This document discusses and compares material and non-material culture. Material culture includes tangible objects like clothing, food, and technology, while non-material culture includes beliefs, values, and social constructs. It notes that material objects often symbolize non-material cultural ideas. Understanding the relationship between these two aspects of culture is important for global marketers to develop culturally appropriate marketing strategies. The document also discusses high and low context cultures, and how communication and business practices differ between the two.
Cultural diversity is the term used to describe many different cultures co-existing within one larger culture. The fact that we can eat so many different types of cuisine in the United States is because people from other countries have immigrated to the US and brought aspects of their own cultures with them. This means that under the umbrella of American culture there are actually many different ethnic traditions being practiced in communities around the country.
As an abstract concept, cultural diversity is actually pretty straightforward; however, finding a concrete definition of culture can be a little bit tricky. This is because the definition of culture can change depending on who's using it and the context in which it's being used. For example, some people use the term to describe the creative arts, like dancing or painting, while others use it in a much broader context to refer to all of the traditions, practices, and belief systems of a particular population of people. For the purposes of this lesson, we are going to look at culture as the latter of these two definitions.
Impact of culture on social behaviour
Social behaviour varies dramatically across human populations and throughout history. This applies to many of the domains that psychologically oriented researchers typically consider, including cooperation, trust, fairness, in-group favouritism/ cheating, costly punishment, aggressiveness, morality, and competitiveness.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Social Stratification: Class, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and SexChristina Sookdeo
Defining social stratification and discussing it's most common divisions such as race, class, gender, ethnicity, and sex. Also looks at the impact each has on education.
Cultural diversity is the term used to describe many different cultures co-existing within one larger culture. The fact that we can eat so many different types of cuisine in the United States is because people from other countries have immigrated to the US and brought aspects of their own cultures with them. This means that under the umbrella of American culture there are actually many different ethnic traditions being practiced in communities around the country.
As an abstract concept, cultural diversity is actually pretty straightforward; however, finding a concrete definition of culture can be a little bit tricky. This is because the definition of culture can change depending on who's using it and the context in which it's being used. For example, some people use the term to describe the creative arts, like dancing or painting, while others use it in a much broader context to refer to all of the traditions, practices, and belief systems of a particular population of people. For the purposes of this lesson, we are going to look at culture as the latter of these two definitions.
Impact of culture on social behaviour
Social behaviour varies dramatically across human populations and throughout history. This applies to many of the domains that psychologically oriented researchers typically consider, including cooperation, trust, fairness, in-group favouritism/ cheating, costly punishment, aggressiveness, morality, and competitiveness.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Social Stratification: Class, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and SexChristina Sookdeo
Defining social stratification and discussing it's most common divisions such as race, class, gender, ethnicity, and sex. Also looks at the impact each has on education.
271
Chapter 9
Sociocultural Factors
“Over-generalization is the enemy of science.”
—John Kenneth Galbraith
Chapter ObjeCtives
this chapter will:
• Define the term “sociocultural” as a combination of societal, political, and
cultural norms and responses and discuss their influence in international
business
• Discuss how attitudes and beliefs influence human behavior, especially attitudes
about time, achievement, work, change, and occupational status
• Present the influence of aesthetics and material culture within different
societies
• Examine how communication, both verbal and nonverbal, may serve as a barrier
to international business operations
• Investigate the importance of social status and the family within different
cultures and their effect on the business environment
• Identify the role of multinational corporations as agents of change in the
international community
soCioCultural FaCtors and international Business
Multinational corporations operate in different host countries around the world and have
to deal with a wide variety of political, economic, geographical, technological, and busi-
ness situations. Moreover, each host country has its own society and culture, which are
different in many important ways from almost every other society and culture, although
there are some commonalities. Although society and culture do not appear to be a part of
business situations, they are actually key elements in shaping how business is conducted,
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 12/12/2018 2:23 PM via BARRY UNIV
AN: 929355 ; Ajami, Riad A., Goddard, G. Jason.; International Business : Theory and Practice
Account: s8987890.main.ehost
272 Chapter 9 • Sociocultural Factors
from what goods are produced and how and through what means they are sold, to the
establishment of industrial and management patterns and the determination of the success
or failure of a local subsidiary or affiliate.
Society and culture influence every aspect of an MNC’s overseas business, and a
successful MNC operation, whether it involves marketing, finance, operations, informa-
tion systems, or human resources, has to be acutely aware of the predominant attitudes,
feelings, and opinions in the local environment. Differences in values and attitudes
between the management at the parent offices and expatriate managers at the subsidiary
or affiliate level, on the one hand, and local managers and employees, on the other, can
lead to serious operational and functional problems, which arise not because there are
individual problems but because of the important differences between the societies and
cultures. Society and culture often ...
international business
,
what is culture
,
values andnorms
,
culture
,
society
,
and the nation-state
,
hofstede’s cultural dimensions in dubai
,
spoken language
,
individuals and groups
,
cultural dimensions in germany
,
cultural dimensions in china
,
cultural dimensions in india
,
cultural dimensions in england
,
social structure
,
religious and ethical systems
,
islam
,
implications for managers
Traditionally, the term business commonly referred to commercial activities aimed at makinga profit or to organisations formed to make a profit. Indeed, in the past, economic theory madea fundamental assumption that profit maximisation was the basic objective of every firm. Themodern outlook, however, is different. For them, profit is only secondary. There are, moreover,
many organisations, both private and public, which do not aim at profit from their business.
In short, the definition of a business as a commercial activity to make a profit or an organisationformed to make a profit is a narrow one. Yet, to a layman, business still means industry andcommerce.
The old concept of business, confining it to commerce and private profit, has undergone aradical change. Today, business is regarded as a social institution forming an integral part of thesocial system. As Davis and Blomstorm observe, business is “social institution, performing a social mission and having a broad influence on the way people live and work together.”1 As Calkinsremarks: “It is now recognised that the direction of business is important to the public welfare,that businessmen perform a social function.”2
Thus, “viewed in a broad way, the term business typically refers to the development andprocessing of economic values in society. Normally, we use the term to apply to the private (nongovernment)portion of the economy whose primary purpose is to provide goods and services tocustomers at a price, but the lines of distinction are getting hazy as business and government overlap their functions in organisations such as the Communications, Satellite Corporation and
the Tennessee Valley Authority. In addition, business is a term applied to economic and commercial activities of institutions having other purposes, such as the business office of an opera association.
Thus, organisations which do not aim of making a profit, like the Delhi Development Authority,charitable hospitals, or other institutions, public relations organisations, government departments,etc., invest capital, price and market their products, services or ideas, manage their human
resources, and so on.According to Davis and Blomstorm, “our modern view of society is an ecological one.
Ecology is concerned with the mutual relations of human populations or systems with their
environment. It is necessary to take this broad view because the influence and involvement of
business are extensive. Business cannot isolate itself from the rest of society. Today, the whole
society is a business’s environment
Davis and Blomstorm point out that, in taking an ecological view of business in a systemrelationship with society, three ideas are significant in addition to the systems idea. The three ideas are values, viability and public visibility
Values
Business, like other social institutions, develops certain belief systems and values for whichthey stand, and these beliefs, and values are a source of institutional drive. These values deriv
A detailed description about Culture, its characteristics, elements with proper example. it's gonna help you in your global marketing and business environment. understanding the culture
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2. Material culture
Material culture is also referred to as the physical culture or physical component. It
consists of concrete and tangible objects like clothing, books, movies, foods, cars,
music, fashion, buildings, furniture etc. This tangible and concrete items are man
made.
3. Non material culture
Non material culture is also known as subjective or abstract culture. It includes
intangibles such as attitudes, beliefs, values, religion, perceptions, tradition, habits,
customs, art, law etc.
4.
5. Comparison between material and nonmaterial
culture
Material culture includes things
that have a physical existence and
these are created by human
himself.
Tangible things
Computers, Tv’s, cars, buildings,
phone, foods, movies, clothing etc.
are examples of material culture.
Non-material culture represents a
community’s values, norms and
attitudes and these do not have a
material existence. They are not
human made.
Thoughts and ideas
Language, beliefs, values, rules of
behavior, family patterns, and
political systems are examples of
nonmaterial culture.
6. Comparison between material and nonmaterial
culture
Items of material culture begin as
raw materials such as iron ore,
trees, and oil.
They are transformed through
technology. Sociologists define
technology as knowledge,
techniques, and tools that make it
possible for people to transform
resources into usable forms, and
the skills required to use them
after they are developed.
A central component of
nonmaterial culture is beliefs.
They are not transferable through
technology. Beliefs, rules, customs,
family system, tradition etc. can
not be transferred thorough
technology. It remains in a persons
mind.
7. Comparison between material and nonmaterial
culture
Material culture includes the
physical objects that can be seen,
touched and felt by others.
The material culture represents
humans’ relationship with the
nature also. The man may build a
house in order to protect him
from the sunlight and this process
of survival has led the mankind to
create a lot of material things,
adding value to their own culture
as well.
Nonmaterial culture includes
abstract intangibles that can not be
seen, touched.
The material things have a
symbolic value related to the
nonmaterial things. The non-
material faith is embedded in the
material object. For Example: The
wedding ring has a material
existence and it may reflect love,
care and faith to each other
between couples.
8. Importance of understanding relationship between
material culture and nonmaterial culture for global
marketers:
Material and nonmaterial aspects of culture are linked, and physical objects often
symbolize cultural ideas. For example: A metro pass is a material object, but it
represents a form of nonmaterial culture, namely, capitalism, and the acceptance of
paying for transportation. Clothing, hairstyles, and jewelry are part of material
culture, but the appropriateness of wearing certain clothing for specific events
reflects nonmaterial culture.
Material and nonmaterial aspects of a culture has a great impact on global
marketing. A global marketer must have to understand about the relationship
aspects of material and nonmaterial culture in depth of the countries in which they
will be doing business before offering a product to them. Because they have to
develop product. Price ,promote and distribute the product and communicating
product feature to the customers according to that culture and influence customers
to buy it.
9. To have an effective communication one must send the message according to the
receiver's culture, customs and learning process. There are some major barriers by
which effective communication can be hampered. Self Reference Criterion (SRC)
and Ethnocentrism can make the effort worthless. So global marketers have to
understand this relationship.
Another reason is some countries nonmaterial culture( beliefs, norms, values) and
material culture emphasis on ethnocentrism( thinks their products are superior).
Before entering into a country global marketers have to aware of this.
Different countries have different cultural mix ( material and nonmaterial
relationship) that affects global marketing strategy. Poor understanding of this
relationship may costs even billion dollars to a company. Good understanding of
this relationship can help to make billion dollars profit.
Examples: India is a country where most of the people follows Hinduism. So typical
Mcdonald’s can not run business there as it will hurt their religion values as beef is
prohibited in this country. So Mcdonald’s understand this and launched new
Chicken Maharaja mac burger specially for India..
10. They also launched green corner in theie kitchen for their vegetarian fare this
includes vegetabke items such as spicy Mcaloo tikka potato mac burger, pizza
mcpuff, paneer salsa Mcwrap etc Meat items are prepared in red area of the
kitchen. Even the mayonnaise is made without eggs.
In India, food is a material thing but nonmaterial beliefs( not eating beef) has
made global marketers to think differently and run business here. So, if global
marketers does not understand the relationship between this two they will not
be able to run their business profitably and will face criticism and loss.
For all these reasons, it is important for global marketers to understand the
relationship between material and nonmaterial culture.
-------------------
11. Low- context culture
A low-context culture is described as open, rule-oriented, individualized, detail-
oriented in communication, problem-oriented, proactive and productive. In a low
context culture messages are, messages are explicit and specific, words carry most
of the communication power. The United States is an example of a primarily low-
context culture, though it is important to point out that virtually no nation's culture
is exclusively high or low-context.
12. High- Context culture
A high context culture is one where most of the communication is done
indirectly and more dependence is on non-verbal communication and
gestures. In a high context culture, relationships are built slowly which are
generally long term and stable and are dependent on trust and loyalty. High
context culture is mostly found in Asian, African, Latin American and central
European countries. In high context culture less information is contained in
the verbal part of the message. Much more information resides in the context
of communication, background, associations, and basic values of the
communicators.
13. Difference between High context and Low context
culture
High context culture Low context culture
In this culture less information is
contained in the verbal part of the
message. Much information resides in
the context of communication,
background, associations and basic
values of communicators.
High context culture deals with much less
legal paperwork. They place a great deal
of emphasis on a persons values and
positions or place in society.
Lawyers are less important here.
In this culture messages are explicit
and specific; words carry most of the
communication power. Most
information is contained in the verbal
part of the message.
In low context culture deals are made
with more legal paperwork and less
with values, status, background and
information about participants.
Lawyers are very important in this
culture.
14. Difference between High context and Low context
culture
High context culture Low context culture
Negotiations are lengthy- a major
purposes is to allow the parties to get to
know each other.
Competitive bidding is infrequent.
A persons word his or her bond.
Responsibility for organizational error is
taken by the highest level. Because of
lower power distance index employees
can easily communicate with their boss
about the problem.
Negotiations are proceed quickly
here because people relies in legal
documents more here.
Competitive bidding is common here.
A persons words is not to be relied
upon; “ get it in writing”.
Responsibility for organizational error
is pushed to the lowest level because
of the highest level of power distance
index.
15. Difference between High context and Low context
culture
High context culture Low context culture
In high context cultures, communication
is done primarily through nonverbal
mediums and gestures.
In high context cultures, social structure
and authority are centralized;
responsibility is on the top. Person at top
works for the good of the group.
Space is communal; people stand close to
each other and share the same space.
In low context cultures, information
is vested explicitly so that there is no
risk of confusion.
• In low context cultures social
structure is decentralized;
responsibility goes further down ( is
not concentrated on the top)
• Space is compartmentalized and
privately owned. Privacy is important
so people are farther apart.
16. Difference between High context and Low context
culture
High context culture Low context culture
• Ones identity is rooted in the group they
are in ; family, work, culture etc.
• High context culture emphasis on high
commitment of long term relationship.
• Example: In Saudi Arabia for granting of a
business loan, they depend on the
applicants character, background, status,
position in society, associations to
different groups and values. They will
give the loan based on “ who you are”
than on formal analysis of formal
financial documents.
Ones identity is rooted in oneself and
ones accomplishments.
Low context culture emphasis on low
commitment to relationship.
Example: By contrast, Japanese
companies such as sony traditionally
paid a great deal of attention to the
university background of a new hire;
preference would be given to
graduates of Tokyo university.
Specific elements on a resume were
less important.
17. A country that is an example of both low context culture
and high context culture are discussed below with
evidence:
Countries are classified as high or low context in their overall tendency but
there are exceptions to the general tendency. These exceptions are found in
subcultures. There are countries which contains both high and low context
culture. For example: The United States.
The united states is a low context culture with subculture that operate in the
high- context mode. The world of the central banker, for example is a
gentlemen’s world that is a high context culture. Even during the most hectic
day of the trading in the foreign exchange market a central bankers word is
sufficient for him or her to borrow millions of dollars.
18. Hofstede’s cultural Typology
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory, developed by Geert Hofstede, is a
framework used to understand the differences in culture across countries and to
discern the ways that business is done across different cultures. In other words, the
framework is used to distinguish between different national cultures, the
dimensions of culture, and assess their impact on a business setting.
Hofstede identified six categories that define culture:
1.Power Distance Index
2.Collectivism vs. Individualism
3.Uncertainty Avoidance Index
4.Femininity vs. Masculinity
5.Short-Term vs. Long-Term Orientation
6.Restraint vs. Indulgence