This document provides an individual assignment on global health issues submitted by Walelign Mengistu and Kassahun Lemma. It discusses several topics related to global health, including globalization and health, global cooperation in international health, the Sustainable Development Goals and their relation to health, and the impact of climate change on health. The assignment aims to define key terms, describe different issues, and explain the relationships between globalization, international cooperation, and health-related development goals and climate change. It does so over several pages and sections that analyze each topic in detail through examples and explanations.
1) The document discusses the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS globally and in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It describes current estimates of HIV infection, how people become infected, and characteristics of the pandemic in the EMR.
2) Prevention recommendations for the EMR include fostering religion, health education, and dealing with HIV/AIDS as a social and health issue rather than just a moral one. Harm reduction programs and increasing HIV testing are emphasized.
3) Barriers to prevention in the MENA region include cultural, social, political and legal factors that discourage discussions of sexuality and criminalize risk groups. Reducing stigma and discrimination is important for effective prevention.
Canada has shown global leadership in fighting Covid19 through extensive vaccination efforts, research funding, and collaboration with international partners like the WHO. However, Canada still faces challenges like restrictions on medical supplies from the US and soaring prices. To overcome these issues, Canada secured alternative supply chains, strengthened health measures, and advocates that all countries work together through global health diplomacy to prepare for future pandemics.
The 2009–2013 campaign calls on all those responsible for diabetes care to understand diabetes and take control. For people with diabetes, this is a message about empowerment through education. For governments, it is a call to implement effective strategies and policies for the prevention and management of diabetes to make sure that their citizens with and at risk of diabetes receive the best possible care. For healthcare professionals, it is a call to improve knowledge so that evidence-based recommendations are put into practice. For the general public it is a call to understand the serious impact of diabetes, to know how to identify the condition and, where possible, know how to avoid or delay diabetes and its complications.
COVID-19: What went right, what went wrong and how do we learn from this? John Middleton
Look at UK English and European experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Successes and failures. Presentation for a meeting of the Centre for Health and Development (CHAD) University of Staffordshire. Centre via recorded lecture, Thursday, 28 October 2021 12:00 211027 4 definitive middleton chad conference final
Video presentation also to be available online
ueda2012 idf between serious pandemic and difficult solution-d.adelueda2015
The document summarizes the global challenge of diabetes and IDF's efforts to address it. Specifically:
1) Diabetes is a growing global epidemic, with over 366 million cases currently and projections of over 500 million cases by 2030. It disproportionately impacts low and middle income countries.
2) IDF is leading global efforts to combat diabetes through initiatives like securing a UN resolution on diabetes, organizing a UN summit on non-communicable diseases, and establishing a 2011-2021 Global Diabetes Plan.
3) The Global Diabetes Plan aims to improve diabetes treatment and prevention, reduce discrimination, and support national diabetes programs through actions like strengthening health systems and allocating more resources.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
This project aims to improve diabetes care in Delmas 32, Haiti by sensitizing the local population, training healthcare workers, and providing clinical services. Diabetes care is fragmented in Haiti and not widely accessible due to poverty and lack of resources. The project will work with local partners to educate the community and provide 9,200 patient consultations over two years, with emphasis on prevention, eye care, foot care, and gestational diabetes. It aligns with national health strategies and WDF priorities to expand diabetes services to underserved areas.
1) The document discusses the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS globally and in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It describes current estimates of HIV infection, how people become infected, and characteristics of the pandemic in the EMR.
2) Prevention recommendations for the EMR include fostering religion, health education, and dealing with HIV/AIDS as a social and health issue rather than just a moral one. Harm reduction programs and increasing HIV testing are emphasized.
3) Barriers to prevention in the MENA region include cultural, social, political and legal factors that discourage discussions of sexuality and criminalize risk groups. Reducing stigma and discrimination is important for effective prevention.
Canada has shown global leadership in fighting Covid19 through extensive vaccination efforts, research funding, and collaboration with international partners like the WHO. However, Canada still faces challenges like restrictions on medical supplies from the US and soaring prices. To overcome these issues, Canada secured alternative supply chains, strengthened health measures, and advocates that all countries work together through global health diplomacy to prepare for future pandemics.
The 2009–2013 campaign calls on all those responsible for diabetes care to understand diabetes and take control. For people with diabetes, this is a message about empowerment through education. For governments, it is a call to implement effective strategies and policies for the prevention and management of diabetes to make sure that their citizens with and at risk of diabetes receive the best possible care. For healthcare professionals, it is a call to improve knowledge so that evidence-based recommendations are put into practice. For the general public it is a call to understand the serious impact of diabetes, to know how to identify the condition and, where possible, know how to avoid or delay diabetes and its complications.
COVID-19: What went right, what went wrong and how do we learn from this? John Middleton
Look at UK English and European experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Successes and failures. Presentation for a meeting of the Centre for Health and Development (CHAD) University of Staffordshire. Centre via recorded lecture, Thursday, 28 October 2021 12:00 211027 4 definitive middleton chad conference final
Video presentation also to be available online
ueda2012 idf between serious pandemic and difficult solution-d.adelueda2015
The document summarizes the global challenge of diabetes and IDF's efforts to address it. Specifically:
1) Diabetes is a growing global epidemic, with over 366 million cases currently and projections of over 500 million cases by 2030. It disproportionately impacts low and middle income countries.
2) IDF is leading global efforts to combat diabetes through initiatives like securing a UN resolution on diabetes, organizing a UN summit on non-communicable diseases, and establishing a 2011-2021 Global Diabetes Plan.
3) The Global Diabetes Plan aims to improve diabetes treatment and prevention, reduce discrimination, and support national diabetes programs through actions like strengthening health systems and allocating more resources.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
This project aims to improve diabetes care in Delmas 32, Haiti by sensitizing the local population, training healthcare workers, and providing clinical services. Diabetes care is fragmented in Haiti and not widely accessible due to poverty and lack of resources. The project will work with local partners to educate the community and provide 9,200 patient consultations over two years, with emphasis on prevention, eye care, foot care, and gestational diabetes. It aligns with national health strategies and WDF priorities to expand diabetes services to underserved areas.
Primary health care (PHC) is based on five principles: accessibility of health services to all people, full community participation, emphasis on preventive rather than curative services, use of appropriate technology, and integration with social and economic development. The nurse plays many roles in PHC, including healthcare provider, educator, manager, researcher, evaluator, coordinator, and change agent. As an educator and change agent, the nurse teaches communities about health and promotes behavioral changes.
This document outlines a unit on international public health. It discusses the need for a global perspective on health and defines key concepts like international health, public health, and global health. Important forces affecting international health are noncommunicable diseases, communicable diseases, food security and nutrition, environmental health, and health inequity. Current issues requiring global action include long COVID, mental health, climate change impacts, and strengthening health systems. International public health actions involve health promotion, disease prevention, health protection like immunization, and pandemic control. Globalization can impact health through issues like nutrition, emerging diseases, pharmaceutical industries, and effects on underdeveloped nations.
This interactive webinar is part of the world tour series designed by the World Health Organization's Patients for Patient Safety (PFPS) Global Network and hosted by Patients for Patient Safety Canada, the patient-led program of the Canadian Patient Safety Institute, a WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety and Patient Engagement.
Alternative approaches for sustaining the HIV and AIDS response in Dominican ...HFG Project
The purpose of this report is to capture and consolidate the suggestions of the Sustainability Group for consideration by the Government of Dominican Republic (GODR) and other relevant stakeholders. GODR will be able to draw from this report when developing its HIV sustainability strategy, revising the National Strategic Plan for HIV (PEN), and developing other planning and policy documents.
Canada’s Rare Disease Drug Program
Vision: Integrated, Inclusive, Innovative Rare Drug System
Single Seamless Pathway from R&D, CT, regulatory approval, access parameters, monitoring, values-based assessment, price negotiations
Governance board representing all stakeholders: diverse patient community, clinical specialities, public/private drug plan providers, HTA agencies, pharmaceutical companies, subject matter experts (regulatory, research)
Building for Success: 12 Steps, 4 Platforms
governance of public health practices globallypptx.pptxKeirelEdrin
The document summarizes the important individuals and agencies that constitute global health governance. It identifies several key intergovernmental organizations focused on global health, including the World Health Organization, United Nations agencies like UNICEF and UNAIDS, and other international bodies. It also discusses important non-governmental organizations in global health like Doctors Without Borders. The document then outlines some of the core functions of the WHO and issues that can arise with global health initiatives, such as a lack of coordination and sustainability.
This document discusses surveillance and community diagnosis in public health. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of data for public health planning, implementation and evaluation. Integrated disease surveillance aims to reduce morbidity and mortality through rational decision making and public health interventions. A community diagnosis comprehensively assesses a community's health status in relation to its social, physical and biological environment to identify problems, priorities and resources. Key steps involve identifying the target population, applying ethics, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings to stakeholders.
Get an update on this quarter’s new funding streams. Our team will share donor trends, upcoming new funding streams, and programs from USAID, the EU, GIZ, Nordic donors, and the United Nations.
The document provides an outline for a seminar on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the purpose and scope of the IHR, which is to prevent and respond to the spread of disease across borders in a way that balances public health risks with trade and travel. The document outlines the history of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. It discusses events that demonstrated the need for revisions, like SARS in 2003. Key aspects of the updated IHR include applying to all health threats rather than specific diseases and emphasizing containment at the source of outbreaks.
The document discusses international health and globalization. It introduces concepts in international health like equity, poverty, environment, culture, and urbanization. It then discusses the history of international health organizations like the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851 and the establishment of WHO, UNICEF, and other agencies. Globalization is defined and its positive and negative impacts on health are described. The roles of WHO, World Bank, and other multilateral organizations in health promotion in Nepal are also summarized.
The document summarizes a presentation on International Health Regulations given on July 32nd, 2022. It provides an outline of the topics covered in the presentation, including an introduction to IHR, its purpose and scope, history, comparison of the 1969 and 2005 versions, Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, and challenges of implementation. The presentation also discusses the need for IHR, its benefits, COVID-19, and the way forward.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Fairer world for a healthier and safer world
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Priyanka Raj CK
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.2021.1112
Affiliation: Deputy Editor-In-Chief, IJMSNR, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, National University of Science & Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, Al Batinah North, Sultanate of Oman. Email ID: priyankaraj@nu.edu.om
Article Summary: Submitted: 02-August-2021
Revised : 30-August-2021
Accepted : 03-September-2021
Published: 30-September-2021
The document discusses improving health equity globally. It notes that 40% of the world's population lacks hand hygiene facilities and over 90% of people breathe polluted air. COVID-19 exacerbated inequities as the poor faced greater job/food insecurity and service disruptions. WHO works to improve equity by addressing social determinants of health like economic status, promoting gender equity, and monitoring progress to identify and close health gaps between populations.
The document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the history and development of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. A key change was expanding the scope from 3 specific diseases to cover all public health emergencies that could spread internationally. Events meeting specified criteria are designated as Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. The document reviews past health events like SARS and avian influenza that demonstrated the need for strengthened global cooperation under a revised IHR framework.
The document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the history and development of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. A key change was expanding the scope from specific diseases to cover all public health emergencies. Events like SARS, avian influenza, and Chernobyl showed the need for a revised international framework for coordinated response. The 2005 IHR aim to prevent the spread of disease while avoiding unnecessary trade restrictions.
REPORT ON WORLD AIDS DAY 2022 CELEBRATION AT ELMCH.docxanjalatchi
The nursing department at ERA LUCKNOW MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL organized activities to mark World AIDS Day 2022 with the theme of "Equalize". Nursing students educated others about HIV/AIDS through charts, posters, and speeches covering causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of AIDS. They also performed role plays in hospital wards and outpatient departments to raise awareness.
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes now account for over half of deaths in India and place a large economic burden. The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Strokes (NPCDCS) aims to address NCDs through health promotion, screening, diagnosis, management, and capacity building integrated into primary healthcare. Current programs have had limited implementation; a comprehensive and widespread approach is still needed to reduce the growing NCD burden in India.
ICNSW Covid-19 Community Impact and Recovery Forum Report EliasAttia1
A report on the experiences of Australian Muslims living in Western Sydney during the 2021 Covid-19 lockdowns. Published by the Islamic Council of NSW, Australia. The report was completed following an inaugural Covid-19 Recovery Forum on 20 October 2021, telephone interviews and surveys. Most of our respondents came from the Health, Education and community sectors.
Epidemiologists measure disease frequency and health status in populations using various metrics. Morbidity is measured using incidence rates which describe new cases over time. Incidence can be calculated as cumulative incidence from a stable population or incidence density using person-time. Mortality is measured using rates like crude death rate from the total population or age-adjusted rates to control for demographic factors. Rates express the probability of an event and are calculated by dividing the number of events by the population at risk over a specified time period.
The document provides guidance on critically appraising research articles. It defines critical appraisal as carefully analyzing research methodology to assess validity, results, and relevance. The process examines bias and evaluates internal/external validity. Critical appraisal is important for literature reviews, program evaluation, policymaking, and more. It involves reading the abstract, introduction, methodology, results, and discussion sections to evaluate study design, measures, sample size, analysis, conclusions, and comparison to prior research. The example shows how to appraise a cohort study by assessing exposure and outcome definitions, follow up time, measurement methods, attrition, confounding, results, and applicability.
Primary health care (PHC) is based on five principles: accessibility of health services to all people, full community participation, emphasis on preventive rather than curative services, use of appropriate technology, and integration with social and economic development. The nurse plays many roles in PHC, including healthcare provider, educator, manager, researcher, evaluator, coordinator, and change agent. As an educator and change agent, the nurse teaches communities about health and promotes behavioral changes.
This document outlines a unit on international public health. It discusses the need for a global perspective on health and defines key concepts like international health, public health, and global health. Important forces affecting international health are noncommunicable diseases, communicable diseases, food security and nutrition, environmental health, and health inequity. Current issues requiring global action include long COVID, mental health, climate change impacts, and strengthening health systems. International public health actions involve health promotion, disease prevention, health protection like immunization, and pandemic control. Globalization can impact health through issues like nutrition, emerging diseases, pharmaceutical industries, and effects on underdeveloped nations.
This interactive webinar is part of the world tour series designed by the World Health Organization's Patients for Patient Safety (PFPS) Global Network and hosted by Patients for Patient Safety Canada, the patient-led program of the Canadian Patient Safety Institute, a WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety and Patient Engagement.
Alternative approaches for sustaining the HIV and AIDS response in Dominican ...HFG Project
The purpose of this report is to capture and consolidate the suggestions of the Sustainability Group for consideration by the Government of Dominican Republic (GODR) and other relevant stakeholders. GODR will be able to draw from this report when developing its HIV sustainability strategy, revising the National Strategic Plan for HIV (PEN), and developing other planning and policy documents.
Canada’s Rare Disease Drug Program
Vision: Integrated, Inclusive, Innovative Rare Drug System
Single Seamless Pathway from R&D, CT, regulatory approval, access parameters, monitoring, values-based assessment, price negotiations
Governance board representing all stakeholders: diverse patient community, clinical specialities, public/private drug plan providers, HTA agencies, pharmaceutical companies, subject matter experts (regulatory, research)
Building for Success: 12 Steps, 4 Platforms
governance of public health practices globallypptx.pptxKeirelEdrin
The document summarizes the important individuals and agencies that constitute global health governance. It identifies several key intergovernmental organizations focused on global health, including the World Health Organization, United Nations agencies like UNICEF and UNAIDS, and other international bodies. It also discusses important non-governmental organizations in global health like Doctors Without Borders. The document then outlines some of the core functions of the WHO and issues that can arise with global health initiatives, such as a lack of coordination and sustainability.
This document discusses surveillance and community diagnosis in public health. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of data for public health planning, implementation and evaluation. Integrated disease surveillance aims to reduce morbidity and mortality through rational decision making and public health interventions. A community diagnosis comprehensively assesses a community's health status in relation to its social, physical and biological environment to identify problems, priorities and resources. Key steps involve identifying the target population, applying ethics, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings to stakeholders.
Get an update on this quarter’s new funding streams. Our team will share donor trends, upcoming new funding streams, and programs from USAID, the EU, GIZ, Nordic donors, and the United Nations.
The document provides an outline for a seminar on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the purpose and scope of the IHR, which is to prevent and respond to the spread of disease across borders in a way that balances public health risks with trade and travel. The document outlines the history of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. It discusses events that demonstrated the need for revisions, like SARS in 2003. Key aspects of the updated IHR include applying to all health threats rather than specific diseases and emphasizing containment at the source of outbreaks.
The document discusses international health and globalization. It introduces concepts in international health like equity, poverty, environment, culture, and urbanization. It then discusses the history of international health organizations like the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851 and the establishment of WHO, UNICEF, and other agencies. Globalization is defined and its positive and negative impacts on health are described. The roles of WHO, World Bank, and other multilateral organizations in health promotion in Nepal are also summarized.
The document summarizes a presentation on International Health Regulations given on July 32nd, 2022. It provides an outline of the topics covered in the presentation, including an introduction to IHR, its purpose and scope, history, comparison of the 1969 and 2005 versions, Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, and challenges of implementation. The presentation also discusses the need for IHR, its benefits, COVID-19, and the way forward.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Fairer world for a healthier and safer world
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Priyanka Raj CK
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.2021.1112
Affiliation: Deputy Editor-In-Chief, IJMSNR, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, National University of Science & Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, Al Batinah North, Sultanate of Oman. Email ID: priyankaraj@nu.edu.om
Article Summary: Submitted: 02-August-2021
Revised : 30-August-2021
Accepted : 03-September-2021
Published: 30-September-2021
The document discusses improving health equity globally. It notes that 40% of the world's population lacks hand hygiene facilities and over 90% of people breathe polluted air. COVID-19 exacerbated inequities as the poor faced greater job/food insecurity and service disruptions. WHO works to improve equity by addressing social determinants of health like economic status, promoting gender equity, and monitoring progress to identify and close health gaps between populations.
The document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the history and development of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. A key change was expanding the scope from 3 specific diseases to cover all public health emergencies that could spread internationally. Events meeting specified criteria are designated as Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. The document reviews past health events like SARS and avian influenza that demonstrated the need for strengthened global cooperation under a revised IHR framework.
The document provides an outline and overview of a seminar presentation on the International Health Regulations (IHR). It discusses the history and development of the IHR, comparing the 1969 and 2005 versions. A key change was expanding the scope from specific diseases to cover all public health emergencies. Events like SARS, avian influenza, and Chernobyl showed the need for a revised international framework for coordinated response. The 2005 IHR aim to prevent the spread of disease while avoiding unnecessary trade restrictions.
REPORT ON WORLD AIDS DAY 2022 CELEBRATION AT ELMCH.docxanjalatchi
The nursing department at ERA LUCKNOW MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL organized activities to mark World AIDS Day 2022 with the theme of "Equalize". Nursing students educated others about HIV/AIDS through charts, posters, and speeches covering causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of AIDS. They also performed role plays in hospital wards and outpatient departments to raise awareness.
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes now account for over half of deaths in India and place a large economic burden. The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Strokes (NPCDCS) aims to address NCDs through health promotion, screening, diagnosis, management, and capacity building integrated into primary healthcare. Current programs have had limited implementation; a comprehensive and widespread approach is still needed to reduce the growing NCD burden in India.
ICNSW Covid-19 Community Impact and Recovery Forum Report EliasAttia1
A report on the experiences of Australian Muslims living in Western Sydney during the 2021 Covid-19 lockdowns. Published by the Islamic Council of NSW, Australia. The report was completed following an inaugural Covid-19 Recovery Forum on 20 October 2021, telephone interviews and surveys. Most of our respondents came from the Health, Education and community sectors.
Similar to Global Health Issues final edited.pptx (20)
Epidemiologists measure disease frequency and health status in populations using various metrics. Morbidity is measured using incidence rates which describe new cases over time. Incidence can be calculated as cumulative incidence from a stable population or incidence density using person-time. Mortality is measured using rates like crude death rate from the total population or age-adjusted rates to control for demographic factors. Rates express the probability of an event and are calculated by dividing the number of events by the population at risk over a specified time period.
The document provides guidance on critically appraising research articles. It defines critical appraisal as carefully analyzing research methodology to assess validity, results, and relevance. The process examines bias and evaluates internal/external validity. Critical appraisal is important for literature reviews, program evaluation, policymaking, and more. It involves reading the abstract, introduction, methodology, results, and discussion sections to evaluate study design, measures, sample size, analysis, conclusions, and comparison to prior research. The example shows how to appraise a cohort study by assessing exposure and outcome definitions, follow up time, measurement methods, attrition, confounding, results, and applicability.
This document discusses causation and causal inference in epidemiology. It outlines concepts of single and multiple causes of disease. The Bradford Hill criteria are presented as guidelines for making causal inferences, including strengths like temporal relationship, plausibility, consistency, and dose-response relationship. Finally, it emphasizes that no single criterion proves causation but evaluating the totality of evidence using these guidelines can help strengthen causal judgments.
The document summarizes HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia across multiple topics:
1) HIV incidence in adults is estimated at 0.06% annually, corresponding to around 7,000 new cases, though a lower estimate is 0.05% or 6,000 new cases using a different method. Incidence is highest in those aged 50-64.
2) Ethiopia has made progress toward global 90-90-90 targets, with an estimated 82% of people with HIV knowing their status, 74% on antiretroviral treatment, and 66% virally suppressed.
3) Key populations include female sex workers, prisoners, divorced/widowed urban women, and long-distance drivers.
09 Predictors of Comprehensive Knowledge of HIV AIDS Among People Aged 15 49 ...AMANUELMELAKU5
This study used data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey to identify individual- and community-level predictors of comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS among people aged 15-49 years in Ethiopia. The study found that at the individual level, factors such as male sex, higher education levels, media exposure, ever being tested for HIV, and employment were associated with greater comprehensive knowledge. At the community level, living in urban areas and regions with more development were associated with greater comprehensive knowledge. The study concludes that both individual characteristics and community contexts influence levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge in Ethiopia.
07 Trend in ethiopia for last 26 years.pdfAMANUELMELAKU5
After declining for decades, HIV infection rates in Ethiopia have begun to rise again in recent years. While new HIV infections declined by 81% between 1995 and 2016, the rate of decline has slowed and infections have increased by 10% since 2008. Current estimates indicate that 67% of people living with HIV know their status, and Ethiopia is on track to meet treatment targets but may fall short of the first 90% diagnosis goal by 2020. Regional disparities remain, with higher infection rates in some areas like Gambela compared to the national average. Continued efforts are needed to accelerate diagnosis and avert further increases in new infections.
Ethiopia has made progress toward achieving the 90-90-90 targets but gaps remain. As of 2019:
- 87.4% of people living with HIV knew their status nationally, though some regions fell below 90%.
- 74.7% of those diagnosed were accessing treatment.
- 91.2% of those on treatment had suppressed viral loads, meeting the third 90 target.
More work is needed to improve HIV testing, linkage to care, and treatment adherence to achieve the first two 90 targets in all regions by 2020. Investing in community health services could help close remaining gaps.
The HIV epidemic in Ethiopia remains heterogeneous, with urban areas, large cities, and areas near major transport corridors experiencing higher prevalence rates than rural areas. While national HIV prevalence has remained stable at around 1.5% according to surveys, prevalence is increasing slightly in some large urban areas. HIV incidence appears to have declined based on falling prevalence in younger age groups and ANC surveillance. AIDS-related mortality has also decreased sharply. Behavioral factors like high male circumcision rates and low rates of premarital and extramarital sex have helped keep prevalence low. However, HIV transmission within marriage represents a major source of new infections. The HIV response in Ethiopia has expanded treatment coverage significantly but prevention programs need to be strengthened,
This document discusses the concept of Kaizen, a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement. It defines Kaizen as focusing on continually improving all aspects of life and work through small, ongoing changes. The document outlines the history and dissemination of Kaizen in Ethiopia, starting with a pilot project in 2009 and the establishment of the Ethiopian Kaizen Institute in 2011 to promote Kaizen nationwide. It describes the three pillars of Kaizen as the philosophy of continuous improvement, Kaizen systems like Toyota Production System and Total Quality Management, and Kaizen tools and techniques. The document provides examples of categorizing and identifying types of waste or Muda in processes.
This document provides guidance on problem solving techniques and tools for health extension workers. It discusses defining problems, measuring their magnitude, generating alternative solutions, and setting objectives. Key steps in the problem solving process include identifying and prioritizing problems, analyzing causes, examining countermeasures, and assessing solutions. Tools that can be used include fishbone diagrams, brainstorming, line graphs and tree diagrams to help analyze problems and their root causes in a systematic way. The overall goal is to implement measurable solutions to identified challenges in healthcare.
This document provides an overview of adolescent and youth reproductive health (AYRH). It begins by defining adolescence and discussing the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that occur during this period. It then outlines some of the sexual and reproductive health challenges faced by many young Ethiopians, including gender inequality, coercion, early marriage, teenage pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and sexually transmitted infections. The document emphasizes the importance of providing appropriate information, services, and community support to address AYRH issues. It discusses vulnerabilities, risk behaviors, and life skills among adolescents and young people. Finally, it outlines the reproductive health rights of adolescents and services that should be available to them.
Oxygen therapy involves administering oxygen at concentrations greater than in the atmosphere to treat hypoxemia. It is used for conditions like respiratory failure, heart failure, shock, and anemia. Oxygen can be delivered via nasal cannula, face masks, venturi masks, or mechanical ventilation. Proper monitoring and precautions are needed due safety risks like fire and oxygen toxicity. Oxygen therapy aims to improve tissue oxygenation and decrease workload on the heart and lungs.
This document discusses various methods for managing time and health facilities. It describes preparing schedules, program charts, and year calendars to plan activities and ensure they occur on time. It also discusses maintaining infrastructure and equipment through a maintenance department, and addressing common issues like lack of funding and skilled workers. Finally, it touches on managing referrals between different levels of facilities, the roles of focal persons, and regional coordination of the referral system.
This document discusses a study on the role of leadership in implementing organizational change in public sector organizations. It begins with an introduction that notes the prevalence of change in public management research but lack of focus on how change is implemented in individual public organizations. The study aims to address this gap by exploring the role of leadership in change implementation and processes of organizational change in public sector contexts.
This document summarizes the conceptual foundations and development of the Balanced Scorecard approach to performance measurement. It discusses:
1. The origins of the Balanced Scorecard in the 1990s as a way to measure intangible assets and drive improvements, building on prior work studying performance measurement.
2. The evolution of the Balanced Scorecard framework from its original focus on financial and three non-financial perspectives (customers, internal processes, learning and growth) to also link measures to strategy and become a strategic management system.
3. Key thinkers and works in the 1950s-1980s that influenced the Balanced Scorecard concept, including efforts at GE to use non-financial measures, Simon's work
Long-term organizational transformations require addressing change at the individual employee level. Successful change starts with leadership committing to the change from day one and modeling the desired behaviors. Real change happens when responsibility is pushed down through the organization to line managers and individual contributors. Leaders must confront reality, demonstrate faith in the organization's future, and craft a compelling vision to guide behavior during the transformation.
This document provides a guide for auditors to assess business process reengineering projects in federal agencies. It discusses how business process reengineering began in the private sector to improve customer service and cut costs, and how federal agencies are now pursuing it to improve performance and reduce costs. The guide outlines a framework for assessing reengineering projects covering strategic planning, process analysis and redesign, implementation, and results evaluation. It aims to help auditors determine if projects are well-managed and identify actions needed for successful reengineering.
This document discusses managing readiness for change to overcome resistance to change. It begins by noting that while there is extensive literature on managing change, many change efforts still fail due to a failure to properly create readiness for change among organizational members. The document then discusses specific reasons why people may resist change and defines readiness for change as creating awareness, acceptance and capability for change. It identifies five key elements of an effective change message to create readiness: establishing a need for change, demonstrating the appropriateness of the proposed change, gaining support from principals, developing confidence that change can be successfully implemented, and communicating benefits of change for individuals. Creating readiness through an effective change message can help address resistance and increase likelihood of successful change implementation.
The document discusses the transtheoretical model of behavior change, also known as the stages of change model. It outlines the six stages that individuals progress through when adopting healthy behaviors or quitting unhealthy ones: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Key aspects of each stage are described. The model also identifies ten processes of change that help individuals progress from one stage to the next, including consciousness raising, dramatic relief, and self-reevaluation. The stages of change model has been successfully applied to understanding behavior changes in various health domains like smoking cessation and weight control.
The document provides information on ETAT (Emergency Triage Assessment & Treatment), which aims to reduce child deaths in the first 24 hours of admission to hospital. It describes the objectives of ETAT training as teaching triage of children into emergency, priority, and non-urgent categories based on airway, breathing, circulation, coma/convulsions, and dehydration (ABCD) signs. The document outlines the triage process and categories, emphasizing that any child exhibiting emergency signs should receive immediate treatment. It provides guidance on assessing priority signs and directing non-urgent cases to wait.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
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Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
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The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
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1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
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4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
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1. COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT ON
GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUES
By :-Walwlign Mengistu =ID-GSR/056
:-Kassahun Lemma
Dec.2020
Mizan-Aman
12/26/2022 1
By Walelign & Kassahun
2. Presentation outline
GLOBAL HEALTHE ISSUES
• Globalization and health
• Global cooperation in international health
• SDGs and health
• Climate change and health
12/26/2022 2
By Walelign & Kassahun
3. Objectives
At the end of this session you should be able to:-
Define and use correctly all of the key words.
Describe the Globalization and health
Explain the Global cooperation in international health
Describe the SDGs and health
Explain the Climate change and health
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 3
4. GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization means the speedup of movements and
exchanges of all over the planet.
– human beings, goods, and services, capital,
technologies or cultural practices.
• It promotes and increases interactions between different
regions and populations around the globe.
12/26/2022 4
By Walelign & Kassahun
5. Globalization cont’d--
• According to WHO, globalization can be defined as” the
increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples
and countries.
• It is generally understood to include two inter-related
elements:
– The opening of international borders to increasingly fast
flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas;
– And the changes in institutions and policies at national and
international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”
12/26/2022 5
By Walelign & Kassahun
6. How Does Globalization Relate to Health?
• It is not difficult to imagine how increases in
international commerce and in the movement of
people—two defining features of globalization—might
influence health.
– More goods go more places today than at any point in
history.
– More people travel farther, more frequently, and
come in contact with more people and goods, than at
any point in history.
12/26/2022 6
By Walelign & Kassahun
7. Cont’d----
• This increased movement of both goods and people
increases opportunities for the spread of disease around
the world.
• And it’s not just goods and services that can travel across
oceans and state borders—so can diseases like AIDS,
malaria, or tuberculosis and know a day corona.
12/26/2022 7
By Walelign & Kassahun
8. Cont’d-----
• How globalization is promoting both the rapid spread and the
effective treatment of highly contagious diseases.
• The growing debate over the use and future of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs).
• Four diseases in particular have become extremely important
concerns throughout the world.
– Two of these diseases, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB),
are found across the globe;-
– The other two, cholera and malaria, primarily afflict
poorer countries.
12/26/2022 8
By Walelign & Kassahun
9. Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
• The most important ways that infectious diseases are
affected by globalization include:
– Increased Global Travel
– Increased Trade in Goods
– Food-borne Illnesses
– Urbanization
12/26/2022 9
By Walelign & Kassahun
10. Cont’d-----
– Climate Change
– Other Environmental Concerns
– Microbial Drug Resistance
– Breakdowns in Public Health Systems
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 10
11. Increased Global Travel
• In 1980, it was estimated that 227 million people crossed
international borders on airplanes.
• By the year 2012, international tourist arrivals reached an
estimated 1,035 million people.
• This was a four percent increase from 2011.
• In the same way that ancient caravans and seagoing vessels
carried illnesses from city to city, modern transportation
systems do the same thing, only at a vastly greater speed.
12/26/2022 11
By Walelign & Kassahun
12. Cont’d-----
• According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), by
2030, the number of people crossing international borders
is expected to increase even more, exceeding 1.8 billion
per year.
• An example of this rapid diffusion could be seen in the
early 1990s, when a particularly dangerous strain of
streptococcus pneumonia, first detected in Spain, was
subsequently tracked to have spread throughout the world
within only a few weeks .
12/26/2022 12
By Walelign & Kassahun
13. Cont’d---
• Increased international travel is also believed to have
played a major role in the spread of HIV/AIDS.
• Some virologists suspect that the HIV virus originated
in West Africa.
• Global travel is a factor not only because of the
increased dispersion of contagions, but also because
transit itself often contributes to the spread of disease.
12/26/2022 13
By Walelign & Kassahun
14. Increased Trade in Goods
• In the same way that increased global travel makes it
easier for pathogens to spread quickly around the world,
the increased transit of goods also creates new
opportunities for the transmission of disease.
• The tropical disease dengue, which causes severe pain in
the bones, high fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and
severe exhaustion, infected 2.2 million people in the
Americas, South-east Asia and Western Pacific, a major
increase from the 1.2 million reported cases from this
area in 2008.
12/26/2022 14
By Walelign & Kassahun
15. Cont’d-----
• More than 2.5 billion people worldwide are at risk,
approximately 40 percent of the world's population.
• The World Health Organization estimates that there are
50-100 million dengue infections worldwide every year.
12/26/2022 15
By Walelign & Kassahun
16. Urbanization
• The percentage of the world's population that lives in
urban settings has increased explosively in recent years.
• In 1950, less than 30 percent of the world's population
lived in urban areas. According to the World Bank, in
2003, that proportion had grown to 48 percent.
12/26/2022 16
By Walelign & Kassahun
17. Cont’d---
• The Population Reference Bureau predicts that by the
year 2050, roughly 70 percent of the world's population
will live in urban areas.
• Because urban populations are characterized by much
higher densities of people—meaning that more people
are sharing the same spaces—diseases are much more
easily transmitted.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 17
18. GLOBAL COOPRATION IN
INTERNATIONAL HEATH
• The important pace of globalization has increased the
cross-cutting nature of health threats and demonstrated
the shared benefits of universal access to quality care.
• Addressing health as a global public good requires
coordinated worldwide mobilization of all actors engaged
in international cooperation.
12/26/2022 18
By Walelign & Kassahun
19. Cont’d----
• It also aims to strengthen the fight against emerging
and re-emerging infectious diseases which could
compromise international health security.
12/26/2022 19
By Walelign & Kassahun
20. Coordinating health governance actors
• Global health governance is characterized by a
proliferation of initiatives and actors including;-
– International organizations,
– Governments,
– Non-governmental organizations and
– The private sector.
12/26/2022 20
By Walelign & Kassahun
21. Cont’d----
• Coordination has become vital to promoting
synergies, effectiveness and joint action to
support health development.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 21
22. Cooperation among countries
• Cooperation among countries can help to solve joint
problems, and share knowledge and best practices.
• Many county experience similar health challenges and
concerns.
• Cooperation among countries can be an effective tool to
strengthen, share and accelerate health development
with in countries and across region.
12/26/2022 22
By Walelign & Kassahun
23. Cont’d----
• It involves creating, adopting, transferring and sharing
knowledge and experiences to improve health-while also
making the most of existing resources and capacities.
• WHO facilitates cooperation among countries around their
shared challenges and concerns to achieve public health
solution.
• Over the years, many have made important strides in
addressing shared health goals through cooperation with
others.
12/26/2022 23
By Walelign & Kassahun
24. Development cooperation effectiveness
• The objective of development cooperation is not
foster dependence on donor-to-recipient.
• But instead to focus on national ownership, partner
acting together and alignment with national plans and
priorities.
12/26/2022 24
By Walelign & Kassahun
25. The benefits cooperation
• At the national level, cooperation among countries can
support and reinforce national efforts for health
development and
• Also enrich perspectives on best practices and lessons
learnt in other countries.
• These exchanges have the potential to impact sub
regional and regional integration processes as well as
global health policy debates.
12/26/2022 25
By Walelign & Kassahun
26. Country and regional cooperation
• Countries and regions have established a number of
cooperation models to share knowledge and experiences to
address similar health challenges.
• A few include;
– South-south and triangular cooperation
– Cooperation among BRICS countries
– Health cooperation in Small Island developing states.
12/26/2022 26
By Walelign & Kassahun
27. South-south and triangular cooperation
• This refers to the exchange of expertise in developing
nations.
• In the health sector, it promotes equitable inter-country
and inter-regional development, and combats common
health sector challenges.
• South-South cooperation refers to the exchange of
expertise between actors (governments, organizations and
individuals) in developing countries.
12/26/2022 27
By Walelign & Kassahun
28. cont’d-----
• “The best aid aims to eliminate the very need for aid. It
does so by building the capacities that move countries
towards self-reliance. Countries want capacity, not
charity.”
• Through this model of cooperation, developing countries
help each other with knowledge, technical assistance,
and/or investments.
12/26/2022 28
By Walelign & Kassahun
29. Cont’d---
• Developing countries are the agents of action in South-
South cooperation – not just as partners, but as leaders of
the development process.
• This process moves away from the paradigm of cooperation
as a one-way assistance from donor to recipient – towards a
model where emphasis is firmly placed on capacity
building, self-reliance, and the sustainable development of
countries from the global South.
12/26/2022 29
By Walelign & Kassahun
30. Cont’d----
• Triangular cooperation refers to development partners,
countries, and international organizations providing
financial or technical support to facilitate development
activities between 2 developing countries.
12/26/2022 30
By Walelign & Kassahun
31. Cooperation among BRICS countries
• The influence of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia,
India, China and South Africa) in the international arena
has risen enormously in recent decades.
• WHO’s cooperation in and with BRICS is evolving to
accommodate the specific needs, priorities and
capacities of these countries and their people.
12/26/2022 31
By Walelign & Kassahun
32. Health cooperation in SIDS
• Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a distinct
group of developing countries facing specific social,
economic and environmental vulnerabilities.
• Countries with small, geographically disparate
populations and/or limited health workforces are
particularly vulnerable to the burden of disease.
12/26/2022 32
By Walelign & Kassahun
33. SIDS and non-communicable diseases
• WHO is working with the larger UN system to address
health challenges.
• Especially non-communicable disease (NCDs).
• A number of partnerships dedicated to NCDs have been
established in recent years, especially in the Pacific and
Caribbean regions.
12/26/2022 33
By Walelign & Kassahun
34. Cont’d---
• The partnerships require whole-of-society, multi-sectoral
and inter-regional approaches to cooperation to improve
public health outcomes
• In September 2014, WHO contributed to the Third
International Conference on Small Island Developing
States through the multi-stakeholder partnership dialogue
on social development in SIDS, Health and NCDs, youth
and women.
12/26/2022 34
By Walelign & Kassahun
35. Cont’d----
• The work reaffirmed the United Nations’
commitment to support the efforts of SIDS in
health and NCDs.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 35
36. SDGs and health
• Globally, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
adopt a systems approach that depends critically on
comprehensive and integrated economic and social
policies.
12/26/2022 36
By Walelign & Kassahun
37. Cont’d…
• The proposed goal three of the global Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations aims to :-
– Ensure healthy lives
– Promote well-being for all at all ages and
– To address domestic and global inequalities by 2030.
12/26/2022 37
By Walelign & Kassahun
38. Cont’d…
• also by 2030, to ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health services, including
information and education and
the integration of reproductive health into national
strategies and programs
12/26/2022 38
By Walelign & Kassahun
39. Cont’d…
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
• Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at
all ages
• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 39
40. Cont’d-----
• Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls
• Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
• Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 40
41. Cont’d---
• Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all
• Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 41
42. Cont’d----
• Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
• Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
• Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 42
43. Cont’d…
Health Targets of SDG3
• 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global MMR to less than 70 per
100 000 live births
• 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and
children under five years of age, with all countries aiming
to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per
1000 live births and under-five mortality to at least as
low as 25 per1000 live births
• 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis,
malaria and NTDs and combat hepatitis, waterborne
diseases and other communicable diseases
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 43
44. Cont’d-----
• 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality
from non-communicable diseases through prevention and
treatment and promote mental health and well-being
• 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance
abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of
alcohol
• 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and
injuries from road traffic accidents
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 44
45. Cont’d--------
• 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health-care services, including for family
planning, information and education, and the integration
of reproductive health into national strategies and
programs
• 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial
risk protection, access to quality essential health-care
services and access to safe, effective, quality and
affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
• 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths
and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water,
and soil pollution and contamination
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 45
46. Cont’d---
• 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health
Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
in all countries, as appropriate
• 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and
medicines for the communicable and non communicable
diseases that primarily affect developing countries.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 46
47. Cont’d---
• 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the
recruitment, development, training, and retention of the
health workforce in developing countries, especially in
least-developed countries and small island developing
States
• 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular
developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction
and management of national and global health risks
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 47
48. Cont’d…
• Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for Sustainable development
• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 48
49. Cont’d-----
• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels.
• Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize
the global partnership for sustainable development
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 49
50. Climate change and health
• Humans are sensitive to an extraordinary
environmental and climate change, which can lead to a
general deterioration of state of health lead to a general
deterioration of state of health and well-being.
12/26/2022 50
By Walelign & Kassahun
51. Cont‘d…..
• Global climate change directly and indirectly
contributes to the spread of diseases and premature
mortality.
• Three main groups of factors –physical, biological and
economic factors –affect human well-being, health and
ability to survive in any conditions, but climate change
will escalate intensity of impact.
12/26/2022 51
By Walelign & Kassahun
53. Health effects:
Direct effect
1. Thermal extremes effect: (heat waves)
• The skin, CNS and Circulatory system the most
affected:
• Thermo-regulation disturbance;
• Heat exhaustion,
• Decreased male fertility,
• Cerebro-vascular stroke.
12/26/2022 53
By Walelign & Kassahun
54. Cont’d….
2. Weather instability and natural calamities:-
draught, flooding, etc.
3. Effect on the respiratory organs: due to poor air
quality persons with chronic diseases like asthma,
bronchitis, cardiovascular are the most affected.
12/26/2022 54
By Walelign & Kassahun
55. Cont’d…
Indirect effect:
1. Vector borne diseases
2. Waterborne diseases
3. Sea-level rise:-
o damages fresh water,
o affects soil salinity,
o affects fish productivity
o Sinking islands, coastal lands
12/26/2022 55
By Walelign & Kassahun
56. Cont’d…
4. Declining Agricultural productivity:
o Reduced rainfall; increased pests; decreased soil
fertility; decreased farming land, etc.;
o Affects both staple foods & horticulture
harvesting ; and animal husbandry.
o Food shortages and malnutrition;
5. Air pollution impact: increased pollen; and
concentration of pollutants;
12/26/2022 56
By Walelign & Kassahun
57. Cont’d…
6. Impacts to socio-economic development:
loss of infrastructures
stress
mental illness,
draught
poverty
diseases
mortality
increased cost of health care
12/26/2022 57
By Walelign & Kassahun
58. Who is most affected by climate change?
(Climate vulnerability)
• Older people
• Children, Women
• People with compromised health status
• People with lower income
• Homeless people
• People with disabilities
• Pastoralists (cattle & sheep Vs goat and camel
12/26/2022 58
By Walelign & Kassahun
59. Impacts of Climate Change in Ethiopia
Introduction
Climate change is expected to increase:-
• The surface temperature of the Earth and the oceans
• Raise sea levels
• Alter the global distribution of rainfall
• Affect the direction of ocean currents and major airstreams
• And increase the intensity and frequency of extreme
weather events.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 59
60. Introduction cont’d--
• Climate change is already causing loss of life, damaging
property and affecting livelihoods in many parts of the
world, and it is expected to continue to do so in the future.
• Climate change will affect all nations, but the impact will
be higher on low-income countries, such as Ethiopia,
which have limited capacity to cope with the effects of a
changing climate.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 60
61. Climate change impacts on human health
Climate change can impact human health in many
different ways, both positively and negatively.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 61
Health problem Flood Drought
Faecal-oral, waterborne
and water-washed diseases
Contamination of the home
and living environment
Disruption of water and
sanitation facilities
Shortage of water for hygiene
and food preparation; use of
untreated water sources;
inadequate sanitation
Vector-borne diseases Altered breeding conditions for
mosquitoes; rodents taking
refuge in houses
Altered breeding conditions
for mosquitoes; human
population movements
Malnutrition Crop damage and loss of
subsistence food; disruption of
food supplies; disruption of
livelihood/income
Loss of subsistence food or
income; regional food
shortages; use of nutrient-
deficient alternative foods
62. Climate change impacts on the environment
• Climate change has several impacts on the environment
in addition to the disruption to water resources we have
just described.
• Increased heavy rainfall as a result of climate change can
cause soil erosion, crop damage and waterlogging, which
makes the land difficult or impossible to cultivate for
agriculture.
• It is estimated that Ethiopia loses more than 1.5 billion
tons of fertile soil each year through heavy rain and
flooding; this lost soil could have increased the country's
crop production by an estimated 1.5 million tons
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 62
63. Cont’d----
• Climate change is also expected to affect biodiversity
significantly,
• Because it will change the environment and climatic
conditions where plants and animals live.
• The average global surface temperature is about 15 ºC and
it is estimated that if the global average temperature
increases by 1.5 ºC to 2.5 ºC, many species will not be
able to survive in the warmer environment.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 63
65. Climate change effects on agriculture,
livestock and the Ethiopian economy
• Climate change poses huge challenges to the global
economy and to social development.
• Its impacts will disproportionately affect sub-Saharan
African countries such as Ethiopia because their
economies are highly dependent on climate-sensitive
activities such as rain-fed agriculture.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 65
66. Cont’d---
• In Ethiopia, agriculture contributes about 47% of the
country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and more
than 70 million people (85% of the Ethiopian
population) depend on agriculture directly or indirectly
for their livelihoods.
• Therefore, any effect on agriculture will significantly
affect the Ethiopian economy.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 66
67. Cont’d----
• It is predicted that changes in climate will lead to
recurrent droughts and heavy rainfall in different parts of
Ethiopia,
• Reducing the amount of land that can be used for
agriculture and decreasing crop productivity.
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68. Cont’d-----
• For example, the 2006 flood in Gambela region
damaged about 1650 hectares of maize and reduced crop
productivity by 20% as a result of water logging of
farmland.
• This meant a loss of income for the country and also
exacerbated food shortages and malnutrition problems
in the region.
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69. Cont’d----
• The impacts of climate change on the environment
could also reduce the national income from the export of
agricultural products such as coffee, pulses and flowers.
• Of particular concern is the possible impact on
Ethiopia’s famous Arabica coffee, which is exported all
over the world.
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70. Cont’d----
• Ethiopia is home to Africa’s largest livestock population,
and is the world’s tenth-largest producer of livestock and
livestock products which make up about 10% of the
country’s foreign currency earnings.
• Frequent and extensive droughts in the country have a
considerable effect on Ethiopia’s livestock because
decreased rainfall shrinks available water resources and
reduces the productivity of grassland and rangeland.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 70
71. Cont’d----
• The main causes of livestock deaths in Ethiopia are shortages
of water and food during drought.
• Changes in rainfall and warmer temperatures may also
increase the geographical distribution and survival of vectors
like flies and mosquitoes that transmit infectious diseases to
livestock.
• These impacts on livestock are already being felt in Ethiopia;
in the past two decades in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia,
there have been losses of livestock associated with drought.
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72. Climate change impacts on water resources
• Climate change leading to increased
• Surface temperatures,
• Melting of snow and glaciers,
• Rise in sea level and
• An increase in extreme weather events such as
droughts and floods, can significantly affect water
resources.
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73. Cont’d------
• Global warming increases the evaporation of water into
the atmosphere and changes the patterns of major
airstreams and ocean currents.
• This in turn alters the distribution of precipitation, so
some regions experience greater rainfall and flooding
while others become more prone to droughts.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 73
74. Cont’d----
• More frequent and longer periods of drought reduce the
amount of run-off into rivers, streams and lakes; also the
water table drops, so there is less groundwater to supply
springs and shallow wells.
• During droughts, rural people – particularly women and
children – may have to walk for up to six hours to collect
water from unprotected water sources such as ponds.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 74
75. Cont’d-----
• In drought-stricken rural areas, a higher priority is given to
collection of water than to other activities, which can cause
children to drop out of school because their labour is needed
for water collection.
• In urban areas, poor people may be forced to use unclean
water or to buy water from vendors at high prices.
• The extra money they spend on buying water could have
been used for other purposes such as food, fuel and health
care.
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77. Climate change impacts on sanitation
and hygiene
• Flooding due to climate change is expected to affect
sanitation.
• During flooding, the flood water can burst sewer lines.
• Sanitation facilities in urban and slum areas are highly
vulnerable to flooding.
• Because they are often poorly designed and constructed.
12/26/2022 By Walelign & Kassahun 77
78. Cont’d-----
• In rural areas where the latrine coverage is low.
• Even where latrines exist, they often have slabs made of
wood and mud, which are much more vulnerable than
concrete slabs if there is a flood.
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79. Cont’d----
• The health problems caused by flooding are
aggravated when people are displaced by the flood
into overcrowded refugee camps with poor sanitation
facilities and water supplies.
• Drought and water shortages also have considerable
impact on sanitation and hygiene.
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80. Why agriculture impact is most important
in Ethiopia?
• 85% live on it
• Contributes 50% of national GDP
• Generates 88% of the export earnings
• Provides 73% of raw materials for the agro-based
industries
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By Walelign & Kassahun
81. REFERENCES
• Climate change and human health Risks and responses
,world health organization Geneva 2003
• https://www.who.int/country-cooperation/what-who-
does/inter-country/en/
• Sustainable Development Goals: A SRHR CSO guide for
national implementation
• Health and Globalization http://www.globalization101.org
• The Open University :Study Session 11 Impacts of
Climate Change in Ethiopia(2016)
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