GovindR&D ConferencePresentationOct2015pdf

FACING THE WORLD’S
WATER CRISIS
THE FUTURE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Dr. Rakesh Govind
Professor of Chemical Engineering
University of Cincinnati and
President, PRD Tech, Inc.
2016 AWARDS & TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE

Fresh water is a limited resource
“If the wars of this century were fought over oil, the wars of
the next century will be fought over water –unless we
change our approach to managing this precious and vital
resource” - Ismail Serageldin
- 2 billion people worldwide rely on groundwater for daily
use. In areas other than Greenland and Antarctica, rise of
sea water is mainly due to groundwater depletion.
- Growing Populations  Economic Development 
Warming Planet  Increased Irrigation  Sea-Level Rise
[Between 1990 to 2050, sea level rise is expected to be
40 mm (1.6 inches) – 1000 mm (4 inches) by 2100]

GLOBAL WATER RESOURCE

WATER CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR

WATER ENERGY NEXUS

RESULTS OF A RECENT SURVEY ON WHICH
SECTORS WILL NEED TO CHANGE
Ref: Sustainability Survey Poll on Water, http://www.circleofblue.org/

PRICE OF WATER
http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/the-price-of-water-a-comparison-of-water-rates-usage-in-30-u-s-cities/
$34
$65
WATERSUPPLIEDBYLAKES/RIVER

32 billion gallons of
municipal wastewater
discharged nationwide
each day
12 Billion
Gallons each
day
20 Billion
Gallons each
day
TREATED
WASTEWATER
REUSE
DECENTRALIZED
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT

PROPOSED CHANGE IN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
CENTRALIZED + CENTRALIZED DECENTRALIZED
TREATMENT MONITORING TREATMENT +
CENTRALIZED
MONITORING
+

Sewage Treatment
Centralized
Treatment
Activated Sludge
Systems, Membrane
Bioreactors
Decentralized
Treatment
Aerobic Anaerobic
Septic
Tanks
Aerated
Tanks
(Suspended
Cultures)
Fixed
Film
(Biofilms)
+ Membranes
NewGen Septic
Current
State-of-Art

Water Quality Parameter Influent
Effluent
from
Standard
Septic Tank
Effluent
from
NewGen
Septic Tank
Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/L) cBOD5 48 37 2.8
Volatile Suspended Solids (mg/L) 42 30 2.5
Turbidity (NTU) 56 42 0.02
Nitrate – N (mg/L) 98 67 8.7
Total Organic Carbon (mg/L) 52 48 3.7
Ammonia- N (mg/L) 30 23 < 0.1
Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 46 23
Below
Detection
Limits
Fecal Coliform (CFU/100 mL) 6.2 x 106 2.3 x 106 3.0
PERFORMANCE OF NEWGEN SEPTIC

WATER DEMANDS IN MINING

SULFIDE PRECIPITATION TECHNOLOGY
FOR ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Govind, R et al., US Patent 7,279,103 B2, Oct 2007

IMPROVED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTBacterial Colonies ……
Neighborhoods with no Real Estate Taxes
Bacterial Colonies
exist in soils, water,
wastewater treatment
plants, plaque in our
teeth …. everywhere
and also in Bioreactors
When these colonies
grow on solid
surfaces, they are
called “Biofilms”

HIGH SURFACE AREA BIOMEDIA

BIOMEDIAPERFORMANCE
(Activated Sludge Plant)
Water
Parameter
Influent
Effluent with
no Biomedia
Effluent with
B3 Biomedia
Plant Loading 0.96 kg
BOD/m3.day
MediaVolume=
20% of bioreactor
BOD5 200 mg/L 15 mg/L 2 mg/L
COD 320 mg/L 34 mg/L 18 mg/L
TKN 37 mg/L 15 mg/L 3 mg/L
Total P 8 mg/L 4 mg/L < 1 mg/L
AmmoniaRemoval 0.92 kg NH3-
N/1000m3.day
BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand
TKN: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total P: Total Phosphorus

USE OF BIOMEDIA IN LAGOON
Even in lagoons with no water flow in and out of the Lagoon, this type of treatment
can treat the water in-place (in-situ) with no water being pumped in and out
of the lagoon.

PLANTS THAT NEED BIOMEDIA
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
Lagoons/ Ponds
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
(Food, Pharmaceutical, Oil and Gas, Wood Products….)
Trickling Filters
Aquaculture Systems
Septic Treatment Systems for homes
Farms

Absorption Aerator
Circulating Flow
ABSORPTIONAERATOR MECHANISM

2016 AWARDS & TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE 28
VARIOUS KINETIC TRANSFER MODEL
MECHANICALAERATION DEVICES’SOTE
• Following are various AOTR’s for mechanical
aeration devices: lbs. O2/hp/hr
• Absorption Aerator 2.73 -3.06
• Surface aerator w/draft tube 1.2 - 2.1
• Surface high speed 1.2 - 2.0
• Submerged turbine 1.0 - 2.0
• Submerged turbine/sparger 1.2 - 1.8
• Surface brush and blade 0.8 - 1.8
• Fine Bubble Diffusers 0.5 - 1.5

 Over 90% water
 9% sand
 Approximately 1% of “everything else”
 Everything else can be salts, ethylene
glycol, sodium, potassium carbonate, and
a suite of proprietary mixes
 Primary quality concern: salts and solids
 Primary quantity concern: it takes a LOT of
water !
WATER ISSUES IN FRACKING

PRODUCED WATER
 Water that comes to the surface with oil
and gas
 Contains many chemicals:
- Salt content (>200,000 ppm)
- Divalent salts (High Total Dissolved Solids)
 Oil and Grease – other hydrocarbons
 Toxicity from various natural inorganic and
organic additives

PRODUCED WATER VOLUME
 Largest volume waste stream from oil and gas
production
- World estimate: 77 billion bbl/year
- U.S. - 15-20 billion bbl/year
- Offshore Gulf of Mexico: 1 billion bbl/year
 Ratio of water to oil
- World-wide estimate: 2:1 to 3:1
- U.S. estimate: 7:1
- Older U.S. wells have ratios >50:1

CURRENT CHESAPEAKE WATER USE
GAS SHALES
- Barnett Shale: ~ 4.0 million gallons per well
- Haynesville Shale: ~ 5.6 million gallons per well
- Fayetteville Shale: ~ 4.9 million gallons per well
- Marcellus Shale: ~ 5.6 million gallons per well
LIQUID SHALES (GAS, OIL, CONDENSATE)
- Eagle Ford Shale: ~ 6.1 million gallons per well
- Niobrara Shale: ~ 3.3 gallons per well

PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON

COST COMPARISON

CONCLUSIONS
 Climate change will increase water demand for irrigation,
increase water stressed areas around the world, melt
glacier ice at unprecedented rates (glaciers are an
important source for freshwater), and decrease river flows
 Three essential strategies for water management:
(1) Increase water reuse through advanced treatment,
recycle and reuse;
(2) Conservation – decrease consumption;
(3) Decentralized treatment with centralized monitoring
(advanced sensors, etc.) instead of centralized treatment
 Examples: Municipal water treatment – NewGen septic
New Technologies for improved treatment –
Mining, Biological (Biomedia), Aeration and
chemistry

QUESTIONS ?

GovindR&D ConferencePresentationOct2015pdf

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