU), Universal Main Processing & Transmission Units (UMPT), and Site Monitoring Units (SMU). The BTS communicates with mobile stations and Base Station Controllers.
Concepts of & cell sectoring and micro cellKundan Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to cellular network sectoring and microcells. It explains that cells can have square or hexagonal shapes, with hexagons providing equidistant antennas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells by controlling base station power to limit interference. Common frequency reuse patterns include reuse factors of 1, 3, 7, etc. Capacity can be increased through methods like frequency borrowing, cell splitting, cell sectoring, and microcells which use smaller cell sizes.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless technology that can provide data transmission rates up to 480 Mbps. It operates by transmitting short pulses across a wide spectrum of frequency bands between 3.1-10.6 GHz. UWB offers advantages over other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi by providing faster data transfer speeds, better multipath performance, and precise localization capabilities. Potential applications of UWB include wireless USB, high quality video transmission, and radar/imaging systems.
This document discusses simple telephone communication systems and their components. It describes how a carbon microphone works as an amplitude modulator to transmit sound signals along the line. An inductor allows DC current to flow while acting as a high impedance element for voice signals. At the receiver, an electromagnet converts the electrical signals back into sound waves. Early telephone systems used half duplex communication and included sidetone circuits to allow users to hear themselves. The document also covers the components and operation of local battery and central battery telephone exchanges.
The document discusses different types of location updating procedures in mobile networks:
1. Location updating type normal occurs when a mobile subscriber (MS) moves to a new location area and needs to update the network of its new location.
2. IMSI attach is used when the MS powers back on in the same location area it was in when it entered detached mode.
3. Periodic registration is used to avoid unnecessary paging and prevent database failures. The MS registers at periodic intervals set by the network operator, from every 6 minutes to every hour.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves on existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched one. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS allows multiple users to share the same physical channel and users are billed based on the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. Maximum transfer rates are improved to 171.2 kbps.
Chap 1&2(history and intro) wireless communicationasadkhan1327
The document provides an outline for a course on wireless communication, beginning with an introduction to wireless networking concepts, cellular system design including frequency reuse and handoff, wireless link characteristics such as propagation and fading, modulation techniques, and multiple access methods including TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. It also gives a brief history of wireless technology from early systems like smoke signals to the development of modern cellular standards such as GSM and LTE. Key wireless networking and mobile communication systems are defined.
Wireless cellular networks divide geographic areas into cells served by base stations to allow for frequency reuse. As users travel between cells, their calls are handed off seamlessly. Cellular systems improve capacity by allocating unique frequency groups to each cell and reusing the same frequencies in cells sufficiently distant from each other. Larger networks connect multiple base stations and mobile switching centers to facilitate roaming and complete calls between mobile and fixed users.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
1) Optimal routing (OR) is a value-added service that allows calls between roaming subscribers within the same country to be directly routed between serving networks, avoiding international call legs and saving costs.
2) OR requires maintaining a real-time database of inbound roamers including location, serving network, and other data extracted from signaling messages.
3) Typical OR implementations route calls to a special platform housing the roamer database, which analyzes the destination and routes internally or obtains a local number from the destination network.
Mobile networks have evolved over several generations from 1G analog cellular to 4G LTE networks. This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and evolution of mobile networks including discussions of 2G, 3G, 4G networks and the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the core network functions and interfaces as well as basic network scenarios.
This presentation & video explains electromagnetic spectrum, frequency, band, bandwidth and how these concepts are used in mobile technology. We also look at antennas for smartphones including 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G
Gives you the complete knowledge of different channel allocation techniques, reverse and forward CDMA, GSM Frame Structure, GSM channel Types, cellular concepts, handoff strategies, Frequency reuse and GSM call structure.
This PDF provides a in-depth explanation for all the concepts and practices used before.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses how GSM uses a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to maximize channel usage. It also describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and support subsystem. Additionally, it covers functions like frequency reuse, handovers, short message service, speech coding, and call routing in GSM networks.
in these slides you will learn what is roaming and how it is work in simple way also with some signaling to show how the operators work together and how call & SMS routed , billing ,agreement ,
for any information plz contact me (rawand.ali@hotmail.com)
Tel: +9647701105935
MIGRATION STRATEGY OF GSM TO MOBILE BROADBANDSitha Sok
This document provides a summary of a report on migration strategies from GSM to mobile broadband networks. It discusses the current usage of GSM spectrum bands across the Asia-Pacific region. It then reviews technical methods for rearranging existing GSM spectrum to introduce UMTS and LTE, including dynamic spectrum sharing and tight frequency reuse. The report also presents a general migration process and case studies. It aims to provide guidance on carefully planning GSM spectrum refarming to ensure a smooth transition to mobile broadband networks.
This power point presentation discusses cell splitting and sectoring techniques used to increase channel capacity in cellular networks. It explains that a large cellular area is divided into smaller hexagonal cells, each with its own base station and frequency set. To further increase capacity, cells can be split into smaller cells served by additional base stations. Alternatively, directional antennas can be used to sector each cell into three segments to reduce interference and allow frequency reuse over smaller areas. Both techniques aim to add channels by subdividing congested cells.
Mobile phone networks use radio waves to allow communication between mobile phones and base stations. The base stations are connected to the telephone network and route calls. To provide coverage to more users, networks reuse frequencies by dividing coverage into cells served by base stations operating on different frequencies. As more users join the network, cell size decreases and more base stations are added to increase capacity without interference between frequencies. Common mobile technologies are GSM, operating at 900MHz and 1800MHz, and UMTS, operating at 2GHz.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that allows intermittent and bursty data transmissions over existing GSM networks. It uses packet switching to allocate resources only when needed, reducing connection times. GPRS supports flexible channel allocation and sharing of available resources between users. Common applications include standard IP-based services as well as GPRS-specific point-to-point and point-to-multipoint applications. Operators can generate revenue through new subscribers, services, applications, and increased data traffic under GPRS.
- GPRS is an upgrade to GSM that allows packet-based data services and efficient use of network bandwidth. It provides higher data rates than GSM and constant connectivity.
- The GPRS network architecture introduces new network elements like the SGSN and GGSN to route data packets. The SGSN manages packet data in its service area while the GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks.
- Session management in GPRS includes establishing PDP contexts for data transfer sessions and location management tracks the routing area of mobile devices through routing area updates.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) provides packet-based mobile data and a range of speeds up to 114 kbps within GSM networks. It allows multiple users to share radio channel resources and is charged per megabyte rather than connection time. GPRS uses packet switching rather than circuit switching, and defines quality of service profiles including priority, reliability, delay and throughput. The GPRS architecture introduces new network elements like the SGSN and GGSN to route data, uses tunneling between network elements, and modifies existing GSM components with software upgrades and new hardware like the PCU. Security includes authentication, key management and ciphering. Mobility is managed through routing area updates rather than location area updates as in
This research paper summarizes the principles and use of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) as a 2.5G mobile data system and transition technology towards 3G networks. It describes how GPRS allows packet data transmission within existing 2G GSM infrastructure at moderate bit rates. It also discusses GPRS limitations and security aspects. Finally, it introduces EDGE as an enhanced version of GPRS that achieves higher speeds and concludes that GPRS/EDGE serves as an important transition technique towards 3G networks like UMTS since existing GSM infrastructure can be reused.
This document provides an overview of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) components and architecture. It discusses the key components of GPRS including the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). It also describes the GPRS interfaces and subsystems, including the radio subsystem, network subsystem, and gateway subsystem. The document outlines how GPRS uses the GSM architecture and packet switching to provide faster data transmission compared to GSM and CDMA networks.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) allows mobile phones to send and receive data across mobile networks. It provides always-on connectivity, supports new applications, and reduces costs for operators through billing based on data volume rather than connection time. GPRS enables multimedia messaging, internet access on smart devices, and push-to-talk features. It requires updates to existing network elements and adding new packet network nodes to fully implement a GPRS network.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a packet-based mobile data service available to users of GSM and IS-136 mobile phones. It allows improved and simplified wireless access to packet data networks. The key components of a GPRS network include the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) which tracks user locations and performs security functions, and the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) which acts as an interface to external networks. A PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context must be activated to establish a logical link between a mobile device and the SGSN to transfer data packets between the device and GGSN via tunneling protocols. Common applications of GPRS include email, internet access,
This document discusses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a mobile data service available on GSM networks. It introduces GPRS network architecture including new nodes like Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). The document describes how GPRS supports packet switched data transmission over GSM networks, allowing mobile users to access internet and corporate networks. It covers topics like GPRS protocols, quality of service, mobility management, and routing of data packets between mobile devices and external networks.
Anoop Unnikrishnan.P presented on 5G mobile technology. The presentation provided an overview of 5G, objectives to comprehensively study 5G and understand its architecture. It discussed the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G, highlighting increasing data speeds and capabilities. Key aspects of 5G architecture including layers, features like remote management and applications like global networks were outlined. The future scope of 5G with technologies like wearables and AI was also examined before concluding 5G will be a new wireless revolution and dominant technology.
The document discusses forming formators today and tomorrow through research demands. It explores phenomenology, theory, and praxis as an itinerary for research to address unmet demands and create social value. The research team is introduced as individuals passionate about a social cause, human sensibility, or segment of society.
AWS Roadshow Herbst 2013: Beschleunigen Sie Entwicklungs- und Test-Szenarien ...AWS Germany
This document discusses using AWS for development and testing in the cloud. It describes how AWS services like CloudFormation, EC2, and OpsWorks can be used to automate the provisioning of development and test environments that match production. This allows continuous integration, deployment, and experimentation which increases speed of development and reduces costs by reusing environments and testing at scale in the cloud.
Brak er interesseorganisasjonen for det rytmiske musikkmiljøet i Hordaland og Sogn og Fjordane. For denne herlige gjengen holdt jeg et kurs om hvordan Facebook gog søk kan brukes når de skal selge billetter og få oppmerksomhet om arrangementer.
Brak driver landets første regionale kompetansesenter for rytmisk musikk, og skal bidra til å bedre og tilrettelegge rammebetingelser for musikkmiljøet.
Aide-moi à faire seul !
Développer l’autonomie d’un enfant, c’est forcément se projeter
dans l’avenir : imaginer cet enfant dans sa future vie d’adulte,
épanoui et serein.
Pour l’enfant, faire l’expérience de l’autonomie n’est pas seulement
un jeu. C’est un rite de passage pour grandir, développer un
sentiment d’appartenance, se sentir utile…
Nous vous proposons des solutions pratiques, concrètes pour
accompagner tous les enfants, les adolescents et les jeunes adultes,
quels que soient leurs besoins spécifiques, vers plus d’autonomie
au quotidien.
This document does not contain any substantive content to summarize. The document appears to contain random characters without any discernible meaning or context. A meaningful summary cannot be generated from this input.
Estrategias de comunicación para el ciberactivismoFreire Juan
El documento proporciona estrategias de comunicación para el ciberactivismo en 3 oraciones. Resume que existen dos tipos de poder, político y corporativo, y que el poder corporativo de las marcas es ahora dominante a través de narrativas y comunicación. También resume que el ciberactivismo amplifica el activismo a través de nuevas formas de diseño, facilitación y comunicación fragmentada entre redes. Finalmente, resume algunas estrategias de acción viral efectivas para el ciberactivismo como crear ofertas memorables y tejer historias "pegajosas".
The document discusses Wide Band Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and provides details about its history, frequency bands used, network architecture, channels, and key components like Node B, RNC, CN, HLR, VLR, AuC, EIR, and OMC. WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication system standardized by ITU in 1985 as IMT-2000. It uses CDMA technology and allows multiple users to access the same frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique codes.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves upon existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched network. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS supports IP and X.25 networks and provides higher maximum data rates and shorter connection times compared to previous technologies. GPRS mobility management includes procedures for attachment, detachment, and tracking a user's location as they move between different areas covered by the network.
GPRS Technology, Cellular Mobile CommunicationPVishalNarayan
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a standard for wireless communication that improves data transmission for cellular networks. It allows faster data transmission than previous cellular data services. GPRS uses a packet-based transmission method which improves network capacity and efficiency. The core network elements include SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). SGSN manages data transmission to and from mobile stations, while GGSN acts as an interface between the GPRS network and external packet data networks. GPRS supports bandwidth from 5-40kbps and introduces volume-based billing rather than charging by connection time.
presentation on gsm architecture and fixed assignmentFabiha Ain
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture and fixed assignment schemes. It discusses the key elements of GSM architecture including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, mobile station, and operations and support system. It then covers three fixed assignment schemes - frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) - and describes how channel access is allocated based on frequency, time, or code under each scheme.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that allows users to send and receive data, including via mobile browsers, across mobile networks. It requires a GPRS-enabled mobile device and subscription. GPRS uses protocols like IP and PPP and provides higher speeds than previous GSM networks, allowing new mobile applications. Key network components that support GPRS include the SGSN, GGSN, MSC, and BSC. Common applications include web browsing, chat, and file transfers. Security, cost savings, and easier application development are benefits of GPRS compared to prior circuit-switched networks.
1. Cellular networks use multiple base stations that transmit and receive from mobile devices using assigned frequencies to allow frequency reuse and increase both coverage and capacity.
2. Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously by dividing the available bandwidth.
3. Generations of cellular networks have increased capabilities with 2G supporting digital signals and data, 3G allowing faster data rates including video calls, and 4G providing high-speed multimedia access.
The document provides an overview of mobile cellular networks from 1G to 4G technologies. It discusses the basics of cellular networks including frequency bands, cells, and handoffs. It then describes the multiple access schemes used in different generations including FDMA in 1G, TDMA in 2G, and CDMA in 3G. It provides details on 2G GSM network standards, protocols, and architecture. It also summarizes the evolution from 2G to 3G UMTS and 3.5G HSPA networks as well as the 4G LTE technology including its advantages over previous standards.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
This document provides an overview of mobile telecommunication systems including GSM, GPRS, and UMTS. It describes:
- The key components and architecture of GSM networks including the radio subsystem (mobile station and base station), networking and switching subsystem (MSC, HLR, VLR), and operation subsystem.
- The services provided by GSM like bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services.
- Enhancements to GSM like GPRS which improved data transfer rates and UMTS which supported higher speech quality and data rates.
- How the transition from GSM to UMTS involved upgrades to network elements like the BTS, BSC, and addition of new
GSM is a cellular communication standard developed in Europe in the 1980s. It uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The network consists of mobile stations, base transceiver stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home location registers and other components. Handoffs between base stations are performed to maintain connectivity as users move between different areas.
This document provides an overview of wireless communications technologies, including how cellular phone systems work, cellular data networks, and the evolution of wireless standards from 1G to 3G. It describes the basic concepts of circuit switching and packet switching, as well as multiple access technologies like CDMA and TDMA. Key aspects of cellular networks such as handovers and roaming are also summarized.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. It operates by dividing each 200KHz channel into eight 25KHz time slots and uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) to transmit signals. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) comprising base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem (NSS) comprising the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). GSM enables features like international roaming, low cost infrastructure, and support for
This document discusses 3G mobile networks and the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). It describes the technologies used in UMTS including Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and the network architecture. The core network elements like the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) are explained. It also covers the radio access network components including the Node B base station and Radio Network Controller (RNC). The document provides an overview of 3G networks and the key technologies that enable mobility and packet-based services.
CEPT began developing the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network in 1982 with the objectives of pan-European roaming and compatibility with ISDN. The first commercial GSM system was implemented in Germany in 1992. GSM consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, a network and switching subsystem, and an operation subsystem. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously. GSM has undergone 35 revisions to accommodate unexpected rapid growth in cellular services.
This document provides an overview of GSM and the basics of 3G mobile networks. It discusses the introduction and features of GSM, the GSM architecture including mobile stations, base station systems, and network switching systems. It then covers GSM interfaces, channelization, handover, and the evolutions of 3G technologies including HSDPA and HSUPA. The benefits of HSPA for 3G are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) digital wireless network standard. Key points include:
- GSM provides compatible services across Europe and worldwide through standards set by telecom operators and manufacturers.
- The architecture includes mobile stations, base station systems connected to a network switching subsystem. The base station system connects mobile devices to the core network.
- Logical channels include traffic channels for user information like calls and data, and control channels for signaling. GSM uses time-division multiple access and frequency-division multiple access to allow multiple concurrent calls.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals within assigned frequency bands to serve mobile terminals in a given coverage area. As terminals move between areas covered by different base stations, the network performs handoffs to transfer service to the closest base station. A study measured the impact of mobility on HSPA networks, finding that mobility reduced available bandwidth for users on public transportation due to increased handoffs and interference between cells.
Retail management project, picasso art galleryMustahid Ali
The document outlines a business plan for a retail store called RMS Retail that aims to cater to the art and craft community. Key aspects of the plan include offering knowledgeable customer service, focusing on a unique merchandise mix of art and craft supplies, and leveraging online and offline channels. A SWOT analysis identifies opportunities in the growing tourist market in Panjim as well as risks from competition and regulations. Financial projections show the business reaching profitability within two years.
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a full report on the summer internship project which i did in LG Electronics vendor name E- Durables, report consist of all assembling process of microwave and PCB.
Nfl case-digital media strategy presentationMustahid Ali
Nfl case-digital media strategy presentation,Case Synopsis – what is the case about? (like The case focuses on … give a brief on the main issues)
Case Facts – what are the main facts, history and issues in the case?
b) Problem Definition and Sub-problems – define the problem with a question mark
c) Case Inferences – analyse the exhibits and draw conclusions
d) Recommendations / Conclusions
Case study of culinarian cookware,Case Synopsis – what is the case about? (like The case focuses on … give a brief on the main issues)
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Case study of culinarian cookware,Case Synopsis – what is the case about? (like The case focuses on … give a brief on the main issues)
Case Facts – what are the main facts, history and issues in the case?
b) Problem Definition and Sub-problems – define the problem with a question mark
c) Case Inferences – analyse the exhibits and draw conclusions
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Nfl case-digital media strategy presentation,Case Synopsis – what is the case about? (like The case focuses on … give a brief on the main issues)
Case Facts – what are the main facts, history and issues in the case?
b) Problem Definition and Sub-problems – define the problem with a question mark
c) Case Inferences – analyse the exhibits and draw conclusions
d) Recommendations / Conclusions
This document provides an overview of events and introductions at the Universal Business School (UBS). It includes messages from the Dean, library head, and new faculty. It describes recent events like lectures from Shiv Khera and Ajay Puranik. New student council and CMBA-3 batch are welcomed. Faculty profiles provide their experience and perspectives on UBS's strengths in experiential learning, ethics, and environment. Students are encouraged to focus on studies, skills, and current affairs.
NETTWERK: DIGITAL MARKETINGIN THE MUSIC INDUSTRYMustahid Ali
Nettwerk is an independent music label that has launched several digital marketing methods to adapt to changes in the music industry. As the industry shifted to digitized music online, Nettwerk introduced new ways to promote music with lower costs such as websites and single track downloads. They also recognized that geography matters less and listening habits have changed. Rather than competing directly with other labels, Nettwerk aims to adjust its strategy to meet consumer needs, take advantage of globalization and information trends, and find ways to cooperate and make profits alongside competitors.
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Nettwerk is an independent music label that has launched several digital marketing methods to adapt to changes in the music industry. As the industry shifted to digitized music online, Nettwerk introduced new ways to promote music with lower costs such as websites and single track downloads. They also recognized that geography matters less and listening habits have changed. Rather than competing directly with other labels, Nettwerk aims to adjust its strategy to meet consumer needs, take advantage of globalization and information trends, and find ways to cooperate and make profits alongside competitors.
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report containing the whole process of big bazaar retail store, situated in phoeinx mall, mumbai, with brief info about the company, retail store , socio economic condition, marketing mix.
Mercedes its still a car, campaign, online, offline campaign, 1. A short introduction of the brand. 2. The situational analysis 3. Objective of the campaign 4. Strategy and execution 5. Results 6. Learning and Conclusion
Carrefour China aims to build more sustainable "green stores" to reduce costs and attract customers. A new construction head was hired to standardize building practices. A green store in Beijing was planned to use advanced technologies to cut energy use by 30% and reduce construction costs by 40%. However, defining the project scope and addressing high electricity consumption, maintenance costs, and climate/regulatory challenges proved difficult. It was recommended that Carrefour implement green practices across all stores and construct a green store in Beijing before the 2008 Olympics to showcase these strategies.
Titan launched a premium Swiss watch brand called Xylys in India priced between INR 10,000-33,000. Xylys offered over 60 models across contemporary, classic, and sport collections. With economic liberalization and growth in disposable incomes, the luxury watch market in India was estimated to be growing at 20% annually. However, Titan's Xylys brand faced challenges in establishing itself against well-known European brands in terms of positioning and perception. The case examines behavioral concepts around how consumers perceive luxury watch brands and their self-identity.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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2. GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)
1. It
is a new non voice value added service that allows information to
be sent and received across a mobile telephone network.
2. It supplements today's Circuit Switched Data and Short Message
Service
3. User Feature Of GPRS
1. SPEED
2. IMMEDIACY
3. NEW APPLICATION, BETTER APPLICATION
4. SERVICE ACCESS
4. SPEED
1. Theoretical Maximum Speed Of up to 172.2 kbps.
2. It is about ten times as fast as current Circuit Switched Data services
on GSM networks
3. It is less costly mobile data service compared to SMS and Circuit
Switched Data
IMMEDIACY
1. It facilitates instant connections.
2. It is also referred as "always connected".
3. It is a very important feature for time critical applications such as remote
credit card authorization
5. New Application & Better Application
1. Fully Internet application such as web browsing and chatting.
2. File Transfer.
3. Home Automation (the ability to remotely access and control in-house
appliances and machines).
Service Access
1. To use GPRS, users specifically need’s mobile phone or terminal that
supports GPRS.
2. A subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports GPRS, use of
GPRS must be enabled for that user.
3. Automatic access to the GPRS may be allowed by some mobile network
operators, others will require a specific opt-in knowledge of how to send and/ or
receive GPRS information using their specific model of mobile phone.
4. GPRS users can access any web page or other Internet applications
7. Packet Switching
1. GPRS involves overlaying a packet based air interface on the existing circuit
switched GSM network.
2. In GPRS, the information is split into separate but related "packets" before being
transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end
Spectrum Efficiency
1. Packet switching means that GPRS radio resources are used only when users
are actually sending or receiving data. Rather than dedicating a radio channel to a
mobile data user for a fixed period of time, the available radio resource can be
concurrently shared between several users.
2. This efficient use of scarce radio resources means that large numbers of GPRS
users can potentially share the bandwidth and be served from a single cell..
8. Internet Aware
1. GPRS fully enables Mobile Internet functionality by allowing inter-working
between the existing Internet and the new GPRS network.
2. It Provide any service that is used over the fixed Internet today- File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), web browsing, chat, email, telnet, etc.
Supports TDMA & GSM
1. It Support both GSM and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) standard
popular in North and South America.
9. GPRS Terminal
The term terminal equipment is generally used to refer to the variety of mobile phones
and mobile stations that can be used in a GPRS environment. The equipment is defined
by terminal classes and types
1.Class A Terminals: Class A terminals support GPRS and other GSM services (such as SMS and
voice) simultaneously. This support includes simultaneous attach, activation, monitor, and traffic.
Class A terminals can make or receive calls on two services simultaneously
2. Class B Terminals: Class B terminals can monitor GSM and GPRS channels simultaneously but
can support only one of these services at a time. Therefore, a Class B terminal can support
simultaneous attach, activation, and monitor, but not simultaneous traffic
3. Class C Terminals: Class C terminals support only sequential attaches. The user must select
which service to connect to. Therefore, a Class C terminal can make or receive calls from only the
manually selected (or default) service
11. Active
•
•
•
•
Data is transmitted between an MS and the GPRS network only when the MS
is in the active state. In the active state, the SGSN knows the cell location of
the MS.
Packet transmission to an active MS is initiated by packet paging.
When an MS has a packet to transmit, it must access the uplink channel .The
uplink channel is shared by a number of MSs.
The MS requests use of the channel in a random access message. The BSS
allocates an unused channel to the MS and sends an access grant message in
reply to the random access message.
12. Standby State
•
•
•
•
In the standby state, only the routing area of the MS is known.
When the SGSN sends a packet to an MS that is in the standby state,
the MS must be paged because the SGSN knows the routing area of
the MS.
On receiving the packet-paging message, the MS relays its cell location
to the SGSN to establish the active state.
The main reason for the standby state is to reduce the load in the
GPRS network caused by cell-based routing update messages and to
conserve the MS battery.
13. Idle State
•
•
In the idle state, the MS does not have a logical GPRS context
activated.
In this state, the MS can receive only those multicast messages that
can be received by any GPRS MS. Because the GPRS network
infrastructure does not know the location of the MS, it is not possible to
send messages to the MS from external data networks
14. GPRS Access Mode
The GPRS access modes specify whether or not the GGSN requests user
authentication at the access point to a PDN (Public Data Network).
•
Transparent: No security authorization/authentication is requested by
the GGSN
•
Non-Transparent: GGSN acts as a proxy for authenticating. It uses the
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) or Challenge Handshake
Authentication Protocol (CHAP) message issued by the mobile terminal
15. GPRS Process
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Attach process—Process by which the MS attaches (i.e, connects) to the
SGSN in a GPRS network
2. Authentication process—Process by which the SGSN authenticates the
mobile subscriber
3. PDP activation process—Process by which a user session is
established between the MS and the destination network
4. Detach process—Process by which the MS detaches (i.e., disconnects)
from the SGSN in the GPRS network
5. Network-initiated PDP request for static IP address—Process by
which a call from the packet data network reaches the MS using a static IP
address
6. Network-initiated PDP request for dynamic IP address—Process
by which a call from the packet data network reaches the MS using a dynamic
IP address
16. GSM Network Elements
∀ • Mobile station (MS)
∀
∀
∀
∀
∀
∀
∀
• Base transceiver station (BTS)
• Base station controller (BSC)
• Base station subsystem (BSS)
• Mobile switching center (MSC)
• Authentication center (AuC)
• Home location register (HLR)
• Visitor location register (VLR)
17. 1. Mobile Station (MS): The MS can contain the following components:
• Mobile terminal (MT)—GSM cellular handset
• Terminal equipment (TE)—PC or personal digital assistant (PDA)
The MS can be two interconnected physical devices (MT and TE) with a point-to-point
interface or a single device with both functions integrated.
2. Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
a) When a subscriber uses the MS to make a call in the network, the MS transmits the call
request to the base transceiver station (BTS).
b) The BTS includes all the radio equipment (i.e., antennas, signal processing devices, and
amplifiers) necessary for radio transmission within a geographical area called a cell.
c) The BTS is responsible for establishing the link to the MS and for modulating and
demodulating radio signals between the MS and the BTS.
18. 3. Base Station Controller:
a) The base station controller (BSC) is the controlling component of the radio network, and it
manages the BTSs.
b) The BSC reserves radio frequencies for communications and handles the handoff
between BTSs when an MS roams from one cell to another.
c) The BSC is responsible for paging the MS for incoming calls.
4. Base Station Subsystem
a) A GSM network is comprised of many base station subsystems (BSSs), each controlled
by a BSC.
b) The BSS performs the necessary functions for monitoring radio connections to the MS,
coding and decoding voice, and rate adaptation to and from the wireless network.
19. 5. Mobile Switching Center:
a) The mobile switching center (MSC) is a digital ISDN switch that sets up connections to other
MSCs and to the BSCs.
b) The MSCs form the wired (fixed) backbone of a GSM network and can switch calls to the
public switched telecommunications network (PSTN).
c) An MSC can connect to a large number of BSCs.
6. Equipment Identity Register:
a) The equipment identity register (EIR) is a database that stores the international mobile
equipment identities (IMEIs) of all the mobile stations in the network.
b) The IMEI is an equipment identifier assigned by the manufacturer of the mobile station.
c) The EIR provides security features such as blocking calls from handsets that have been
stolen.
20. 7. Home Location Register (HLR):
a) The home location register (HLR) is the central database for all users to register to the
GSM network.
b) It stores static information about the subscribers such as the international mobile
subscriber identity (IMSI), subscribed services, and a key for authenticating the subscriber.
c) The HLR also stores dynamic subscriber information (i.e., the current location of the
mobile subscriber).
8. Authentication Center (AuC):
Associated with the HLR is the authentication center (AuC); this database contains the
algorithms for authenticating subscribers.
9. Visitor Location Register (VLR):
It is a distributed database that temporarily stores the information about the subscriber roam into a
location area
21.
22. GPRS Network Elements
Terminal Equipment: It require new equipment that support GPRS and that is also
backward compatible with GSM for voice calls
BTS: A software upgrade is required in the existing base transceiver site.
BSC: The base station controller (BSC) requires a software upgrade and the
installation of new hardware called the packet control unit (PCU).
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) : The SGSN delivers packets to mobile
stations within its service area.
Maintain the profile register of the GPRs subscriber.
The SGSN is connected to the base station subsystem to the PCU in the BSC.
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): GGSNs are used as interfaces to external
IP networks such as the public Internet, other mobile service providers' GPRS
services, or enterprise intranets.
23. GPRS Applications
The mobile services have unique characteristics which are:
1. Mobility—The ability to maintain constant voice and data communications while on the
move
2. Immediacy—Allows subscribers to obtain connectivity when needed, regardless of
location and without a lengthy login session
3. Localization—Allows subscribers to obtain information relevant to their current location
The combination of these characteristics provides a wide spectrum of possible applications
that can be offered to mobile subscribers. These include:
a) Communications—E-mail; fax; unified messaging; intranet/Internet access
b) Value-added services—Information services; games
c) E-commerce—Retail; ticket purchasing; banking; financial trading
d) Location-based applications—Navigation; traffic conditions; airline/rail schedules;
location finder
e) Vertical applications—Sales Support, Parcel Delivery,Dispatching.
24. Limitation of The GPRS
•
Limited Cell Capacity: There are limited radio resources and voice and GPRS
both uses same network resources hence they impact the existing cell capacity.
•
Speeds Much Lower In Reality: The total bandwidth is divided among different
user. Hence a single user cannot get the transmission speed up to 172.1 kbps.
•
Sub-optimal Modulation:GPRS is based on a modulation technique known as
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK). EDGE is based on a new modulation
scheme that allows a much higher bit rate across the air interface.
•
Transit Delays: GPRS packets are sent in all different directions to reach the
same destination. Hence one or some of those packets to be lost or corrupted
during the data transmission over the radio link.
•
No Store And Forward: There is no storage mechanism incorporated into the
GPRS standard as compare to SMS.
Base Transceiver Station
When a subscriber uses the MS to make a call in the network, the MS transmits the call request to the base transceiver station (BTS). The BTS includes all the radio equipment (i.e., antennas, signal processing devices, and amplifiers) necessary for radio transmission within a geographical area called a cell. The BTS is responsible for establishing the link to the MS and for modulating and demodulating radio signals between the MS and the BTS.
GPRS Applications
Mobility—The ability to maintain constant voice and data communications while on the move
Immediacy—Allows subscribers to obtain connectivity when needed, regardless of location and without a lengthy login session
Localization—Allows subscribers to obtain information relevant to their current location
The combination of these characteristics provides a wide spectrum of possible applications that can be offered to mobile subscribers. These include:
Communications—E-mail; fax; unified messaging; intranet/Internet access
Value-added services—Information services; games
E-commerce—Retail; ticket purchasing; banking; financial trading
Location-based applications—Navigation; traffic conditions; airline/rail schedules; location finder
Vertical applications—Freight delivery; fleet management; sales-force automation
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