Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is transmitted through sexual contact and can also spread from mother to baby during childbirth. Symptoms vary between males and females, with many cases being asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur in males they include dysuria and urethral discharge, while in females symptoms may include increased vaginal discharge or bleeding. Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics like ceftriaxone or azithromycin. It remains an issue as cases number over 200 million per year globally and antibiotic resistance has increased.

1. Rehan Kiani
Pharm.D 2nd Year(YIPS)

2. 
 It is an infectious venereal disease caused by Gram-
negative diplococci- gonococcus (Neisseria
gonorrhea).
 It is transmitted sexually.
 It is characterized by lesions of mucous membranes
of the urinary organs.
What is Gonorrhea??

3. 
 According to WHO, incidences for gonorrhea is
about 200 million cases per year.
 There are following features for gonorrhea infection;
i. Reduced sensitivity of gonococcus to traditional
anti-bacterial agents.
ii. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics leads to appearance
resistant organisms.
About Gonorrhea

4. 
 It is caused by Gram- negative diplococci- gonococcus
Neisseria gonorrhea.
 Diplococcus have length from 1.25-1.6 microns and 0.7-0.8
microns in cross section.
 It is shaped like coffee beans, concave surface facing each
other.
 Gonococcus-main pathogenic organism adapted to
destroy mucous membrane covered with cylindrical
epithelium.
 In patients body gonococci often undergo L-
transformation after using chemotherapeutic drugs.
Causative Agent

5. 
 The optimum conditions for development of
gonorrhea are;
 pH = 4-7
 Temperature= 35.5C
 Carbon dioxide content in environment= 2-10%
Conditions for
Development of
Gonorrhea

6. 
 It is classified into following types;
i. Gonorrhea of urogenital organs (the genital).
ii. Extragenital gonorrhea (gonorrhea of mouth,
rectum, pharynx, tonsils, eyes).
iii. Metastatic (disseminated) is a complication of first
two types.
Classification of Gonorrhea

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Pathogenesis

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 Gonorrhea is a STD.
 It mainly spreads through sexual contacts.
 It infects both man and women.
 Can also spread perinatally from mother to baby
during childbirth.
Spread of Gonorrhea

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In males
 Many men are asymptomatic.
 When present it includes dysuria and white, yellow,
or green urethral discharge which appears after one
to fourteen days of infection.
 In severe case it includes testicular or scrotal pain.
Signs and Symptoms of
Gonorrhea

10. 
In Females
 Most women with gonorrhea are asymptomatic.
 The initial symptoms and signs in women include
dysuria, increased vaginal discharge, or vaginal
bleeding between periods.
 Symptoms of rectal infection in both men and
women may include discharge, anal itching,
soreness, bleeding, or painful bowel movements.

11. 
 It is treated with antibiotics.
 It is usually treated with the injection of ceftraxzone.
 can also be treated with single with single dose of
azithromyocin.
Treatment

12. 
 https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-
gonorrhea-detailed.htm
References

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