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1. GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
KIRAN.H.PATIL
ID.NO.PALB7120
Course : Natural Resource And Environmental Economics

2. FLOW OF PRESENTATION
• Introduction
• Recent facts
• Causes
• Impact
• Solution

3. GLOBAL WARMING
• an average increase in the temperature of the the Earth’s surface
and ocean which can contribute to changes in global climate
patterns .
• The climate change phenomenon refers to seasonal changes over a
long period with respect to the growing accumulation of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, ozone layer depletion.
• In specific terms, an increase of 1 or more degrees Celsius in a period
of one hundred to two hundred years would be considered global
warming.

4. RECENT FACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
• Rice cultivation emitted 3.33 million tons of CH4 in india.
• As per NASA, “the global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius
(1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005.
• Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global warming
research have recently predicted that average global temperatures could increase
between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100
• The recent catastrophic climatic events like the massive floods in Pakistan and India,
the Hurricane Irma in Florida of the United States( Loss of 64.76billionUSD), the
prolonged droughts in Australia, China, Pakistan, India and Texas, are all the results of
increased temperatures due to global warming.

5. Carbon di-oxide emission at global level

6. CAUSES FOR GLOBAL WARMING

7. . water vapor the most abundant greenhouse gas, water vapor increases as
the earth's atmosphere warms
carbon dioxide It is released through natural processes such as respiration
and volcano eruptions and through human activities such as burning of
fossil fuel
methane. a hydrocarbon gas produced both through activities, including
the decomposition of wastes in landfills, agriculture, and especially rice
cultivation, as well as ruminant digestion and manure management
associated with domestic livestock .
nitrous oxide. a powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation
practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel
combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Perfume sprays and refrigerator are source of
emission they cause destruction of the ozone layer.
Green house gases causing Global warming

8. WE ONLY CONSIDER THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT OF HUMAN ORIGIN, SOMETIMES
CALLED “ADDITIONAL” GREENHOUSE EFFECT (BECAUSE IT GOES ON TOP OF THE
NATURAL ONE), IT IS CALLED ANTHROPIC GREENHOUSE EFFECT.

9. GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL
• For each greenhouse gas, a Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been calculated
• reflect how long it remains in the atmosphere, on average, and how strongly it
absorbs energy, and increases temperature of the earth.
• Gases with a higher GWP absorb more energy, per pound, than gases with a lower
GWP, and thus contribute more to warming Earth.
• GWP FOR CO2 is 1 for methane is 25 and for CFC is 10,900

10. DEFORESTATION
• Forests and bushland act as carbon sinks and are a valuable means of keeping global warming
to lower level .
• But humans clear vast areas of vegetation around the world for farming, urban and
infrastructure development or to sell tree products like timber and palm oil.
• When vegetation is removed or burnt, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere
as CO2, contributing to global warming.
• Up to one-fifth of global greenhouse gas pollution comes from deforestation and forest
degradation.
• Preventing deforestation as well as planting trees, through reforestation and afforestation, are
important actions in the fight against global warming.
•

11. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
• Ozone depletion refers to the phenomenon of reductions in the amount of ozone
in the stratosphere.
• Causes: high levels of chlorine and bromine compounds in the stratosphere. Ex.
CFC, bromoflourocarbons
• Effects: UV rays will reach earth surface leading to temperature rise
• UV rays also cause several skin diseases
• Photosynthesis by plants will also be affected, as well affect food production.

12. BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS
• When we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to create electricity or power our cars, we release
CO2 into the atmosphere.
• Electricity generation is the main cause of carbon pollution , because 73% of our electricity comes
from burning coal and 13% from burning gas . The remaining 14% comes from renewable energy
sources like hydro, solar and wind, which do not emit carbon pollution .
• Reducing the amount of electricity generated from coal and gas, and increasing the amount of
electricity from clean, renewable energy sources like solar and wind, means less carbon is emitted.
This is one of the main ways we can address global warming.

13. FARMING
Animals, particularly livestock like sheep and cattle, produce methane, a greenhouse gas. When livestock are
grazed at a large scale, as in Australia, the more amount of methane produced.
India may be home to 15% of the global livestock population, but its contribution to the global methane
emissions by the domesticated animals is only 10.63%, a study by the National Institute of Animal Nutrition
and Physiology (NIANP) has revealed.
Agriculture accounts for 10‐12% of total global anthropogenic GHG emission
Rice production accounts for 11% of methane emission
South and East Asia accounts for 82% of total methane emissions from rice production
Some fertilizers that farmers use also release nitrous oxide, which is another greenhouse gas.

14. Impact of global warming
Faster snow melting and glacier depletion cause for rise in sea level.
Melting of glaciers will put half of world’s population under threat from
flooding
Siachin Glacier has retreated by around 1 km in past 25 years.
Loss of biodiversity in tepmperate region.

15. GLACIER MELTING

16. SEA LEVEL Rise- Submerged coastal cities

17. SEA LEVEL RISE
water levels will rise due to melting of glaciers and thermal expansion of waters. over the last century,
a rise of 10-25 cm has been recorded and it put in danger the low lying islands and areas.
In india also 6,500 km area is low lying and IPCC has identified india as one of the 27 most
vulnerable countries to sea level rise.
A one meter sea level rise is projected to Displace approximately 7.1 million people in india and
about 5,764 km2 of land area will be lost, along with 4200 km of road. Around seven million people
are projected to be displaced due to submersion of parts of mumbai and chennai if global
temperatures were to rise by a mere 2 °C.

18. POPULATION DISPLACEMENT
• Rise in the sea level leads to flooding of coastal areas affect life of people.
• Government takes care of people of affected area,
• So Government incur more expenditure on creating infrastructural facility and
displacement of those affected population to new area
• this creates burden on Government ,take the loan from abroad , cause deficit
budgeting.
• It will be serious problem in Indian context.

19. DIRECT TEMPERATURE EFFECT
• Increase in temperature affect the productivity of agricultural labour.
• Very high temperature during summer causes dehydration, skin cancer, death of
people(Delhi&Hydrabad)
• Very high temperature affect photosynthesis affect food production.
• During winter very low temperature in Delhi.

22. FARMER SUICIDES
• Carleton estimates that more than 59,000 farmer suicides over the past 30 years can be linked
to global warming.
• According to one estimate cited in Carleton’s article,
• High temperatures in the growing season reduce crop yields, putting economic pressure on
India’s farmers,
• Using state-scale panel data for 1967–2013, the author suggests that an increase in 1 °C
temperature in a single day can cause ∼70 suicides. The evidence, she argues, is consistent
with “an agriculture channel in which heat damages crops,” resulting in economic hardship and
suicide.
• “These crop losses causing both farming and nonfarming populations to face distress as food
prices rise and agricultural labor demand falls.”

23. WATER STRESS : Global warming is affecting the hydrological cycle and
availability of fresh water.
Variability in monsoons can lead to sever water stresses.
Ministry of Water Resources has already declared that nine states including
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab are already facing major water
deficit.
Coral Bleaching – Corals are a result of symbiotic existence of coral polyps
and zooxanthellae.
Corals are bred in highly temperature sensitive regions in the range of 18-30
degree Celsius.
Due to rise in temperature and dissolved carbonic acid due to higher concentration
of CO2, corals start to lose their color.
Another reason of bleaching is increased exposure to UV rays due to Ozone
depletion

25. NIPAH VIRUS OUTBREAK IN KERALA
• Transmitted by fruit eating bats.
• Due to urbanisation, deforestation, industrialisation, clearing of forest area for
agriculture and horticulture crop production.
• Destruction of habitat of bat and also decrease in availability of food, nectar to
bats
• Resistance level for diseases is decreased, virus get multiplied at increasing rate.
• Bats becomes susceptible to viral disease.
• As contagious disease spread through fruits eating bats.
• Caused death of 16 people in kerala state.

26. GLOBAL DISTILLATION
• Global distillation or the grasshopper effect is the geochemical process by which
most notably persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are transported from warmer
to colder regions of the Earth, particularly the poles and mountain tops.
• Global distillation explains why relatively high concentrations of POPs have been
found in the Arctic environment and in the bodies of animals and people who live
there, even though as there is no agriculture practiced in polar region but POC
accumulation occurs.
• POC includes DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, and lindane.

27. SOLUTIONS
• Global Environment Facility – It was established with the help of World Bank,to
transfer environmentally friendly technologies from developed countries to
developing countries for checking the greenhouse gases emissions.
• Develop the ecological faith of individual.
• Increase in public transport facility and car pooling technology to reduce cost on
fuel as well as emission of waste gas.
• Dependence on renewable energy rather than non renewable energy for
electricity generation.

28. • Upgrade your refrigerator and air conditioner, especially if they are more than five
years old
• A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuel. It is nothing but a
estimation of negative externality of green house gas emission, tax levied based
on carbon content of fuel.
• Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.
• David Gordon Wilson first proposed a carbon tax in 1973.
• In India carbon tax rate $140 per ton for petrol and $64 for diesel.
• replace traditional incandescent bulb with CFL /LED bulbs which accounts for 25-
80% energy saving.

29. • through improved livestock productivity, better feed and manure use could
reduce methane levels.
• Odd and even rule by Delhi Government.
• Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles (FAME)
scheme by Central Government was launched in 2015,it is a pilot project for
funding electric vehicles in 11 cities for public transport purposes.
• 60% subsidy is provided to buses, 20% for three-wheelers and 10-15% to four-
wheelers. Almost 10% of the total subsidy will be spent on establishing charging
stations.
• reduce use of paper, recycling of paper- digital India cashless economy.

30. REFERENCE
• Down to Earth
• http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/en/
• http://resources.emb.gov.hk/envir-ed/text/global
• http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/index.html
• http://www.tchps.edu.hk/greenweb/greenMaind
• Https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-
warming-effects/

31. THANK YOU