The document discusses the configuration of a Base Station Controller (BSC) in a GSM network. It describes:
1) The BSC controls radio resources in Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) and together with BTSs forms the Base Station System (BSS) responsible for radio network management and configuration.
2) A BSC can be configured as a standalone BSC, a combined BSC/Transcoder Controller (TRC), or with a separate standalone TRC node to handle speech coding.
3) The BSC/TRC is suitable for medium to high capacity networks and can handle up to 1,020 transceivers, while the standalone BSC is
1) The document discusses the installation and commissioning of a Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS. It provides an overview of the GSM system and BTS functions.
2) It describes the various components of the Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS including the EDGE System Module (ESMA), Dual TRX Module (EXxA), Dual Duplexer Module (ERxA), and Wideband Combiner (EWxA).
3) The commissioning process involves 12 steps like hardware installation, software configuration, RF parameter checks, traffic tests and O&M integration to activate the BTS in the live network.
This document describes the ZXSDR BS8700 software defined radio base station, which consists of a BBU and series of RRUs. Key features include:
- Integrating GSM and UMTS radio networks into a single network to reduce costs by using a single base station that can be flexibly configured for GSM or UMTS via software.
- Adopting a distributed architecture with a baseband unit and remote radio units connected via optical fiber for increased flexibility and capacity.
- Supporting both single-mode GSM, UMTS, or dual-mode GSM/UMTS configurations through software settings to provide converged 2G and 3G network functionality.
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
The GSM system architecture is divided into three major systems: the Switching System (SS), the Base Station System (BSS), and the Operation and Support System (OSS). The SS handles call processing and subscriber functions and includes the MSC, HLR, VLR, and other registers. The BSS handles radio functions and includes the BSC and BTS. The OSS manages errors, configuration, faults, and performance across the network. Key interfaces include the A interface between MSC and BSS, the B interface between MSC and VLR, and the Um interface between MS and BTS.
This document lists components for a ZX SDR 8200 BBU including a UBPG card, FS card, CC card, and BPK/BPL card. It also includes a BB Unit, power cables, TX & RX cables, a PM, and SM and alarm cable for connecting an RU/Sector.
The document introduces ZTE's ZXSDR software defined radio (SDR) products. It discusses how SDR addresses challenges in communication technology development and provides more flexibility. The key differences between ZXSDR and traditional 2G BTS include using an advanced μTCA platform, separating the baseband and radio frequency functions, managing the SDR through an OMCB instead of OMCR, and using IP protocol for the Abis interface. ZXSDR offers benefits like high capacity, flexible architecture, new functions, and lower costs.
The document provides instructions for cabling a Nokia Flexi EDGE base station, including connecting internal bus cables, power cables, RF cables, antenna jumper cables, transmission cables, and optional alarm cables. Safety precautions are outlined such as avoiding excessive cable bending and ensuring all connector seals are in place. Port locations and cable routing are also described.
ZXSDR BTS Structure and Principle document introduces ZXSDR base station technology. It discusses the challenges of evolving communication technology and how software defined radio (SDR) addresses this. The main features of the ZXSDR platform include high integrity, flexible architecture, new functions, and lower cost. The document reviews the hardware and networking of the different types of ZXSDR base stations including the distributed BS8700, indoor macro BS8800, and outdoor macro BS8900. It also covers the work principles and operation and maintenance of the ZXSDR base station family.
1) The document discusses the installation and commissioning of a Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS. It provides an overview of the GSM system and BTS functions.
2) It describes the various components of the Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS including the EDGE System Module (ESMA), Dual TRX Module (EXxA), Dual Duplexer Module (ERxA), and Wideband Combiner (EWxA).
3) The commissioning process involves 12 steps like hardware installation, software configuration, RF parameter checks, traffic tests and O&M integration to activate the BTS in the live network.
This document describes the ZXSDR BS8700 software defined radio base station, which consists of a BBU and series of RRUs. Key features include:
- Integrating GSM and UMTS radio networks into a single network to reduce costs by using a single base station that can be flexibly configured for GSM or UMTS via software.
- Adopting a distributed architecture with a baseband unit and remote radio units connected via optical fiber for increased flexibility and capacity.
- Supporting both single-mode GSM, UMTS, or dual-mode GSM/UMTS configurations through software settings to provide converged 2G and 3G network functionality.
This document summarizes the various interfaces in a GSM network and their functions. It describes:
- The MS-BTS interface (Um interface) and its layers and protocols.
- The BTS-BSC interface (Abis interface) and its layers.
- The BSC-MSC interface (A interface) and its protocols for administration and control of radio resources.
- Other interfaces like MSC-VLR (B), MSC-HLR (C), VLR-HLR (D), MSC-MSC (E), MSC-EIR (F), VLR-VLR (G), HLR-AUC (H), and BSC-TR
The GSM system architecture is divided into three major systems: the Switching System (SS), the Base Station System (BSS), and the Operation and Support System (OSS). The SS handles call processing and subscriber functions and includes the MSC, HLR, VLR, and other registers. The BSS handles radio functions and includes the BSC and BTS. The OSS manages errors, configuration, faults, and performance across the network. Key interfaces include the A interface between MSC and BSS, the B interface between MSC and VLR, and the Um interface between MS and BTS.
This document lists components for a ZX SDR 8200 BBU including a UBPG card, FS card, CC card, and BPK/BPL card. It also includes a BB Unit, power cables, TX & RX cables, a PM, and SM and alarm cable for connecting an RU/Sector.
The document introduces ZTE's ZXSDR software defined radio (SDR) products. It discusses how SDR addresses challenges in communication technology development and provides more flexibility. The key differences between ZXSDR and traditional 2G BTS include using an advanced μTCA platform, separating the baseband and radio frequency functions, managing the SDR through an OMCB instead of OMCR, and using IP protocol for the Abis interface. ZXSDR offers benefits like high capacity, flexible architecture, new functions, and lower costs.
The document provides instructions for cabling a Nokia Flexi EDGE base station, including connecting internal bus cables, power cables, RF cables, antenna jumper cables, transmission cables, and optional alarm cables. Safety precautions are outlined such as avoiding excessive cable bending and ensuring all connector seals are in place. Port locations and cable routing are also described.
ZXSDR BTS Structure and Principle document introduces ZXSDR base station technology. It discusses the challenges of evolving communication technology and how software defined radio (SDR) addresses this. The main features of the ZXSDR platform include high integrity, flexible architecture, new functions, and lower cost. The document reviews the hardware and networking of the different types of ZXSDR base stations including the distributed BS8700, indoor macro BS8800, and outdoor macro BS8900. It also covers the work principles and operation and maintenance of the ZXSDR base station family.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
This document discusses wireless communication network project antenna installation engineering. It provides diagrams and explanations of different types of radio base stations, antenna systems, remote electrical tilt systems, external hybrid combiner units, tower-mounted amplifiers, repeater solutions, smart radio concepts, and in-building solutions. Examples of metro site installations are also included. The document concludes with brief discussions of new generation technologies and problems of technology.
This document lists the components of a ZX SDR 8200 BBU including cards like the UBPG, FS, CC, and BPK/BPL cards. It also includes a BB Unit, power and signal cables to connect the BBU to remote radio units and sectors, as well as cables for alarms. The document provides a parts list for a baseband unit.
Ericsson 2 g ran optimization complete trainingsekit123
This document provides an overview of Ericsson 2G RAN optimization training. It outlines the purpose of the training, which is to give an overview of Ericsson hardware capabilities and limitations and provide an in-depth introduction to optimization processes and features. The document summarizes key hardware such as BSCs, RBSs, TRUs, and CDUs as well as concepts like channel allocation profiles and quality measurement. It also lists common Ericsson optimization tools.
The document discusses tower technician responsibilities, including summarizing:
1) The roles of tower technicians include maintaining cellular tower equipment such as antennas, transmitters, and cables that allow cell phones to connect to networks.
2) Cellular towers use various antenna types and configurations depending on network needs, including directional antennas to focus signals in certain areas and MIMO antennas to increase data capacity.
3) Technicians must understand how cellular network equipment like the base transceiver station (BTS) and antennas function and be able to configure them properly to optimize network performance.
This document provides instructions for installing BTS equipment both indoors and outdoors. It discusses installing indoor cable trays and grounding bars, as well as outdoor equipment like antennas, feeder cables, and jumpers. Key steps include properly grounding all equipment, routing cables to avoid sharp bends, taking safety precautions during installation, and ensuring tight connections between components. The goal is to setup the BTS site according to specifications while grounding and weatherproofing equipment for optimal performance and protection.
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
The document provides an overview of 3G and WCDMA technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile communications standards from 1G to 3G. It compares the different 3G modes including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It also outlines ZTE's WCDMA features and their solutions for 3G networks.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
Nokia gsm-kpi-analysis-based-on-daily-monitoring-basis-presentationmohammed khairy
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring a GSM network and reasons for and solutions to common issues. It provides relationships between different network elements and describes concepts like SD blocking, SD drop, TCH blocking, TCH assignment, TCH drop, and handover success rate (HOSR). For each KPI, it outlines potential causes for degradation and recommendations to address hardware faults, interference, parameter misconfiguration, and other problems.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
This document provides an overview of the architecture and components of a Nokia BSS (Base Station Subsystem). It describes the functional units of the BSC3i including the BCSU, MCMU, OMU, PCU, hard disks, and MO unit. It also outlines the GSWB, clock, and ET units. The document is intended to provide basic information to BSS engineers on the BSC architecture and troubleshooting process.
The document discusses interworking between WCDMA and LTE networks. It describes cell reselection procedures where a UE camping on a UMTS cell can reselect to an LTE cell based on priorities broadcast in system information. The UE performs measurements of LTE frequencies and reselects to a cell with higher priority if thresholds are met. Parameters for controlling cell reselection are configured using managed object models. The document also discusses PS redirections and handovers between the networks.
Mobile networks have evolved over several generations from 1G analog cellular to 4G LTE networks. This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and evolution of mobile networks including discussions of 2G, 3G, 4G networks and the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the core network functions and interfaces as well as basic network scenarios.
This document provides an overview of SRAN 19 dimensioning and supported configurations for the Flexi Multiradio 10 and AirScale System Modules. It describes the cell set concept where independent sub-configurations called "cell sets" can be combined to build full BTS configurations. The document outlines the SRAN and LTE cell sets that define the supported baseband and radio capacity for different technologies and combinations. It also provides examples of the SRAN 19 baseband capabilities and supported configurations for GSM, WCDMA, LTE and shared modes on the Flexi Multiradio 10 System Module.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for LTE inter-radio access technology (IRAT) handovers. It describes why IRAT is needed as voice revenues remain important while data revenues grow. It also outlines the applications of IRAT, delivery policies for idle mode, connected mode, and voice services. Signaling procedures for IRAT handovers including reselection, redirection, and PS handover are defined. Key performance indicators for IRAT including control plane delays and user plane interruption times are also defined to help diagnose IRAT issues.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves on existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched one. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS allows multiple users to share the same physical channel and users are billed based on the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. Maximum transfer rates are improved to 171.2 kbps.
This document discusses the architecture of GSM and GPRS mobile networks. It describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operational support subsystem. It then explains the architecture of GPRS, including new GPRS support nodes like SGSN and GGSN, and how GPRS enhances GSM to provide packet-switched data services over the existing GSM network infrastructure. Finally, it briefly mentions short message service (SMS) capabilities in GSM networks.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
This document discusses wireless communication network project antenna installation engineering. It provides diagrams and explanations of different types of radio base stations, antenna systems, remote electrical tilt systems, external hybrid combiner units, tower-mounted amplifiers, repeater solutions, smart radio concepts, and in-building solutions. Examples of metro site installations are also included. The document concludes with brief discussions of new generation technologies and problems of technology.
This document lists the components of a ZX SDR 8200 BBU including cards like the UBPG, FS, CC, and BPK/BPL cards. It also includes a BB Unit, power and signal cables to connect the BBU to remote radio units and sectors, as well as cables for alarms. The document provides a parts list for a baseband unit.
Ericsson 2 g ran optimization complete trainingsekit123
This document provides an overview of Ericsson 2G RAN optimization training. It outlines the purpose of the training, which is to give an overview of Ericsson hardware capabilities and limitations and provide an in-depth introduction to optimization processes and features. The document summarizes key hardware such as BSCs, RBSs, TRUs, and CDUs as well as concepts like channel allocation profiles and quality measurement. It also lists common Ericsson optimization tools.
The document discusses tower technician responsibilities, including summarizing:
1) The roles of tower technicians include maintaining cellular tower equipment such as antennas, transmitters, and cables that allow cell phones to connect to networks.
2) Cellular towers use various antenna types and configurations depending on network needs, including directional antennas to focus signals in certain areas and MIMO antennas to increase data capacity.
3) Technicians must understand how cellular network equipment like the base transceiver station (BTS) and antennas function and be able to configure them properly to optimize network performance.
This document provides instructions for installing BTS equipment both indoors and outdoors. It discusses installing indoor cable trays and grounding bars, as well as outdoor equipment like antennas, feeder cables, and jumpers. Key steps include properly grounding all equipment, routing cables to avoid sharp bends, taking safety precautions during installation, and ensuring tight connections between components. The goal is to setup the BTS site according to specifications while grounding and weatherproofing equipment for optimal performance and protection.
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
The document provides an overview of 3G and WCDMA technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile communications standards from 1G to 3G. It compares the different 3G modes including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It also outlines ZTE's WCDMA features and their solutions for 3G networks.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
Nokia gsm-kpi-analysis-based-on-daily-monitoring-basis-presentationmohammed khairy
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring a GSM network and reasons for and solutions to common issues. It provides relationships between different network elements and describes concepts like SD blocking, SD drop, TCH blocking, TCH assignment, TCH drop, and handover success rate (HOSR). For each KPI, it outlines potential causes for degradation and recommendations to address hardware faults, interference, parameter misconfiguration, and other problems.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
This document provides an overview of the architecture and components of a Nokia BSS (Base Station Subsystem). It describes the functional units of the BSC3i including the BCSU, MCMU, OMU, PCU, hard disks, and MO unit. It also outlines the GSWB, clock, and ET units. The document is intended to provide basic information to BSS engineers on the BSC architecture and troubleshooting process.
The document discusses interworking between WCDMA and LTE networks. It describes cell reselection procedures where a UE camping on a UMTS cell can reselect to an LTE cell based on priorities broadcast in system information. The UE performs measurements of LTE frequencies and reselects to a cell with higher priority if thresholds are met. Parameters for controlling cell reselection are configured using managed object models. The document also discusses PS redirections and handovers between the networks.
Mobile networks have evolved over several generations from 1G analog cellular to 4G LTE networks. This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and evolution of mobile networks including discussions of 2G, 3G, 4G networks and the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the core network functions and interfaces as well as basic network scenarios.
This document provides an overview of SRAN 19 dimensioning and supported configurations for the Flexi Multiradio 10 and AirScale System Modules. It describes the cell set concept where independent sub-configurations called "cell sets" can be combined to build full BTS configurations. The document outlines the SRAN and LTE cell sets that define the supported baseband and radio capacity for different technologies and combinations. It also provides examples of the SRAN 19 baseband capabilities and supported configurations for GSM, WCDMA, LTE and shared modes on the Flexi Multiradio 10 System Module.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for LTE inter-radio access technology (IRAT) handovers. It describes why IRAT is needed as voice revenues remain important while data revenues grow. It also outlines the applications of IRAT, delivery policies for idle mode, connected mode, and voice services. Signaling procedures for IRAT handovers including reselection, redirection, and PS handover are defined. Key performance indicators for IRAT including control plane delays and user plane interruption times are also defined to help diagnose IRAT issues.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves on existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched one. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS allows multiple users to share the same physical channel and users are billed based on the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. Maximum transfer rates are improved to 171.2 kbps.
This document discusses the architecture of GSM and GPRS mobile networks. It describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operational support subsystem. It then explains the architecture of GPRS, including new GPRS support nodes like SGSN and GGSN, and how GPRS enhances GSM to provide packet-switched data services over the existing GSM network infrastructure. Finally, it briefly mentions short message service (SMS) capabilities in GSM networks.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network generations from 1G to 4G and their key components. It focuses on describing the radio access network (RAN) components of 2G GSM and 3G UMTS networks. The RAN connects mobile devices to the core network and includes base stations, base station controllers, radio network controllers and interfaces between them. It also discusses frequency allocations for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 networks in Sri Lanka.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) improves upon existing cellular data services by using a packet switched network rather than a circuit switched network. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and bandwidth. GPRS supports IP and X.25 networks and provides higher maximum data rates and shorter connection times compared to previous technologies. GPRS mobility management includes procedures for attachment, detachment, and tracking a user's location as they move between different areas covered by the network.
This document discusses 3G mobile networks and the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). It describes the technologies used in UMTS including Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and the network architecture. The core network elements like the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) are explained. It also covers the radio access network components including the Node B base station and Radio Network Controller (RNC). The document provides an overview of 3G networks and the key technologies that enable mobility and packet-based services.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) provides packet-based mobile data and a range of speeds up to 114 kbps within GSM networks. It allows multiple users to share radio channel resources and is charged per megabyte rather than connection time. GPRS uses packet switching rather than circuit switching, and defines quality of service profiles including priority, reliability, delay and throughput. The GPRS architecture introduces new network elements like the SGSN and GGSN to route data, uses tunneling between network elements, and modifies existing GSM components with software upgrades and new hardware like the PCU. Security includes authentication, key management and ciphering. Mobility is managed through routing area updates rather than location area updates as in
GPRS Technology, Cellular Mobile CommunicationPVishalNarayan
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a standard for wireless communication that improves data transmission for cellular networks. It allows faster data transmission than previous cellular data services. GPRS uses a packet-based transmission method which improves network capacity and efficiency. The core network elements include SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node). SGSN manages data transmission to and from mobile stations, while GGSN acts as an interface between the GPRS network and external packet data networks. GPRS supports bandwidth from 5-40kbps and introduces volume-based billing rather than charging by connection time.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a packet-based mobile data service available via GSM networks that allows for more efficient use of network resources and faster connection times compared to traditional circuit-switched data services, offering theoretical maximum speeds of up to 171.2 Kbps; it serves as an intermediate step toward 3G networks and uses an IP-based core network architecture. GPRS introduces new network components like the SGSN and GGSN to handle packet routing and interface with external networks.
The document provides an overview of GSM and GPRS networks. It describes key components of the GSM access network including the BTS, BSC and MSC. It also explains the GSM core network elements such as the HLR, VLR, AuC and SMS centers. For GPRS, it outlines the new GPRS support nodes - SGSN and GGSN, and how they interface with existing GSM network elements.
Introduction of GPRS
QoS in GPRS
GPRS Network Architecture
GPRS Network Operation
Data Service,
Application,
Limitation In GPRS
Billing and Charging In GPRS
This document discusses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a mobile data service available on GSM networks. It introduces GPRS network architecture including new nodes like Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). The document describes how GPRS supports packet switched data transmission over GSM networks, allowing mobile users to access internet and corporate networks. It covers topics like GPRS protocols, quality of service, mobility management, and routing of data packets between mobile devices and external networks.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks from 2G to 3G. It describes how 3G networks allow a broad range of wireless services to be provided efficiently through technologies like GPRS and EDGE that enhance data capabilities on existing networks. It also explains how completely new radio access technologies like UMTS using WCDMA can be used in new spectrum to optimize support for 3G services. Finally, it provides details on GPRS architecture and interfaces, describing how GPRS allows packet-switched data communications in GSM networks.
The document provides information on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the key components and architecture of cellular systems including base stations, mobile switching centers and their connection to the public switched telephone network. It also compares the differences between wireless and wired networks, and describes some of the limitations of early wireless networking. Finally, it covers topics like traffic routing, circuit switching, packet switching and the X.25 protocol.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a data service for GSM networks that provides transmission speeds up to 160 Kbps. GPRS uses a packet-based wireless communication technology and provides continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone users. The key components of GPRS architecture include the Mobile Station (MS), Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controller (BSC), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Together, these components allow mobile users to send and receive data such as emails and web pages over GSM networks.
The document provides an overview of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology. It discusses:
- The need for GPRS to provide faster speeds, immediacy, new applications, and user-friendly billing.
- The history and development of GPRS from HSCSD as an upgrade path for GSM networks.
- Key GPRS network elements like the SGSN, GGSN, and their roles in routing packets and connecting to external networks.
- GPRS architecture and how it works in parallel with existing GSM networks.
- Logical channels used for control, signaling, and transport of user data packets.
- GPRS is an upgrade to GSM that allows packet-based data services and efficient use of network bandwidth. It provides higher data rates than GSM and constant connectivity.
- The GPRS network architecture introduces new network elements like the SGSN and GGSN to route data packets. The SGSN and GGSN connect to external packet networks through the GPRS backbone network.
- Session management in GPRS involves creating a PDP context for each data connection, which contains information like the assigned PDP address and serving GGSN. Location management tracks the location of mobile devices through routing area updates.
The document provides an overview of cellular and wireless communication topics including:
1. It defines GPRS as a mobile data service for GSM phones that provides moderate speed data transfer using unused TDMA channels.
2. UMTS is introduced as the successor to GSM, increasing transmission speeds to 2Mbps and establishing a global roaming network.
3. The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) are discussed, with the BSS translating between the air interface and wired infrastructure.
The document provides information about Alcatel BTS (Base Transceiver Station) training. It describes the key functions of the BTS including transmission between networks and mobile stations, its role in the GSM network, additional components for GPRS networks, and functional architecture including channel organization, radio resource management, and interfaces. It also includes diagrams of BTS components, the offline commissioning procedure, and a glossary of terms.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
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1. BSC CONFIGURATION
BSS OVERVIEW
The Base Station Controller (BSC) controls and supervises the radio resources in the Base
Transceiver Station (BTS). Together with the BTS, the BSC constitutes the Base Station System
(BSS), responsible for the management and cell configuration data of the radio network. The
main functions of the BSC are:
Administration of BSS resources
Supervision of the BTS
Connection handling of mobile stations
Locating and handover
Administration of paging
Transmission network management
Operation and maintenance of the BSS
The unit that performs the speech conversion from 64 kbit/s into a total of 16k or
8k, 13+3kbit/s and 15.1+0.9kbit/s (Full rate and Enhanced speech coder, FR and EFR) or
6.5+1.5 kbit/s (Half rate speech codec, HR) per channel is called the transcoder. This function
can either be placed in a separate node, called the Transcoder Controller (TRC), or together with
the BSC, which then becomes a BSC/TRC. The different configuration types are illustrated in
the picture below.
TRC - a Stand Alone transcoder controller node
The TRC node allows a flexible location of the transcoder resources. Typically, the TRC is
located at or near the MSC. It is controlled by the BSC. 16 BSCs can be connected to one TRC.
BSC/TRC - a combined BSC and transcoder controller
The BSC/TRC is suitable for medium and high capacity BSC applications, that is, urban and
suburban area networks. This node can handle up to 1,020 Transceivers (TRXs). 15 stand
alone BSCs can be connected to the BSC/TRC.
2. BSC - a Stand Alone BSC without transcoders
The BSC is optimized for low and medium capacity BSS networks and is a complement to the
BSC/TRC, especially in rural and suburban areas. For GSM 900/GSM 1800, it can handle up to
1,020 TRXs.
GPRS SYSTEM OVERVIEW
An overview of the system components in the GSM system, integrated with the circuit-switched
part of the GSM System, is shown in Figure 2-2.
NETWORK NODES
Terminal Equipment (TE)
The Terminal Equipment (TE) is the computer terminal that the end-user works on. This is the
component used for the GPRS system to transmit and receive end-user packet data. The TE can
be, for example, a laptop computer. The GPRS system provides IP connectivity between the TE
and an Internet Service Provider or Corporate LAN, connected to the GPRS system. From the
TE kbit/s of view, it is possible to compare the MT to a modem that connects the TE to the
GPRS system.
Mobile Terminal (MT)
The Mobile Terminal (MT) communicates with a TE, and over the air with a BTS. The MT must
be equipped with software for the GPRS functionality when used in conjunction with the GPRS
system. The MT is associated with a subscriber in the GSM system. The MT establishes a link to
an SGSN. Channel reselection is provided at the radio link between the MT and the SGSN. The
IP connection is static from the TE kbit/s of view, that is, the TE is not aware of being mobile
and retains its assigned IP address until the MT detaches.
Mobile Station (MS)
The combination of a TE and an MT is an MS (Mobile Station). Often in this document as in the
ETSI GSM standard for GPRS, the term MS is used when discussing the GPRS features. It can
be concluded from the context which parts relate to the MT or the TE parts. Note that the MT
and TE parts can co-exist in the same piece of equipment. GPRS MSs can, depending on the MS
and the network capabilities, operate in three different modes:
Class A mode of operation allows an MS to have a circuitswitched connection at the same
time as it is involved in a package transfer.
3. Class B mode of operation allows an MS to be attached to both CS and PS but it cannot use
both services at the same time. However, an MS that is involved in a package transfer can
receive a page for circuit-switched traffic. The MS can then suspend the packet transfer for the
duration of the circuit-switched connection and afterwards resume the package transfer.
Class C mode of operation allows an MS only to be attached to one service at a time. An MS
that only supports GPRS and not circuit-switched traffic always works in class C mode of
operation.
Base Station System (BSS)
The Base Station System (BSS) consists of a Base Station Controller (BSC) and a Base
Transceiver Station (BTS). The BTS is the radio equipment, which transmits and receives
information over the air to allow the BSC to communicate with MSs in the BSCs service area. A
group of BTSs is controlled by a BSC. The BTS must contain GPRS-specific software. The BSC
provides all radio-related functions. The BSC has the functionality to set up, supervise, and
disconnect circuitswitched and packet-switched calls. It is a high capacity switch that provides
functions including handover, cell configuration data, and channel assignment. The BSC must be
equipped with GPRS hardware and software when used for GPRS. One or several BSCs are
served by an MSC, and a number of BSCs are served by an SGSN. The BTS separates the MS-
originated circuit-switched calls from packet data communication, before the BSC forwards CS
calls to the MSC/VLR, and PS data to the SGSN. The protocols towards the BSC are standard
GSM protocols, for the desired compatibility.
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) performs the telephony switching functions of the
GSM circuit-switched system, as the SGSN switches the GSM packet-switched traffic. It
controls calls to and from other telephony and data systems, such as the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Public Land Mobile
Network (PLMN), Public Data Networks, and, possibly, some private networks.
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is a primary component in the GSM network using
GPRS and is a new component in GSM. The SGSN forwards incoming and outgoing IP packets
addressed to/from a mobile station that is attached within the SGSN service area. The SGSN
provides
Packet routing and transfer to and from the SGSN service area. It serves all GPRS subscribers
that are physically located within the geographical SGSN service area. A GPRS subscriber may
be served by any SGSN in the network, all depending on location. The traffic is routed from the
SGSN to the BSC, via the BTS to the mobile station.
Ciphering and authentication,
Session management
Mobility management
Logical link management towards the MS
Connection to HLR, MSC, BSC, SMS-GMSC, SMSIWMSC, GGSN
Output of charging data. The SGSN collects charging information for each MS related to the
radio network usage.
Both the SGSN and the GGSN collect charging information on usage of the GPRS network
resources.
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
4. Like the SGSN, the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is a primary component in the GSM
network using GPRS and it is a new component. The GGSN provides
The interface towards the external IP packet networks. The GGSN, therefore, contains access
functionality that interfaces external ISP functions like routers and RADIUS servers (Remote
Access Dial-In User Service), which are used for security purposes. From the external IP
network�s kbit/s point of view, the GGSN acts as a router for the IP addresses of all subscribers
served by the GPRS network. The GGSN, thus, exchanges routing information with the external
network
GPRS session management; communication set-up towards external network
Functionality for associating the subscribers to the right SGSNs of traffic.
Output of charging data. The GGSN collects charging information for each MS, related to the
external data network usage. Both the GGSN and the SGSN collect charging information on the
usage of the GPRS network resources.
Home Location Register (HLR)
The Home Location Register (HLR) is the database that holds subscription information for every
person who has bought a subscription from the GSM/GPRS operator. The HLR stores
information for CS and for PS communication. The HLR contains information about, for
example, supplementary services, authentication parameters, and whether or not packet
communication is allowed. In addition, the HLR includes information about the location of the
MS. For GPRS, subscriber information is exchanged between HLR and SGSN. Note that the
authentication triplets for GPRS are fetched directly from the HLR to the SGSN, that is, it does
not use the MSC/VLR like for CS GSM. For more information, see section Visitor Location
Register (VLR) Functionality in SGSN and in MSC, above. The information going from the
HLR to the SGSN is what the operator sets up for the subscriber. This information transfer
occurs when the operator changes subscriber information, or when a new SGSN needs to have
data for a subscriber after attach or roaming. The old SGSN also receives information about the
roaming. The information going from the SGSN to the HLR is the routing information that is
transferred upon MS action, for example, attach or roaming. For a roaming mobile, the HLR may
be in a different PLMN than the SGSN serving the mobile.
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center (GMSC)
The Gateway Mobile services Switching Center (GMSC) switches the circuit-switched calls
between the GSM circuitswitched network and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN),
that is, the fixed telephony network. The GMSC is not changed for use by the GPRS system.
Non-GPRS-Specific System Components
Those components that are not specific to the GPRS system will only be discussed in terms of
their involvement in the packet data services. Such components include, for example, the
Authentication Center(AUC). Since the mobile stations use IP addresses, you can connect from
the GPRS system to Internet Protocol services, obtained from an Internet Service Provider or
from a Corporate LAN. The services can be, for example, World Wide Web, e-mail, or
telemetry.
5. BSC/TRC HARDWARE AND BASIC CONCEPTS
The BSC/TRC node comprises all hardware that constitute the stand alone nodes TRC and BSC,
so this will be explained first. The differences are briefly described later on in the chapter.
GROUP SWITCH (GS)
The GS is the central part of the BSC/TRC. The GS connects an incoming channel with an
outgoing channel. For example, it can connect any incoming PCM timeslot and send it out on
any outgoing PCM link on any timeslot. The GS comprises Time Switch Modules (TSM) and
Space switch Modules (SPM) and can switch down to 64 kbit/s. If switching should be done to
lower bitrates, for example, 16 kbit/s, the SubRate Switch (SRS) must be used.
Switching Network Terminal (SNT)
All equipment connected to the group switch uses the same standardized interface, which is
called Switching Network Terminal (SNT). The SNT is a software concept and represents the
software connection of the physical hardware to the Group Switch. The hardware is normally
referred to as device hardware. Each SNT is connected to the GS at a Switching Network
Terminal Point (SNTP). In Figure 2-3, the following device hardware is shown, which will be
further explained in the chapter:
Exchange Terminal Circuit (ETC)
Signaling no.7 terminal (ST7, C7-ST)
Transcoder and Rate Adaptor (TRA)
Transceiver Handler (TRH)
Subrate Switch(SRS)
Device (DEV)
As previously mentioned, the hardware connected to the GS is referred to as device hardware. A
device is the resource that each SNT has connected to the GS. Depending on what device
hardware and what software is loaded the device can have different capabilities. The devices and
their names will be explained under each device hardware.
EXCHANGE TERMINAL CIRCUIT (ETC)
The ETC board is the common hardware in the AXE to handle the PCM transmission links, in
this case between the MSC-BSC and BSC-RBS. The links can either be 1.5 Mbit/s (T1) or
2 Mbit/s (E1) PCM links. The two link types use different hardware, that is, for BYB 501, which
is the latest building practice, the 1.5 Mbit/s uses ETC-T1 boards and the 2 Mbit/s uses ETC5
6. boards. What differs, though, between the ETC boards towards the MSC and those towards
the RBSs, is that they have different software loaded. This means that the resources are named
differently. Figure 2-4 shows the different names and concepts connected to the PCM links in an
E1 system.
ETRALT and ETRBLT
Figure 2-4 illustrates two types of SNTs: The ETRALT and the ETRBLT use the same type of
hardware (ETC), but they are loaded with different types of software. This means that they have
slightly different functions. The SNT concept supervises everything from the connection to the
GS, the SNTP, to the output from the ETC board. The Digital Path (DIP) then takes over the
supervision of the PCM link.
Digital Path (DIP)
Digital Path (DIP) is the name of the function used for supervision of the connected PCM lines.
ITU-T has issued recommendations which state how the PCM links should be supervised. All
these recommendations are implemented in the DIP function and the ETC. Depending on
whether the PCM link goes toward the MSC or the RBS the DIP will have different names.
RALT towards the MSC and RBLT towards the RBSs. RBLT stands for RTS A-
Bis interface Line Terminal whereas RTS stands for Radio Transmission & Transport
Subsystem. RALT stands for RTS A-interface Line Terminal.
RBLT Devices
Each Time Slot (TS), which is 64 kbit/s, on the PCM link towards the RBS is called an RBLT
device. The device is a resource that the BSC can store information on. In this case it is either
LAPD signaling or speech towards the RBS. The number of RBLT devices is 32 on an E1 PCM
link and 24 on a T1 PCM link. Figure 2-4 illustrates an E1 PCM system. The numbering of the
RBLT devices starts from 1 to 31 for the first DIP RBLT-0. This is written as -
1&&-31, where the "&&" stand for how to specify a range of numbers in an AXE
command. It should also be noted that the RBLT devices 0, 32, 64, and 96 are not used. It is TS 0
on the PCM link that is used for synchronization and which, therefore, cannot be used for other
purposes. This is not the case in a T1 PCM link, where synchronization is performed differently.
7. In the T1 system, the devices are also called RBLT24 devices. There is a more detailed
explanation of what the RBLT devices can be used for in the A-bis chapter.
RALT Devices
Each Time Slot (TS), which is 64 kbit/s, on the PCM link towards the MSC is called an RALT
device. The device is a resource that the BSC can store information on. In this case, it is either
C7 signaling or speech towards the MSC. The numbering principle of the RALT devices are the
same as for the RBLT devices.
ETC 155 MBIT/S
ETC 155 hardware can be used for connecting different switches to the SDH transport network.
The interface may be optical fibers or electrical cables.
DESCRIPTION
The SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) standard was originally introduced into transmission
networks (now called transport networks). Now, the BSC can be connected via SDH to the MSC.
ETC 155 is an SDH interface, supporting both electrical (155.52 MHz) and optical (1310 nm)
communication. The ET155 terminates an STM1 (Synchronous Transfer Mode) and contains 63
E1/T1. The ETC 155 is not a part of the SDH network but is connected to the SDH network.
TRANSCODER AND RATE ADAPTOR (TRA)
The TRA is the function responsible for the speech coding and rateadaption of incoming speech
and data from the MSC and the RBS. The hardware where the function is implemented is
called Transcoderand Rate Adaption Board (TRAB). It has the following basic functions:
Transcoding of speech information. Speech at 64 kbit/s to/from the MSC is transcoded to
13 kbit/s to/from the RBS enabling four compressed channels to be multiplexed onto one
64 kbit/s channel. This is if Full Rate (FR) or Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) is used, which have a
bit rate of 13/15.1 kbit/s. For Half Rate (HR) speech is transcoded to 6.5 kbit/s
Additional control information, 3 kbit/s for FR, 0.9 for EFR, and 1,5 kbit/s for HR, is added to
the transcoded rate towards the RBS giving a final output of 16 kbit/s or 8 kbit/s. The control
information which is called in-band signaling, basically tells what type of information the
information contains, for example, speech, data.
Rate adaptation of data information. The maximum data rate supported at present in GSM is
14.4kbit/s per TS. With High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) it is possible to have higher
bit rates, since then the MS will be assigned more than one TS.
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) functions on both uplink and downlink. This reduces the
interference in the network and saves mobile batteries.
8. Figure 2-6 illustrates how the TRA works.
The incoming 64 kbit/s is sent through the GS to the TRA. Four 64 kbit/s channels
are transcoded to 16 kbit/s (FR and EFR) and multiplexed onto one 64 kbit/s. They are then sent
out via the GS to the RBS on the Abis interface on an RBLT device.
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of Channels
The transcoder multiplexes a number of transcoded channels into one 64 kbps channel, used
between the BSC and BTS. The number of multiplexed channels depends on the type of speech
codec:
Four traffic channels for FR or EFR.
Eight traffic channels for HR.
In terms of hardware, a TRA-EM consists of 32 devices, requires 32 GS inlets, and can handle
24 TCHs.
In an FR or EFR TRA-EM:
Six MUXs handle 24 multiplexed channels towards the BTS.
24 DEMUXs handle the demultiplexed channels towards the MSC.
Four DEMUXs are statically connected to each MUX device.
In an HR TRA-EM:
Three MUXs handle 24 multiplexed channels towards the BTS.
24 DEMUXs handle the demultiplexed channels towards the MSC.
9. Eight DEMUXs are statically connected to each MUX device.
In both configurations, two TRABs are used (for TRAU type TRA R4). The relation between a
TRA-EM and an SNT is one to one. The connection and disconnection of a transcoder device to
and from an SNT is performed by command. Furthermore, a printout of transcoder device states
and transcoder-SNT connections can be obtained by command. Before the transcoder equipment
can be seized for a connection towards the BTS, it must be physically and logically connected,
and manually deblocked. The transcoder equipment requested can be either semi-permanently
connected or seized in a transcoderpool:
Transcoder devices can be semi-permanently connected through the GS for FR only. Once the
connection is established, it is possible to use it for traffic as soon as synchronization is
established between the transcoder and the BTS.
Pooled transcoder devices are seized according to TRA capability and availability. The
connections through the GS, for a transcoder device seized in a transcoder pool, are set up on a
per call basis.
TRA Devices and SNT
Each SNT in Figure 2-6 has 30 devices, for example, SNT -> RTTF1S1-0 has devices
RTTF1D1-2&&-31. From this you can deduce, using Figure 2-9 below, that this is TRA R5
hardware, with an FR speech version. The number of 64kbit/s that can be transcoded on this type
of TRA is 24. They are called demultiplexed (DEMUX) devices. The other six devices are called
multiplexed (MUX) devices. One MUX device is 16kbit/s (FR and EFR) and a DEMUX device
is 64 kbit/s.
Transcoders in Pool and
10. Semi-permanently Connected Transcoders
The transcoder devices can either be in a pool or be semipermanently connected. If they are
semi-permanently connected, the transcoder device is always connected to the same TS in the
RBS. This means that the resource is not accessible for others, even if there is no ongoing traffic.
One TRA device is required for each air TS, which will require a lot of TRA boards. To put
the transcoders in a pool,transcoders are seized on a per call basis leading to better utilization of
the installed transcoder hardware. Figure 2-10 illustrates how the TRA in pool generally works
and the hardware that is involved.
In this configuration of the transcoder, the TRA resources can be set to be �pools�. In one
BSC/TRC there can be different pools, for example, one pool with EFR devices, one with FR
devices, and one with HR devices. Depending on what MS equipment should be connected, the
BSC/TRC seizes a device that is dependent on each MS's capabilities, for example, not
all MSs can handle EFR, and releases the device when the call is terminated. This results in less
hardware being required, since all people in the BSC area will not call simultaneously. There is
seldom congestion, due to no available TRA devices in the pool. To be able to handle semi-
permanently connected transcoders, there is no need for extra hardware. However, if
"transcoders in pool" are going to be used, the BSC/TRC must have a Subrate Switch (SRS). The
reason for this is that different TRA resources, for example, FR and EFR, are mixed onto the
same 64 kbit/s, and the GS (as previously mentioned) cannot switch lower than 64kbit/s. The
SRS can switch down to 8 kbit/s and can then put different 16 kbit/s devices on the same
64 kbit/s. The SRS function is explained below.
TRANSCEIVER HANDLER (TRH)
The TRH performs the activities that are required to control the RBS and the transceivers, and is
responsible for a multitude of functions including:
Handling of signaling on the Link Access Protocol on the Dchannel (LAPD) link between
BSC-BTS.
Handling of logical channel addressing part of signaling to/from the BTS and mobile stations
(MS).
Processing of measurement data from the BTS and MSs
11. Operation and maintenance of the BTS.
Figure 2-11 illustrates the principle of the TRH.
TRH Devices and SNT
Each SNT in Figure 2-11 has 32 devices. The SNT, in this case, is called RHSNT and it handles
the TRH devices, named RHDEV. Each transceiver in the RBS must have a signaling connection
towards the BSC. The device handling the signaling connection towards the RBS is the RHDEV.
One RHDEV is semipermanently connected to one transceiver in the RBS.
As previously mentioned, the RHSNT has 32 devices, but in reality only 24 of them are usable
(RPG2). This is due to the fact that one TS is used for test purposes and the others are excluded
so as not to load the TRH with tasks. That is why the numbering in the picture states RHDEV-
1&&-24 and RHDEV-33&&-56.
The TRH that is explained above, is the latest TRH which uses Regional Processor Group (RPG)
hardware. The older hardware that uses Regional Processor Device (RPD) hardware has only
eight RHDEVsper board, seven of which can be used. The LAPD protocol is explained further in
the A-bis chapter.
SUBRATE SWITCH (SRS)
Subrate switching allows for the connection of rates lower than 64 kbit/s. The rates allowed are
n*8 kbit/s (where n=1->7). An example of how the SRS can be used to switch calls to different
destinations using only one TRA resource is illustrated in Figure 2-12. Four 64 kbit/s timeslots
that contain speech arrive at the BSC from the MSC. The TRH controls the call set-up and
determines whether the SRS should be used, which TRA should be used, the call type,
destination BTS, etc. The GS sets up connections to the TRA which transcodes the four 64 kbit/s
channels into four 16 kbit/s. The 4x16 kbit/s channels are then multiplexed into one 64 kbit/s
channel which is returned to the GS. In this example, the destination of two of the calls is BTS1,
and of the other two calls, BTS2. The TRH has this information and determines that it is
necessary to set up a connection towards the SRS.
The SRS switches the 16 kbit/s subrate channels to two 64 kbit/s channels that are returned to the
GS. Hereafter, the GS can set up connections towards BTS1 and BTS2, which contain the
correct subratechannels.
12. The SRS is required when TRA in pool is used. In addition, it is needed when utilizing LAPD
multiplexing, which occurs when the speech and signaling towards the RBS is multiplexed onto
the same 64kbit/s. This will be explained further in the A-bis chapter.
SIGNAL TERMINAL NO.7 (ST7)
The MSC must have the ability to signal with the BSC. This is done using Signaling Terminals
(ST). The signaling devices are called, for example, C7ST2C for E1 PCM links.
The signaling between the MSC and BSC is slightly different in a T1 network, since T1 has a
separate signaling network. This means that there is no connection between the GS and the ST.
Generally, there are two signaling TSsbetween the BSC and MSC. Whereas one is sufficient for
all signaling, the second is installed for redundancy purposes.
PROCESSORS (RP AND CP)
The RPs are designed to execute simple high-repetition functions and are mainly used for the
direct control of the hardware units of the application systems. These hardware-units offer the
traffic devices of the exchange, for example, ETC, TRA. The CPs execute complex and data
demanding tasks. The standard RPs are called either RPM6A or RP4, but there are a few other
types.
Regional Processor Device (RPD)
The RPD device hardware can supply TRH or C7 signaling and is integrated with the RP.
Regional Processor Group (RPG)
The RPG has the same functionality as the RPD, but it has higher capacity than the RPD. The
RPG, with different software loaded, can, in the BSC, serve as TRH, C7, or STC terminal.
STAND ALONE TRC AND BSC
TRC
The Transcoder Controller (TRC) node contains the pooled transcoder resources and is a stand
alone node.
13. The TRC is connected to the MSC via the A-interface and to the BSC via the A-Ter Interface.
The TRC node has the ability to support up to 16 BSCs over the A-ter interface.
The transcoders in the variousTRAnscoder (TRA) pools in a TRC can be shared between
all BSCs, associated with the TRC. One of the connected BSCs may be residing on the same
physical platform as the TRC, that is, in a combined BSC/TRC network element. One TRC can
be connected to up to four MSCs. This makes it possible to build rather large TRCs supporting
several MSCs. One BSC is still controlled by one specific MSC. The TRC can contain
several transcoder resource pools, one pool per type of transcoder resource, for example, Full
Rate, Enhanced Full Rate, and Half Rate. The A-interface signaling remains unchanged in the
new system structure. For the communication between the TRC and a remote BSC, a C7 based
Ericsson proprietary communication protocol is used. Concerning a combined BSC/TRC,
internal signalingbetween the TRC and BSC part is used.
The TRC node handles the A-ter transmission interface resources. The operation and
maintenance signaling and the handling of the A-ter interface are similar to the current
implementation on the A-interface. At call set-up and after signaling connection set-up, an
assignment request is sent via the MSC to the BSC. The request is sent directly to the BSC and
can pass transparently through the TRC. The BSC receives the assignment request and requests
a transcoder device from the TRC, also indicating the Ainterface Circuit Identification (CIC) to
be used for this specific call. The TRC allocates a transcoderdevice and the time slot on the A-
ter interface, which is connected to the A-interface CIC, specified by the MSC. The TRC replies
to the BSC, which establishes the connection to the mobile.
BSC
The stand alone BSC has been developed and optimized especially for rural and suburban areas
and is a complement to the BSC/TRC node in the BSC product portfolio. The BSC contains the
SRS and TRH, as previously explained. The BSC, however, does not contain any transcoders. It
utilizes transcoder resources from a central BSC/TRC, or from a TRC node. The BSC is
connected to the BSC/TRC, or the TRC via the A-ter interface.
14. PCM LINK DEVICE TYPES
Figure 2-15 illustrates the different names of the PCM link devices in the three types of BSS
implementation.
BTS is also referred to as the radio base station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or, simply,
the base station (BS). For discussion of theLTE standard the abbreviation eNB for evolved node B is
widely used.