Gp510 lec-1_Satyendra
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The PPT depicts about the biotic and abiotic stresses which are becoming more adverse due to climate change. It breifly discusses about the types of different abiotic and biotic stresses and their impact on agricultural production.
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Breeding for abiotic stress resistance in vegetable crops
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
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i) Breeding crops for resistance to insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses like drought is important to reduce yield losses and costs of control measures.
ii) Mechanisms of resistance include non-preference, antibiosis, tolerance, avoidance, and physiological or biochemical traits like hairiness, toxins, or proline accumulation.
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3) Breeding methods to develop resistant varieties include introduction, selection, hybridization, and genetic engineering. Screening is done in the field or glasshouse to identify resistant plants. Advantages of resistant varieties include inherent pest control without chemicals. Problems include resistance being pest specific and difficulties
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So this presentation shows the process by how using genetic engineering techniques the main crop plant's genes are manipulated and make it resistant from those particular chemicals.
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1) Soil-borne plant diseases result from a reduction in soil biodiversity that allows pathogens to thrive. Restoring beneficial soil organisms through practices like adding compost can suppress diseases by competing with and antagonizing pathogens.
2) Creating a diverse soil environment with high levels of biological activity makes it difficult for pathogens to survive due to competition for nutrients and direct inhibition from antibiotics. Beneficial fungi and bacteria protect plants and help them acquire nutrients to resist diseases.
3) Strategies like crop rotation and adding organic matter can support disease-suppressive soil conditions by favoring beneficial organisms over pathogens. Maintaining soil health through practices that promote diversity is key to sustainable disease management.
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This document discusses the challenges facing farmers in increasing pulses productivity and production in India. It outlines several key challenges, including agro-ecological constraints like low and erratic rainfall in rainfed areas as well as degraded soils, biological constraints as pulses have adapted to harsh conditions, biotic stresses from diseases and pests, inadequate seed availability and poor input use, socio-economic priorities that favor cereals over pulses, soil texture issues in low quality soils, and varietal constraints like a lack of high-yielding varieties. Addressing these challenges through improved seeds, greater input use, pest management, more stable markets, and new varieties adapted to local conditions is needed to boost pulses production in India.
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Pesticide use in agriculture can have adverse health and environmental effects. Pesticides can harm farmers and agricultural workers through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. They also negatively impact domestic animals, beneficial insects, wildlife and aquatic life. Long term effects of pesticide exposure include neurological problems, respiratory illness, dermal issues, reproductive harm and increased cancer risk. Pesticide contamination of water and soil poses ongoing risks to the environment. Widespread pesticide use has also led to resistance in pests and the decline of natural pest predators.
Endophytic microbes to enhance Brachiaria productivity in semi-arid environme...
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IMPACT OF WEED CONTROL.pptx
Weeds negatively impact the environment, agriculture, and human health. They compete with crops and native plants for resources, reducing yields and invading pastures. Some common weeds cause respiratory issues in humans. There are five categories of weed control: preventative, cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical. Proper weed control is important for agriculture as weeds decrease yields, increase costs, and lower product quality. Control methods have become specialized and affect all phases of crop production.
Unit-3-crop-protection.pptx
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Enhancing Societal Acceptance of GM Crops in India
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- Plant science can be divided into many branches based on the area of biology being studied, such as plant anatomy, genetics, cytology, ecology, biochemistry, etc.
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Biopesticide & Biofertilizer - useful for Biotechnology
Biopesticides are derived from natural sources as alternatives to chemical pesticides. They include microbial pesticides using microbes, and plant-incorporated protectants that genetically modify plants. Microbial herbicides and insecticides control unwanted plants and insects using fungi, bacteria, viruses and entomopathogenic fungi. Biofertilizers are microorganisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, or promote plant growth. They improve soil fertility and provide nutrients to plants, but require large amounts and special storage conditions.
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India loses about 18% of its annual agricultural production to pests and diseases. Weeds account for 33% of crop losses, diseases account for 26%, and insect pests account for 20%. This amounts to estimated monetary losses of Rs. 6000 crores per year. Common plant diseases that affect jute crops in India include stem rot caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, anthracnose, collar rot, black band disease, and Hooghly wilt caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Management of these diseases involves the use of biological controls like Trichoderma and neem extracts, as well as cultural practices like crop rotation.
Unit-2-crop-protection.pptx
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This document summarizes research on transgenic vegetables for horticulture. It discusses how transgenic crops can be used to enhance pest resistance, quality traits, and sustainability in vegetable production. Specifically, it reviews advances in transgenic tomato, potato, eggplant, squash and sweet corn. Transgenic tomatoes have been developed to delay fruit ripening. Transgenic potatoes with resistance to the Colorado potato beetle and viruses were commercialized in the 1990s but later removed from the market due to trade and consumer issues. The document argues that transgenic crops have potential to address challenges in vegetable production, but their development and commercialization faces high costs and regulatory hurdles.
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AND SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS M...
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Gp510 lec-1_Satyendra
- 1. Introduction to Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic stresses GP-510 Lec-1 Dr. Satyendra Assistant Professor-cum-Junior Scientist Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
- 2. What is stress? • When some factors of the environment interfere with the expression of genotypic potential • An external condition that adversely affects growth, development and/or productivity • P= G + E +G*E • Factors of the environment: Biotic and Abiotic
- 3. The environment • Optimal environment: No interface by any environmental factor Also called ‘stress free environment’ Ideal that is rarely if ever achieved Stress free area- difficult to imagine for commercial cultivation of the crops • Stress:
- 5. Productivity losses due to stress • Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost • Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is ~14%. • In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 % • Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto 50% (Bray EA 1997) • In India also 67% of the area is rain-fed and crops in these areas invariably experience droughts of different magnitudes • Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost owing to various abiotic stress factors ( Oerke et.al., 1994).
- 8. Climate change induced pest problems • Increasing incidence of several species of cereal aphid in wheat, barley and oats • Attack of mealy bug (Phenococcus solenopsis), white fly (Bemisia tabaci) and Spodoptera litura on cotton • Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and plant hoppers (Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera) have emerged as major pests of rice • Shoot fly (Atherigona spp.) and pyrilla are emerging as important pests of maize and sorghum crops
- 9. Climate change… contd. • Stemfly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) and blister beetle Mylabris spp. have emerged as major pests of pulse crops • Cabbage caterpillar (Piersis brassicae), tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura), American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), several species of aphids, whitefly, leafminer, spider mites and blister beetle are causing increasing damage in different vegetable crops • Fruit piercing moth (Eudocoma spp.), mealy bugs and fruit flies are causing increasing damage to fruit crops
- 11. Challenge to plant breeders
- 12. Responding to challenges posed by biotic and abiotic stresses through crop improvement • Every new objective added to a breeding programme almost doubles the magnitude of work • Unlike past successes (e.g., dwarf varieties), future increases in productivity potential are not likely to be accompanied by enhanced inputs • Genetic improvements need to be accomplished under demanding time frames Can routine breeding programmes meet these challenges ?