The document discusses government strategies for COVID-19 vaccination programs in Palu, Indonesia. It describes the policy model applied for COVID-19 vaccination in Palu as a centralized institutional model where the central government regulates and procures vaccines while the local government implements vaccination campaigns. The local government of Palu issued 7 policies to accelerate vaccination, including establishing vaccine rangers, ambassadors, festivals, and collaborating with community leaders to provide vaccination centers and increase the number of vaccinators.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Use of Digital Technologies in Public Health Responses to Tackle Covid-19: th...hiij
This paper aims to study the fight against COVID-19 in Bangladesh and digital intervention initiatives. To achieve the purpose of our research, we conducted a methodical review of online content. We have reviewed the first digital intervention that COVID-19 has been used to fight against worldwide. Then we reviewed the initiatives that have been taken in Bangladesh. Our paper has shown that while Bangladesh can take advantage of the digital intervention approach, it will require rigorous collaboration between government organizations and universities to get the most out of it. Public health can become increasingly digital in the future, and we are reviewing international alignment requirements. This exploration also focused on the strategies for controlling, evaluating, and using digital technology to strengthen epidemic management and future preparations for COVID-19.
Patient perception from internet on adverse effects vs benefits of vaccination Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination -
An Internet Message from a Public Figure in Hong Kong
Cecilia Young* and TH Tai
Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Received: March 07, 2018; Published: April 30, 2018
The study aimed to investigate into the impact of a National COVID-19 Health contact tracing and monitoring system for Namibia. The study used qualitative methods as a research strategy. Qualitative data was collected
through zoom meeting and a Google form link was distributed to the participants. The findings of the study revealed
that a total of 18 participants responded to the semi-structured questions of which 38.9% represents male while
female 61.1%. The age group between 18–25 response rate were 22.2%, age group between 26–35 response rate were
55.6%, age group between 36–45 response rate were 16.7% and the age group between 46 and above response rate
was 10% represented in green colour to represent participants who fall in the age group between 46 and above
THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE ENJOYMENT OF LEGAL FREEDOMSAkashSharma618775
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most
people infected with the COVID-19 virus experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without
requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The disease was
discovered in December 2019. On 31st December 2019, a series of pneumonia cases of unknown cause was detected
in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). COVID-19 has caused States to restrict movements, closed down schools,
major markets and churches and thus the virus has serious impact on the enjoyment of legal freedoms. Covid-19
has very devastating effects on economic activities generally and thus the urgent need to reduce the spread but the
situation in Cameroon is difficult to handle as the negative impacts of the virus are further compounded by lack of
support from the government to boost economic activities like supporting small businesses with funding and
reducing taxes for big enterprises so as to reduce costs and encourage production. The general objective of this
paper is to critically examine the negative impact of COVID-19 on the enjoyment of legal freedoms. One of the
main findings of the paper is that Cameroon as a State committed to the protection of its citizens’ rights has
ratified treaties protecting human rights of people including legal freedoms and thus to eradicate the impact
COVID-19 has on these legal freedoms, the work strongly recommends that as disease outbreaks are not likely to
disappear in the near future, proactive international actions are required to not only save lives but also protect
economic prosperity.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Use of Digital Technologies in Public Health Responses to Tackle Covid-19: th...hiij
This paper aims to study the fight against COVID-19 in Bangladesh and digital intervention initiatives. To achieve the purpose of our research, we conducted a methodical review of online content. We have reviewed the first digital intervention that COVID-19 has been used to fight against worldwide. Then we reviewed the initiatives that have been taken in Bangladesh. Our paper has shown that while Bangladesh can take advantage of the digital intervention approach, it will require rigorous collaboration between government organizations and universities to get the most out of it. Public health can become increasingly digital in the future, and we are reviewing international alignment requirements. This exploration also focused on the strategies for controlling, evaluating, and using digital technology to strengthen epidemic management and future preparations for COVID-19.
Patient perception from internet on adverse effects vs benefits of vaccination Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination -
An Internet Message from a Public Figure in Hong Kong
Cecilia Young* and TH Tai
Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Received: March 07, 2018; Published: April 30, 2018
The study aimed to investigate into the impact of a National COVID-19 Health contact tracing and monitoring system for Namibia. The study used qualitative methods as a research strategy. Qualitative data was collected
through zoom meeting and a Google form link was distributed to the participants. The findings of the study revealed
that a total of 18 participants responded to the semi-structured questions of which 38.9% represents male while
female 61.1%. The age group between 18–25 response rate were 22.2%, age group between 26–35 response rate were
55.6%, age group between 36–45 response rate were 16.7% and the age group between 46 and above response rate
was 10% represented in green colour to represent participants who fall in the age group between 46 and above
THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE ENJOYMENT OF LEGAL FREEDOMSAkashSharma618775
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most
people infected with the COVID-19 virus experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without
requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The disease was
discovered in December 2019. On 31st December 2019, a series of pneumonia cases of unknown cause was detected
in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). COVID-19 has caused States to restrict movements, closed down schools,
major markets and churches and thus the virus has serious impact on the enjoyment of legal freedoms. Covid-19
has very devastating effects on economic activities generally and thus the urgent need to reduce the spread but the
situation in Cameroon is difficult to handle as the negative impacts of the virus are further compounded by lack of
support from the government to boost economic activities like supporting small businesses with funding and
reducing taxes for big enterprises so as to reduce costs and encourage production. The general objective of this
paper is to critically examine the negative impact of COVID-19 on the enjoyment of legal freedoms. One of the
main findings of the paper is that Cameroon as a State committed to the protection of its citizens’ rights has
ratified treaties protecting human rights of people including legal freedoms and thus to eradicate the impact
COVID-19 has on these legal freedoms, the work strongly recommends that as disease outbreaks are not likely to
disappear in the near future, proactive international actions are required to not only save lives but also protect
economic prosperity.
Childhood immunization: What can British Columbia do to improve immunizations...Richard Horne
This briefing provides an assessment of various policy options that could be used to improve childhood immunization rates in British Columbia based on a review of immunization coverage strategies utilized in other jurisdictions. The implications of implementing a mandatory immunization law for all school-aged children is analyzed and discussed, among other policy options aimed at increasing childhood immunization rates as part of a strategy to combat preventable diseases. The Province’s existing policy in this area, summarized in the Strategic Framework for Immunization in B.C., has failed to ensure immunization coverage targets for major vaccine-preventable diseases are met.
Approximately 65 per cent of the respondents expressed their willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccination if provided by the GOI while about nearly 8 per cent said that they would not to take it.
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
醫藥人 楊幽幽 Physician Pharmacist People Health Magazine Cecilia Young Tau Yau - ...ceciliayoungyau
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination written by Dental Consultant Physician Pharmacist People 醫藥人 楊幽幽 (Cecilia Young Tau Yau)
UTILIZATION OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE I...AM Publications
Immunization is the key strategy to curb communicable diseases which are the number one killer of children under five. Immunization prevents mortalities of approximating three million children under five annually. This study aimed to assess utilization of immunization services among children under five of age in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
The covid 19 crisis in nepal coping crackdown challengesNdrc Nepal
NDRC Nepal brings "The COVID-19 Crisis in Nepal: Coping Crackdown Challenges" issue 3, an occasional papers series on COOVID19 response in Nepal.
This study was carried out by Dr. Dhruba Gautam, Senior Research Fellow at National Disaster Risk Reduction Centre (NDRC) Nepal which had four interconnected objectives: (i) to assess existing policy provisions for relief management and distribution, (ii) to identify existing relief distribution mechanisms, (iii) to identify major gaps and challenges, and (iv) explore next steps and make recommendations. For secondary information, the study reviewed published documents, including government policies at the national and global levels, whereas primary information was gathered through virtual interviews and conferences with key informants in all provincial governments and in a few local governments. Among the mechanisms governments use to manage relief distribution are the management of relief funds, the selection of needy families, the development and distribution of relief packages, the adoption of a one-door policy, and the application of existing legal provisions. This study also explored gaps in these mechanisms and challenges faced during the relief management thoroughly. Some issues that raised questions included the criteria for selection and even the use of a targeted approach in principle and challenges included the procurement of relief materials and their quality and quantity as well as data management and monitoring. Once the data was on the table, this study made several key recommendations to each of the three tiers of Nepal’s government about how to systematize relief management now as well as how to carry over good practices into the future.
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
Childhood immunization: What can British Columbia do to improve immunizations...Richard Horne
This briefing provides an assessment of various policy options that could be used to improve childhood immunization rates in British Columbia based on a review of immunization coverage strategies utilized in other jurisdictions. The implications of implementing a mandatory immunization law for all school-aged children is analyzed and discussed, among other policy options aimed at increasing childhood immunization rates as part of a strategy to combat preventable diseases. The Province’s existing policy in this area, summarized in the Strategic Framework for Immunization in B.C., has failed to ensure immunization coverage targets for major vaccine-preventable diseases are met.
Approximately 65 per cent of the respondents expressed their willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccination if provided by the GOI while about nearly 8 per cent said that they would not to take it.
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
醫藥人 楊幽幽 Physician Pharmacist People Health Magazine Cecilia Young Tau Yau - ...ceciliayoungyau
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination written by Dental Consultant Physician Pharmacist People 醫藥人 楊幽幽 (Cecilia Young Tau Yau)
UTILIZATION OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE I...AM Publications
Immunization is the key strategy to curb communicable diseases which are the number one killer of children under five. Immunization prevents mortalities of approximating three million children under five annually. This study aimed to assess utilization of immunization services among children under five of age in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
The covid 19 crisis in nepal coping crackdown challengesNdrc Nepal
NDRC Nepal brings "The COVID-19 Crisis in Nepal: Coping Crackdown Challenges" issue 3, an occasional papers series on COOVID19 response in Nepal.
This study was carried out by Dr. Dhruba Gautam, Senior Research Fellow at National Disaster Risk Reduction Centre (NDRC) Nepal which had four interconnected objectives: (i) to assess existing policy provisions for relief management and distribution, (ii) to identify existing relief distribution mechanisms, (iii) to identify major gaps and challenges, and (iv) explore next steps and make recommendations. For secondary information, the study reviewed published documents, including government policies at the national and global levels, whereas primary information was gathered through virtual interviews and conferences with key informants in all provincial governments and in a few local governments. Among the mechanisms governments use to manage relief distribution are the management of relief funds, the selection of needy families, the development and distribution of relief packages, the adoption of a one-door policy, and the application of existing legal provisions. This study also explored gaps in these mechanisms and challenges faced during the relief management thoroughly. Some issues that raised questions included the criteria for selection and even the use of a targeted approach in principle and challenges included the procurement of relief materials and their quality and quantity as well as data management and monitoring. Once the data was on the table, this study made several key recommendations to each of the three tiers of Nepal’s government about how to systematize relief management now as well as how to carry over good practices into the future.
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
The Role of Science Education in Secondary Schools in Curbing Covid 19 Pandemicijtsrd
Science Education equips individuals with skills, knowledge and ability to handle societal challenges such as Corona virus pandemic. The role of education to ensure effective community engagement for curbing COVID 19 impartation on society includes knowledge, self efficiency and trust. Functions of science education to students and society were ex rayed. COVID 19 impact on science education and education in general was examined. School closure was employed as a measure to shut down the spread of the disease. The roles of science educators in the pandemic period among others include how history of science traced other pandemics and how they were able to tackle and downplay political ambitions of the government over the pandemic. Awareness campaigns on mitigation of COVID 19 impact revealed efforts of many countries to fight the monster – COVID 19. Chikendu, Rebecca E | Okoli, Josephine N | Ejesi, Nkori "The Role of Science Education in Secondary Schools in Curbing Covid-19 Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38558.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38558/the-role-of-science-education-in-secondary-schools-in-curbing-covid19-pandemic/chikendu-rebecca-e
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
Barreras y motivaciones para la afiliación al Seguro Familiar de Salud de per...HFG Project
This report describes the findings and recommendations of the qualitative study on the barriers and motivations to enrolling people living with HIV/AIDS in the Family Health Insurance plan in the Dominican Republic. The study was conducted with the goal of informing institutions in the Dominican Republic, such as the Standardized System of Beneficiaries (SIUBEN), the National Council for HIV and AIDS (CONAVIHSIDA), the National Health Insurance (SENASA), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) about the recommended strategies to increase the number of people living with HIV/AIDS enrolled in Family Health Insurance plan. Target populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender people, and sex workers, and other prioritized populations, such as migrants, were the main focus of the study in order to meet national and international commitments on HIV, aiming to increase access to antiretroviral treatment, as well as to generate the financial sustainability of the Dominican Social Security System (SDSS).
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PR...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Abstract: Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions with proven strategies to reach
the vulnerable populations. It is also a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life threatening infectious diseases.
It also prevents illness, disability and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases averting estimated 2-3 million deaths
each year.
Method: A descriptive survey research design was adopted, one hundred 100 nursing mothers were used for the
study. The instruments used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected were analysed using frequency, counts and percentage
table for demographic information.
Result: The findings of the study revealed that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while life style, religion and belief were not
determinants of incomplete routine immunization. However, level of education, distance to health facility, life style,
religion and belief were jointly determinants of incomplete routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho
specialist hospital.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study; it is therefore recommended that State Government and
Philanthropists should assist in building more health care facilities close to the communities for easy accessibility.
Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to encourage them to complete routine
immunization. In addition, community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to
be fully informed about the merits of completing the routine immunization and to avert childhood morbidity and
mortality in our society.
COVID-19 Pandemic impacted food security and caused psychosocial stress in so...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income categories. We carried out a survey among households (n = 412) representing different income groups in Nigeria. We used validated food insecurity experience and socio-psychologic tools. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The earning capacities of the respondents ranged from 145 USD/month for low-income earners to 1945 USD/month for high-income earners. A total of 173 households (42%) ran out of food during the COVID-19 pandemic. All categories of households experienced increasing dependency on the general public and a perception of increasing insecurity, with the high-income earners experiencing the greatest shift. In addition, increasing levels of anger and irritation were experienced among all categories. Of the socio-demographic variables, only gender, educational level of the household head, work hours per day, and family income based on society class were associated (p < 0.05) with food security and hunger due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological stress was observed to be greater in the low-income earning group, household heads with medium and high family income were more likely to have satisfactory experiences regarding food security and hunger. It is recommended that socio-economic groups should be mapped and support systems should target each group to provide the needed support in terms of health, social, economic, and mental wellness.
DIRECTIONAL STRATEGIES REPORTDirectional strategies Report on the .docxmariona83
DIRECTIONAL STRATEGIES REPORTDirectional strategies Report on the CDC
Darlene Olurin
Capella University
Strategic healthcare Planning
May 2020
INTRODUCTION
The center for Disease, Control and Prevention (CDC) are a unique health organization with a unique mission. The CDC provide evidence-based medicine experience and assistance for domestic and global surveillance, laboratory, occupational health and epidemiology functions and health threats, such as the CoVID-19, infectious diseases, influenza etc. The CDC’s office of public health in preparedness and Response (OPHPR) provide strategic directions, support and coordination for activities across CDC as well as local, state, tribal, national, territorial and international public health partners (CDC, 2019).
Over the years, the CDC has developed a working and effective plan to tackle infectious diseases. A good example was the global response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic that affected more than 214 countries and territories. The CDC’s response at the time, was the most rapid and effective response to an influenza pandemic in history. Through an international donation program, the vaccine was made available to 86 countries. The experience of the2009 H1N1 influenza response, continues to inform preparedness efforts for other future pandemic and public health emergencies. However, federal and state budget cuts threaten the kind of success previously seen, as is evident during this current COVID-19 pandemic. The current presidential administration, shortly after being sworn in made some serious changes that affected the CDC’S response to the pandemic by getting rid of the teams put in place to tackle pandemics this greatly slowed the U’S’s response and lead to a wider spread of this virus. Also, innovation and creativity need to be increased to best utilize existing funds.
VISON, MIISSION AND VALUES OF THE CDC
The vision of the CDC is to create a healthier, safer world that is able to detect prevent and respond to public health threats (CDC, 2019).
The mission statement is to protect all Americans and people of the nations worldwide from public health threats by working with partners to build capacity, advance research and respond in times of crisis like during this current COVID-19 pandemic (CDC, 2019).
The CDC provide technical help, assistance and resources to state and local public health agencies to support the efforts in building and preparing resilient communities (CDC,2011).
To achieve the vision of the CDC, it is vital that stakeholders as across, public health, partners, private sectors, emergency department and other related bodies, work hand in hand.
The CDC will demonstrate leadership in public health preparedness and response by adhering to the following values they have in place:
· Engaging partners on and leveraging collaboration (a strength the TOWS matrix)
· Basing decisions on the best available science
· Encouraging effective communications and inform.
Similar to Government strategies in the covid 19 vaccination program (20)
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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are produced by PT Biofarma, AstraZeneca, China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (Sinopharm), Moderna, Pfizer Inc.
& BioNTech, and Sinovac Biotech Ltd (Kompas, 2021). However, as time goes by, through regulatory changes, Indonesia’s
Ministry of Health allows the provision of Gotong Royong vaccines.
The government has started the COVID-19 vaccination program in Indonesia on Wednesday, 13 January 2021, at the State
Palace (Indonesian: Istana Negara). The person who was first injected with a vaccine made by Sinovac was President Joko Widodo.
At the same time, many officials, religious leaders, representatives from professional organizations, and representatives from the
general public participated in the vaccination. As of 1 September 2021, 63,944,955 people have been injected with phase 1 vaccines.
Meanwhile, the number of people injected with phase 2 vaccines is 36,342,220 people. Specifically, for Palu City, as of 1 September
2021, the number of those injected with phase 1 vaccines is 115,918 people, while the number of those injected with phase 2
vaccines is 76,378 people. Furthermore, the number of those who have been injected with phase 3 vaccines (currently intended for
health workers only) is 1,612 people from a total target of 265,498 people.
The COVID-19 vaccination program raises pros and cons in the community. Not only related to a matter of its mechanism but
the vaccines made by Sinovac from China are also questioned by many people. Policies related to vaccination will certainly not run
smoothly according to the expected goals if there are still some parties who do not accept it well. Therefore, the government is
demanded to provide more understanding to the public about the importance of vaccination through socialization. Not only that,
but the government also needs to improve data concerning people who will be vaccinated and who will not. It is because data errors
often occur in Indonesia and create controversy among the public. In the field, some people have a distrust of the COVID-19
vaccine, especially the effects it causes after being used. An online survey conducted by Indonesia’s Ministry of Health and ITAGI
in collaboration with WHO and UNICEF from 19 to 30 September 2020 indicates as follows. More than 115,000 respondents from
34 provinces and 508 of 514 regencies/cities in Indonesia participated in this survey. Most of them accepted this COVID-19 vaccine.
Only about 7% refused because of the factors of safety, effectiveness, and others (Kompas, 2020). The phenomenon of vaccination
refusal does not only occur in Indonesia. In several countries, such as the US, UK, and China, most people (on average more than
50 – 60 percent) are willing to be vaccinated (Kompas, 2021). Therefore, for solving the problems of pros and cons in the community
related to COVID-19 vaccination, the government needs appropriate policies and communications so that there is no more rejection
of COVID-19 vaccination.
II. METHODS
In this study, the researchers applied a qualitative design with a qualitative descriptive approach. The qualitative method is
expected to describe directly and provide an interrelated connection between researchers and the object that becomes the research
focus. According to Moleong (2013:5), the application of the qualitative method is easier when dealing with multiple realities. In
addition, this method is more sensitive and more able to adapt to many sharpening influences on reality or patterns of shared values
that are faced. In this study, the researchers collected two types of data, namely primary and secondary data. The primary data
consisted of unwritten data in the form of interviews from informants and the results of the researchers’ field observations.
Meanwhile, the secondary data were written data, such as the results of documentation in the form of letters, numerical data, photos,
figures, leaflets, guidebooks, and others. The collected data were analyzed using several steps based on Miles, Huberman, &
Saldana’s theory (2014), consisting of three steps: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing & verification.
III. RESULTS
In Indonesia, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to show an increase from time to time and has resulted in an
increasing number of casualties and material losses. As a result, it has implications on social, economic, and community welfare
aspects. Besides, the impact on the country’s economy is very significant, including a slowdown in national economic growth, a
decrease in state revenues, and an increase in state spending & financing. Not only that, but the COVID-19 pandemic also has an
impact on the deterioration of the financial system as indicated by a decrease in various domestic economic activities. With all the
implications and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the country (in this case: the Indonesian government) issued a policy, namely
vaccination acceleration.
COVID-19 vaccination aims to reduce the transmission of COVID-19, reduce morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19,
achieve herd immunity, and protect the community from COVID-19 in order to remain socially and economically productive. Herd
immunity can only be achieved if vaccination coverage is high and evenly distributed throughout the nation. From an economic
aspect, prevention efforts through the vaccination programs will be much more cost-effective, when compared to treatment efforts.
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3.1. Regulations Concerning COVID-19 Vaccination
In every implementation of a government program, things that should not be forgotten are related to legal instruments, namely
laws and regulations, that will become the legal basis for the implementation, including those concerning the vaccine procurement
program and the COVID-19 vaccination implementation. The Indonesian government has prepared several legal instruments as a
legal basis. However, things that are reviewed and discussed further in this study are preparation and establishment of Presidential
Regulation No. 99/2020 which has been revised and strengthened by Presidential Regulation No. 14/2021, and its implementing or
derivative regulations, namely Indonesia’s Minister of Health Regulation No. 28/2020 concerning the Implementation of Vaccine
Procurement in the Context of a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Indonesia’s Minister of Health Regulation No. 84/2020
concerning the Implementation of Vaccination in the Context of a Response to the COVID-19 (Coronavirus-Disease-2019)
Pandemic. The implementation of vaccination aims to reduce the transmission of COVID-19, reduce morbidity and mortality due
to COVID-19, achieve herd immunity, and protect the community from COVID-19, improve the overall health system, and
maintaining & minimizing social and economic impacts. The government divides the recipients of COVID-19 vaccines into 6 target
groups. The first group consists of medical personnel, army, police, law enforcement officers, and public service officers. The
second group consists of spiritual or community leaders. The third group consists of public figures and education personnel. The
fourth group consists of government officials from the central government, regional government, and even members of the
legislative board. The fifth group consists of recipients of Indonesian health assurance (Indonesian: BPJS Kesehatan). The last is
the sixth group consisting of Indonesian people aged 19 – 59 years.
3.2. Mechanism of COVID-19 Vaccination
A vaccine is an antidote given to prevent disease. In the body, vaccine contributes to creating antibodies. These antibodies have
the function of guarding against disease so that the body is immediately ready to fight it. The purpose of vaccine provision is to
provide immunity to all elements of Indonesian society to reduce the death rates and the number of those infected with the virus or
disease. Vaccines are currently an important tool in the fight against COVID-19 in the current pandemic era. It is encouraging to
know that many types of vaccines have proven successful and are being developed. Requirements for being vaccine recipients are
stated in the Decree of the Director-General of Disease Control and Prevention of Indonesia’s Ministry of Health No.
HK.02.02/4/I/2021 regarding the Guide of the Vaccination Implementation Process During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Countermeasures. The following are some terms and conditions that need to be met.
1) Not have diseases, as written in the screening form.
These diseases are to be exposed to COVID-19, suffer from early indications of respiratory tract infections (cough, flu, asthma,
or others) within 7 days, and receiving prolonged active treatment for blood malfunctions, heart failure, chronic kidney disease,
hyperthyroidism, and cancer.
2) Not pregnant or breastfeeding.
3) Have no family members who are in the treatment of COVID-19.
4) According to the body temperature measurement, the recipient must have a body temperature below 37.5°C.
5) According to blood pressure measurements, the recipient with a result above 140/90 is not allowed to get vaccinated.
6) People with controlled type 2 diabetes and Hb A1C below 58 mmol/mol or 7.5% are allowed to get vaccinated.
By considering that the presence of the COVID-19 vaccine is to form herd immunity, it is estimated that at least 70% of the
Indonesian population or equivalent to 182 million people must get the COVID-19 vaccine. However, it is not easy to get the needed
number of COVID-19 vaccines considering that almost all countries affected by COVID-19 also have priorities/targets to be able
to access the COVID-19 vaccine. Besides, the number of vaccine providers that have met the qualifications for COVID-19
vaccination is also limited. As stated by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, all countries in the world are competing to
obtain the COVID-19 Vaccine. This aims to restore their health system and revive economic conditions.
With the large need for vaccines and the limited vaccine providers in the midst of many countries in the world that also need the
COVID-19 vaccine, the government of Indonesia has taken several ways at once, namely through 3 ways to meet domestic needs.
First, the government of Indonesia is developing the red and white vaccine (Indonesian: Vaksin Merah Putih) independently.
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Second, the government of Indonesia purchases vaccines from abroad. Third, the government of Indonesia is collaborating with
international institutions. The development of the Indonesian COVID-19 vaccine, named the Red and White Vaccine, is carried out
under the coordination of the National Research Agency (Indonesian: Badan Riset Nasional) in collaboration with six institutions,
namely the Bandung Eijkman Institute (Indonesian: Lembaga Eijkman Bandung), the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Indonesian:
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)), University of Indonesia (Indonesian: Universitas Indonesia (UI)), Gadjah Mada
University (Indonesian: Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM)), Bandung Institute of Technology (Indonesian: Institut Teknologi
Bandung (ITB)), and Airlangga University (Indonesian: Universitas Airlangga (UNAIR)). The government estimates that the red
and white vaccine can obtain a permit by the end of 2021 and can be distributed in early 2022.
3.3. Policy Model of COVID-19 Vaccination in Palu
The applied policy model in accelerating COVID-19 vaccination at the regional level is a centralized institutional policy model.
This is indicated by the regulation and procurement of vaccinations carried out by the central government. The government of Palu
has a role in preparing vaccination. The programs for accelerating the COVID-19 vaccination carried out by the government of Palu
are as follows.
1. Vaccine Rangers
The vaccine ranger is a program of the government of Palu in collaboration with the Indonesian Doctor Association (Indonesian:
Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI)) to accelerate vaccination services to the community in which vaccinators directly visit people who
cannot come to the vaccination service locations, such as public health centers or hospitals.
2. Vaccine Ambassadors
The goal of vaccine ambassadors is to create young educators who will later be tasked with educating and socializing the
importance of vaccines. Education and socialization are not only done face to face but also through social media.
3. Vaccine Festival
The government of Palu in collaboration with the Indonesian Doctors Association of Palu held a vaccine festival for the people
of Palu. These mass and free vaccination services also involve health workers from the police, army, regional hospitals, health
centers, and Tadulako University. For three days, people with the age of over 18 years may come by showing their ID card to get
the mass service. This program aims to increase the achievement of vaccination for the elderly, which is still low.
4. Providing vaccination centers and posts
In the context of accelerating the vaccination program, the government of Palu collaborated with several parties work together
to provide vaccination booths. All health centers in Palu are required to prepare free COVID-19 vaccinations. The public can come
only by bringing their ID card and then health workers are ready to carry out free vaccinations for them.
In the context of accelerating the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination, the government of Palu provides vaccination
services through vaccination booths referring to the provisions set by the Ministry of Health through the Decree of the Director-
General No. HK.02.02/4/1/2021 concerning the COVID-19 vaccination technical guidelines, as follows.
a. Intensifying COVID-19 vaccination services in health care facilities, by increasing the number of service days, service sessions
per day, the service time for each session, and the target quota served per session.
b. Increasing the number of health service facilities and health workers who carry out COVID-19 vaccination services.
c. Providing COVID-19 vaccination service posts which can be in the form of:
1) Indoor COVID-19 vaccination service posts, such as those organized by ministries/institutions/business entities/agencies,
airports/stations/terminals, buildings, crowded places (markets or shopping centers), sports stadiums, and places of worship.
2) Outdoor COVID-19 vaccination service posts, such as those located in the field, drive-thru method (service without getting
out of the vehicle), mobile vaccinations by using mobile health centers, or other mobile health services.
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d. Mobilizing the target by coordinating with health service facilities, health offices, or ministry or private institutions. In this
program, the local community can be involved. In implementing the vaccination program, the health offices in the city/regency
level and community health centers can open COVID-19 vaccination service posts with the following mechanism.
1) The community health center proposes a COVID-19 vaccination service post to the health offices in the city/regency level.
2) The health office determines and directly inputs the data into the application of PCare Vaksinasi.
3) The health office and the community health center must ensure the availability of implementing personnel and adequate
facilities to carry out safe and quality COVID-19 vaccination services.
4) The implementation of vaccination services at the vaccination service post must meet the COVID-19 vaccination service
standards.
e. Each vaccination service post must also conduct recording and reporting. In this case, some public institutions/organizations
will participate in implementing the vaccination program. They can work together with the health offices at the city/regency
level, health offices at the provincial level, and the Ministry of Health to open a COVID-19 vaccination service post through
the following mechanisms.
1) Submitting an application to open a vaccination service post to the health office at the city/regency level or provincial
level.
2) The application must be accompanied by data on the target to be vaccinated according to the stage of the vaccine recipient.
It is then input into the One-Way Data Information System for the COVID-19 Vaccination through the application of
Smart Checking.
3) Providing a link/system/registration form & schedule that can provide information concerning the date and time for the
registerer to get vaccinated.
4) The collected data concerning the vaccination targets must be guaranteed its confidentiality through a document containing
an integrity pact from the organizing community, institution, or organization.
5) Vaccination can be carried out after all the data concerning the vaccination targets is input in the One-Way Data
Information System for the COVID-19 Vaccination through the application of Smart Checking by the health office at the
city/regency level.
6) The minimum number of vaccination targets served is 450 – 500 per day.
7) The provision of vaccines and necessary vaccination logistics (ADS, alcohol swab, and safety box) is carried out by
coordinating with the health office at the city/regency level.
8) The minimum number of vaccination teams is 3 teams. The involved vaccination team can come from government health
service facilities, such as public health centers, government hospitals, army hospitals, police hospitals, or private health
service facilities. Human resources with a non-health education background are also needed as field coordinators, security
personnel, administrative staff, and supervisory officers to regulate the flow of services.
9) Prior to the implementation of vaccination activities, there must be socialization and education for the targets of
vaccination.
10) The financial funding for the implementation of vaccination is sourced from the budget of the institution or community
organization that organizes the activity or other legal sources of financing based on the provisions of laws and regulations.
11) The implementation of vaccination services must apply health protocols and meet COVID-19 vaccination service
standards.
12) Each vaccination service post must have a user id and must carry out recording and reporting that is integrated with the
One-Way Data Information System for the COVID-19 Vaccination.
13) As an effort to anticipate the adverse event following immunization (AEFI) (Indonesian: Kejadian Ikutan Pasca Imunisasi
(KIPI)), it is necessary to prepare an ambulance, mobile health center, or special room (mini-ICU) along with an adequate
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anaphylactic kit. At least, 1 expert doctor must be on standby to monitor the process and carry out the first treatment of
AEFI.
5. Vaccination for Pregnant Women
The government of Palu for the first time held the first stage of COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant women on 6 September
2021. Pregnant women are a group at risk of being exposed to COVID-19. They tend to get severe effects with certain medical
conditions. Therefore, vaccination is highly needed by them, as an effort to protect mothers and the baby. Between January
and August 2021, there were 44 pregnant women confirmed with COVID-19. Meanwhile, the number of deaths of pregnant
women due to COVID-19 was two cases. This vaccination is an effort to maintain the health of the next generation and a
mandate to protect the generations.
6. Collaborating with Community Leaders
The involvement of community leaders is important in accelerating vaccination so that citizens are willing to be vaccinated
either by going directly to the vaccination booth or calling the vaccine ranger team so that the team may directly come to their
location as long as they meet the minimum of requirement, namely 10 people. The involvement of community leaders in vaccination
campaigns is to educate the public on the importance of vaccination.
3.4. Budget Sources for COVID-19 Vaccination Programs
The financial funding for the monitoring and prevention of the adverse event following immunization (AEFI) due to COVID-
19 vaccination is borne by the state budget or other legitimate funding sources based on the provisions of laws and regulations.
Funding for active JKN program participants is covered through the JKN mechanism, while funding for non-active JKN program
participants and others is through other funding mechanisms sourced from the state budget of revenues and expenditures carried
out under the provisions of laws and regulations. Furthermore, activities for implementing COVID-19 vaccinations are funded from
the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (Indonesian: Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN)), Regional Revenues
and Expenditures Budget (Indonesian: Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD)), and other sources based on the
provisions of laws and regulations. The costs that must be covered are as follows.
1. Operational costs,
2. Costs of distribution of vaccines and other logistics,
3. Costs of developing and disseminating Information Education Communication (IEC) materials (Indonesian: Materi
Komunikasi, Informasi, dan Edukasi (KIE)),
4. Costs of organizing advocacy meetings, coordination, and socialization,
5. Costs of technical guidance and monitoring, and
6. Costs of AEFI surveillance.
The use of the operational budget for the implementation of vaccinations refers to the Ministerial Decree which stipulates the
Technical Guidelines for Budgeting Planning for the Implementation of Vaccination in the Context of a Response to the COVID-
19 Pandemic, in which it is sourced from the General Allocation Fund (Indonesian: Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU)) and Revenue
Sharing Fund (Indonesian: Dana Bagi Hasil (DBH)) for the 2021 Fiscal Year.
3.5. Communication Model Carried Out by Government of Palu in the COVID-19 Vaccination Program
One of the biggest challenges for successful COVID-19 vaccination is public acceptance and participation. Therefore, public
education must continue to be improved through various information channels. Besides, the interpersonal communication of health
workers in the community must also continue to be improved. This is in line with the findings and recommendations of the
community acceptance survey regarding COVID-19 vaccination conducted by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with ITAGI,
WHO, and UNICEF. However, the government will continue to ensure that the vaccination program will run well and will also
continue to follow the results of COVID-19 clinical trials in various parts of the world with various types of vaccines. This is to
achieve herd immunity in Indonesia (Indonesia’s Ministry of Health, 2021).
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Building public trust in a new vaccine is not easy. Moreover, this vaccination is widely regarded as a government “intention”.
There are even those who suspect that there is a business motivation behind the vaccination, which is played by oligarchs and
plutocrats. The problem is that the majority of stakeholders who take part in this vaccination are controlled by the government on a
top-down basis, both from upstream to downstream activities.
In guarding the success of this vaccination agenda, appropriate communication strategies are needed to build mutual
understanding and acceptance from a wide audience. In fact, society is still divided into three zones, referring to the Social Judgment
Theory of Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn Sherif, as quoted by Richard M. Perloff in his book “The Dynamics of Persuasion” (2010).
The first is people who are in the latitude of acceptance for the vaccine. People in this group argue that vaccines are generally
needed for the body’s immune system to fight the coronavirus. For this reason, the risk of getting infected with this virus will be
much smaller. Even if someone who has been vaccinated is confirmed with COVID-19, the vaccine can prevent severe symptoms
and complications. Some of the people in this group understand that if the vaccine is given to all people, it will encourage the
establishment of herd immunity. Although if asked in more detail, the derivatives of the technical implementation of this vaccination
are not widely understood by the general public.
The second is people who are in the latitude of rejection, namely those who from the beginning did not accept and did not want
to get vaccinated. Generally, it is caused by three things, namely attitudes, subjective norms, and the environment. There are groups
of people who since the beginning have been anti-pathetic to whatever President Jokowi’s government has taken. This can be due
to many factors, including political choices during the presidential election that influences their opinion of Jokowi’s policies.
Subjective norms are related to a normative frame of reference that guides their subjectivity towards vaccines. It can be religion or
a reading source that guides their beliefs, reasoning, and emotions. Besides, environmental factors, such as family, peer groups,
socialization at school, and others, also influence their opinion on vaccines.
The third is people who are in the zone of doubt and have not committed to accept or reject (latitude of non-commitment). This
stratum of society still needs explanations, more adequate information, and affirmation of intentions to change attitudes and behavior
from doubting to accepting or rejecting. By referring to one theory of persuasion, the Theory of Reasoned Action developed by
Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in 1980 in their book “Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach” (2007),
behavior change is determined by one’s intentions. People behave in a conscious way and consider all available information. In this
context, communication plays a strategic role and function in vaccination. Without good communication, the vaccination program
will not touch the consciousness of the majority of people to participate.
Furthermore, the model of communication applied by the government of Palu in the vaccination programs is Lasswell’s model
of communication. It is described further in the following.
3.6. Model of Communication Applied by the Government
Communication is very important in life. Humans need to communicate with each other in the public sphere. One of the old
communication models but is still used by people for certain purposes is the communication model proposed by Harold Lasswell.
He proposes 5 questions that need to be asked and answered in finding out the communication process, namely ‘who’, ‘says what’,
‘in what media/channel’, ‘to whom’, and ‘what its effect’. Those questions create various types of communication, ranging from
horizontal communication (communication between people) to vertical communication (communication from superiors to
subordinates, and vice versa). This vaccination program still raises pros and cons. There are people who are willing to take the
vaccine, but there are also some people who are not willing to get vaccinated for various reasons, ranging from health history,
pregnant conditions, and breastfeeding factors to personal reasons. The Committee for COVID-19 Handling and National Economic
Recovery (Indonesian: Komite Penanganan COVID-19 dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (KPCPEN)) on covid19.go.id reports
that the cons raise due to some misinformation circulating in the community regarding vaccines, such as halal-haram status,
dangerous ingredients in vaccines, effectiveness & safety of vaccines, and others.
In fact, the government has ensured that they will only provide vaccines that are proven to be safe and pass clinical trials
according to WHO recommendations. Furthermore, the COVID-19 vaccines produced by Sinovac are guaranteed to be halal. The
distrust of some people towards the COVID-19 vaccine does not only occur in Indonesia but also occurs in all regions of the world.
This is absolutely homework for all governments in their respective country. A survey that has been conducted by Nature Medicine
(2021) indicates that there are still many global people who have doubts about vaccines. Regarding the attitude of people who are
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still unsure about the COVID-19 vaccination, the government needs to take steps for a more effective communication strategy to
reduce the level of apathy and produce a change in attitude among people who are still unsure about the COVID-19 vaccination.
Communication that occurs regarding the COVID-19 vaccination based on the communication theory put forward by Lasswell
(in Arni Muhammad, 2011) may be identified in five questions, namely ‘who’, ‘says what’, ‘in what media/channel’, ‘to whom’,
and ‘what its effect’. The first is ‘who’. The government official in charge of conveying information to the public regarding the
COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination plans needs to be determined from the beginning. The authorized official should be permanent.
This is important to avoid confusion of information. The results of interviews with informants who support the vaccination program
from the government of Palu indicate that information related to COVID-19 can be found through local television media (e.g., local
TVRI) and social media (e.g., the official Instagram account of the government of Palu). Furthermore, two of the government figures
that often urge the public to get vaccinated are the Mayor of Palu and the Vice Mayor of Palu. Meanwhile, at the level of the local
government working unit, those who always provide information regarding the COVID-19 vaccination are the Heads of Offices
and the Heads of the Civil Services and General Subdivisions.
The second is ‘says what’. Two slogans always conveyed by the government are “Let’s make the COVID-19 vaccination
program successful” and “Together we deal with fake news (hoax) circulating on social media.” According to key informants, there
is a need for collaboration between the government and related parties, such as academicians, vaccine ambassadors, and community
organizations, to filter disturbing news. That kind of news can affect public communications related to the COVID-19 vaccination,
resulting in a decrease in enthusiasm and confidence for those who have not participated in the COVID-19 vaccination program.
The third is ‘what media/channel’. The media or channels used by the government to provide information regarding the
implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination must be easy to be accessed by the public. The provided information must be in
detail, such as information on vaccine procurement, the halal status of the vaccines, the benefits of vaccines, availability of vaccines,
and roadmaps of vaccination in Indonesia.
The fourth is ‘to whom’. Information concerning COVID-19 vaccination is first conveyed to journalists and eventually
consumed by the public. Information provided by the government and the journalists must be the same to avoid miscommunication
in the public. According to the main informant, this is important considering that there are still people who refuse to get vaccinated
because the news circulating in the public is still confusing. With one-way information, it is expected to be able to increase people’s
trust to be willing to get vaccinated.
The fifth is ‘what its effect’. This is concerning the effect of communication applied for COVID-19 vaccination. According to
key informants, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, the government has been open in conveying information and opened
up space for discussion and dialogue regarding the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, the public can convey
their complaints before and after the vaccine. In addition, they may convey various other important matters related to vaccination
to the government, either in the form of notes, input, suggestions, or criticism.
3.7. Challenges in Government Communication in Accelerating Vaccination
3.7.1. Rejection from Society
Based on the survey results from Saiful Mujani Research and Consulting (SMRC) with a margin of error of 3.07%, the number
of people who refuse vaccines is quite high. Quoted from AntaraNews, 33% of the residents of Jakarta do not want to get vaccinated.
Jakarta as the capital city is in the first place, followed by East Java (32%) and Banten (31%). Meanwhile, the province with the
lowest percentage of vaccination refusal is Central Java. However, its rejection rate is still high, namely 20%. In addition, SMRC
also found data that about 31% of Muslim respondents out of a total of 1,220 respondents are not willing to get vaccinated. This is
higher than the percentage of non-Muslims who are not willing to get vaccinated (19%). Furthermore, based on ethnicity, ethnic
groups with the highest percentages of being not willing to get vaccinated are Madurese (58%) and Minang (43%). Meanwhile,
ethnic groups with the highest percentages of being willing to get vaccinated are Batak (57%) and Javanese (56%). Apart from that,
the release of a survey by the Indonesian Survey Institute (Indonesian: Lembaga Survei Indonesia (LSI)) on 18 July 2021 indicates
that from 1,200 respondents who were asked to respond by telephone on 20-15 June 2021, 82.6% of them had not been vaccinated.
Of the total respondents, only 63.6% are willing to get vaccinated, while 36.4 percent are reluctant to get vaccinated. There are
various reasons for refusing the vaccine. The reason with the highest percentage is “the vaccine is unsafe” (55.5%). It is followed
by the reasons “the vaccine is ineffective” (25.4%), “they do not need the vaccines or still feel healthy” (19%), “they do not want
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to pay for the vaccine” (8.7%), “many people have been vaccinated so that they do not need it” (4.1%), “vaccine is just a trick for
gaining profit” (3.8%) and others (9.3%). The percentage of those who do not provide any answer is 1.8%. However, the results of
LSI’s survey indicate that public knowledge of COVID-19 is at 66.5% with the status of knowing the dangers to people’s health
(92%) and the national economy (95.8%). Eka Afrina Djamhari, a public policy researcher, is not surprised to find the results of a
survey of people refusing vaccines. She considers that vaccinations are still experiencing rejection not because of failed
communication but lack of access to information.
Based on the latest COVID-19 data update specifically in Palu, as of 1 September 2021, the total confirmed cases reached 571.
Besides, the number of people in the monitoring is 8,671, while the number of people who have been declared cured is only 7,905.
Meanwhile, the number of the death reached 208. In Palu, some people still do not believe the existence of COVID-19. This kind
of people is difficult to be invited to get vaccinated. In addition, many rejections of vaccines still occur. This is an obstacle and a
challenge for the government of Palu. Therefore, those responsible in the government of Palu must massively provide information
to the public. The rejections occur because the public receives information that is not balanced. In general, people more believe in
hoaxes regarding vaccinations.
3.7.2. Hoax
One of the Indonesian government’s efforts to fight COVID-19 is to hold vaccinations for all Indonesian people. However, this
effort encounters problems because of the emergence of hoaxes in various media. Hoaxes regarding the COVID-19 vaccines are as
follows: (1) hoax about the ingredients of the COVID-19 vaccines, (2) hoax about the impact of the COVID-19 vaccines, and (3)
hoax about the rejection of the COVID-19 vaccines.
Currently, hoaxes in online media have become a public concern. These hoaxes can make people confused in determining the
truth of information, namely which one is in a false category and which one is in a true category. Sometimes, the presence of false
information can cause conflict between groups of friends. This is because each group feels that information, they convey, is true
(Gumilar et al., 2019). A survey conducted by Nadzir I. et al. (2019) on 9 provinces in Indonesia shows that there are 3 hoaxes
believed in the society, namely hoax concerning COVID-19, hoax concerning the presence of millions of Chinese workers in
Indonesia, and hoax concerning the revival of the Indonesian Communist Party (Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI)). The
frequency of access to hoax content and misinformation varies and correlates with educational background, geography, and internet
access. People with higher education tend to have higher exposure to hoaxes and cases of misinformation. Besides, people with
internet access are more likely to be more familiar with hoaxes and misinformation than those who do not have such access.
However, the survey also shows that higher education and better access to information do not guarantee that they will not be
deceived by hoaxes and misinformation. The misinformation about the existence of millions of Chinese workers in Indonesia is the
most widely believed hoax, especially in urban areas. Meanwhile, the rise of the PKI is a hoax that is most widely spread in rural
areas.
In addition to the ingredients of the COVID-19 vaccine, cyberspace is also shocked by the issue of the chip installed in the
COVID-19 vaccine. It is reportedly closely related to Bill Gates who is accused of inserting a microchip in the COVID-19 vaccine.
This microchip conspiracy theory first appeared in March 2020. The news is obtained from a video that spread on Twitter on 19
January 2021 in the form of video clips. One of the most popular clips is about Erick Thohir as the Head of the COVID-19 Handling
Team who is explaining the function of a barcode system. He explained that the barcode contains information regarding the
recipients of the vaccines (CNN Indonesia, 2021).
Another clip mention that the COVID-19 vaccine can cause permanent changes in human DNA, as said by Dr. Carrie Madej,
an internal medicine specialist who has studied the vaccine for 20 years. In another clip, it is said that the COVID-19 vaccine
contains a synthetic genetic code of the coronavirus that could help to improve the health or damage it. Based on the results of an
investigation carried out by BBC, it is known that what Madej said is not true. According to Mark Lynas, a visiting fellow at the
Alliance for Science Cornell University, no vaccine can genetically modify human DNA (Dewi, R.K. & Nugroho, R.S., 2020).
Agiesta, F.S (2020) reported a hoax on social media mentioning that the Indonesian Doctors Association refused to be the first
institution to use the COVID-19 vaccine. According to the person who disseminated the information, the president should be the
first person injected with the COVID-19 vaccine. Based on the investigation of merdeka.com, the information mentioning that the
Indonesian Doctors Association refuses the vaccines is a hoax.
10. Government Strategies In The Covid-19 Vaccination Program (A Study On The Health Policy Model For Covid-19 Vaccination In Palu)
Vol. 29 No. 1 October 2021 ISSN: 2509-0119 20
3.8. The Communication Strategy of the Government of Palu in the Vaccination Program
1. The use of digital media
The government of Palu optimizes its public communication using various channels, such as social media, media centers, and
others managed by the government of Palu as an information center and an ecosystem in socialization and amplification. These
channels are also a platform to answer public questions and prevent hoaxes. Furthermore, the vaccination information is
conveyed through digital media.
2. Partnering with potential local groups
Cross-institutional cooperation aims to embrace key stakeholders (i.e., media, experts/academics, community/religious
leaders, central/local governments, and business actors) to optimize the vaccination program through periodic briefs and
educational content as an extension of the voice of the government.
3. Sharing information with the public
Sharing is an effective instrument to influence a person’s behavior. Furthermore, it is added with cross-institutional
cooperation to prepare mechanisms to accommodate and channel the aspirations of the public.
4. Conventional media
In this case, it is related to the distribution of edu-posters, brochures, and banners in government agencies, schools, markets,
and public places.
5. Face to face
In delivering information about the importance of vaccination, the government also forms a team to directly educate the public.
In addition, the government of Palu also forms vaccine ambassadors as a team to educate people regarding vaccination.
IV. CONCLUSION
The applied policy model in the COVID-19 vaccination is a centralized institutional policy model. The regulation and
procurement of vaccinations are taken over directly by the central government, while the roles of the government of Palu are only
limited to carrying out vaccination campaigns and providing vaccinations to those who must be vaccinated.
The success of a COVID-19 vaccination program depends on many influencing factors. One of them is public communication.
A public communication that is prepared with accuracy, thoroughness, maturity, continuous monitoring, and evaluation will have
a positive influence on the level of knowledge, understanding, and participation of the community. In other words, if the information
given is clear, the community will be sure, not be confused, and no longer need to look for other sources of information. From the
results in the field, according to one of the informants, as the subordinates in the program, they will follow all orders from their
superiors and support all forms of policies issued, including in terms of COVID-19 vaccination. The communication model applied
by the government of Palu in accelerating vaccination is Lasswell’s model of communication. This model has many shortcomings
because communication is only one way. The success of vaccination communication needs to involve all elements or communities
to aggressively carry out campaigns concerning the importance of vaccination.
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