This document discusses crystal-induced arthritides such as gout, which is an inflammatory arthritis associated with hyperuricaemia. Acute gout often affects the first metatarsophalangeal joint, causing sudden and severe pain. Chronic gout can lead to tophaceous deposits of urate crystals in tissues. Hyperuricaemia is generally caused by either impaired uric acid excretion or increased production, and treatment involves medications like allopurinol to reduce uric acid levels as well as lifestyle changes. Pseudogout is another type of crystal arthropathy seen in elderly women that involves calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition.

1. Crystal-induced arthritides
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MSU (monosodium urate)
CPPD (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
HA (calcium hydroxyapatite)
Calcium oxalate (CaOx)

2. Definition
Gout is an inflammatory arthritis
associated with hyperuricaemia

3. Acute and chronic arthritis
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Acute arthritis is the most frequent early clinical
manifestation of MSU gout.
Usually only one joint is affected initially
Polyarticular acute gout is also seen in male
hypertensive patients with ethanol abuse as well as
in postmenopausal women.

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The metatarso phalangeal joint of the first toe is
often involved.
Ankles, and knees are also commonly affected.
In elderly patients, finger joints may be inflamed.

6. Epidemiology
Prevalence of hyperuricaemia 5%
Prevalence of Gout 0.2%
M:F ratio 10:1
Hyperuricaemia is defined as >2 SD from mean 420
μmol in males and 360 μmol/l in females.

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Urate production varies with the purine content of
the diet and the rates of purine biosyntesis,
degradation and salvage.

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2/3 to ¾ of urate is excreted by kidneys, and most of
the remainer is eliminated through the intestines.

9. Factors associated with
High Uric acid
1. Increasing age
2. Obesity
3. High protein diet
4. High alcohol consumption
5. Combined hyperlipidemia
6. Diabetes mellitus
7. Ischaemic heart disease
8. Hypertension

10. Causes of hyperuricaemia
Impaired excretion of uric acid
Increased production of uric
acid

11. Cause of hyperuricaemia
90% have decreased excretion
10% have increased production
1% have in born error of metabolism like HGPRT def
or PRPP overactivity

12. Uric acid synthesis
Uric acid is the last step in purine breakdown
Conversion of hypoxnthine to xanthine and xanthine
to Uric acid is catalysed by Xanthine Oxidase

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Serum urate levels vary with age and sex.
Children: 3 to 4 mg/dl
Adult men: 6 to 6.8 mg/dl

14. Hyperuricemia
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Defined as a plasma urate concentration > 7.0 mg/dl

15. Combined Mechanisms
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Alcohol intake promotes hyperuricemia:
Fast hepatic breakdown of ATP and increases
urate production.
Can induce hyperlacticacidemia, and inhibition of
uric acid secretion.
 The higher purine content in some alcoholic beverages
such as beer may also be a factor.

16. Causes of hyperuricemia
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Primary
No recognized cause
Hypoxanthine
phosphoribosyltransferase
deficiency
Increased phosphoribosyl
pyrophosphatase activity.
Secundary
Hereditary fructose
intolerance
Mieloproliferative disease
Linfoproliferative disease
Hemolitic anemia
Drugs: Low-doses salicylate,
diuretis, pyrazinamide,
ethambutol, nicotinamide, etanol

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Several events may precipitate acute gouty arthritis:
 Dietary excess
 Trauma
 Surgery
 Excessive ethanol ingestion
 Glucocorticoid withdrawal

19. Uric acid excretion
UA is completely filtered by glomerulus
Almost 100% is reabsorbed by proximal tubule
50% is re-excreted by distal tubule
Low dose aspirin blocks secretion
High dose aspirin blocks reabsorption

20. Impaired excretion
Chronic renal failure
Drugs: thiazides, low dose aspirin
Hypertenion
Lead toxicity
Pr. Hyperparathroidism
Hypothyroidism
↑lactic acid production: alcohol,
exercise,starvation
G 6 PD deficiency

21. Increased production
Lesch Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency
PRPP overactivity
G6 PD deficiency
Increased purine turnover
Myeloproliferative disorders eg Polycythemia
rubra vera
Lymphoproliferative disorders like leukemia
Carcinoma esp after chemo, severe psoriasis

22. CLINICAL FEATURES OF
HYPERURICAEMIA
Acute Urate synovitis-gout
Chronic polarticular gout
Chronic tophaceous gout
Urate renal stones

25. Acute Gout
Sudden onset of severe agonizing pain, swelling of
1st
MTP joint
Too painful to touch or move
Precipitated by food, exercise, alcohol or diuretic
Usually recovers in 7 days
Typically associated with desquamation of overlying
skin

26. Investigations
Joint fluid microscopy
Specific
Technically difficult
Serum Urate usually raised, may fall after an acute
attackte and creatinine
Monitor serum ur

28. Treatment
High Dose NSAIDs
Rapid response
Naproxen 750 mg initially then 500mg bid
Diclofenac 75-100 mg intially then 50 mg bid or tid
Indomemethacin 75 mg initially the 50 mg bid or qid

29. Alternative treatments
Colchisine 1000mg initially then 500mg bid to qid
((DIARRHOEA))
Corticosteroids ((intramuscular or intra articular))–
depot methylpredisolone

30. Reduction of Serum Urate
Dietary advice
Weight reduction
Advice on alcohol consumption

31. Pharmacological agents
Decrease Uric acid production ((ALLOPURINOL))
Increase Uric acid excretion((PROBENECID))

32. A word about Allopurinol
Relatively safe drug
Can cause rashes and rarely bone marrow
suppression
Use only in frequent and severe attacks when diet
and life style modification has failed to prevent
acute attacks
DO NOT USE within ONE MONTH of acute attack
Started under cover of NSAIDs

33. Chronic polyarticular gout
Elderly on long term diuretic treatment
Renal failure
Allopurinol treatment started soon after acute to
gout

35. Chronic tophaceous gout
Sodium urate forms white smooth deposits in skin
and around joints
Typical sites
Ear lobes, fingers and Achilles tendon
Can ulcerate
Causes bone destruction (punched out) bone cysts
on x-rays
Often accom. by renal impairmrnt

39. Psudogout ((Pyrophosphate athropathy))
1. Another form of crystal arthropathy
2. Can resemble acute gout
3. Affects elderly women
4. Usually affects knees and wrists
5. Caused by deposition of Calcium pyrophosphate
crystals

40. Associations of pseudogout
Haemochromotosis
Hyperparathyoidism
Wilson’s disease
alkaptonuria

41. Diagnosis
Chondrocalcinosis on xrays
Joint aspiration and polarised microscopy to reveal
WEAKLY POSITIVE RHOMBOIDAL crystals