Cultural factors significantly influence international business decisions. Managers must understand differences in cultural behaviors and values across countries. Culture encompasses various learned traits like values, norms, aesthetics, customs, language and religion. Frameworks like Hofstede's and Trompenaars' classify cultures based on dimensions such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, and time orientation. Managers must avoid ethnocentrism by considering perspectives beyond their own culture and redefining problems in local cultural contexts.
What is the cultural environment?
A deliberately vague and broad term to describe the affectual, felt, and emotional makeup of particular spaces created by physical, social, and/or cultural environments and presence/absence of other humans and/or nonhumans. From: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), 2020. Elements are - language, social norms, religion, ethics, socio economics, mores, traditions, societal regulations, nationalism, aesthetics, material culture, attitudes, values, social organisation. How does culture affect environment?
Research suggests that perceived group values impact an individual's behaviour towards the environment. In cultures that have a strong collectivistic orientation, the perception of either strong egoistic or biospheric group values can lead to pro-environmental benefits or mitigate environmental harms.
The document discusses understanding foreign cultures for international business. It identifies several key objectives: developing an appreciation for cultural differences; understanding how culture impacts business strategy and implementation; and learning frameworks for classifying cultural dimensions. It emphasizes that understanding cultural differences is important for succeeding in international business encounters. Effective business requires adapting to foreign cultural norms and values.
International market n cultural dynamicsAbdullah Amin
Cultural dynamics play an important role in assessing global markets. Culture influences factors like consumption patterns, pricing, and product design. It has origins from geography, history, political systems, technology, and social institutions. There are five main elements of culture - values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes. Understanding these cultural dimensions is key to success in international business. While cultures can resist change, marketers can also facilitate planned cultural change to introduce new products and ideas.
This document discusses cultural diversity and various aspects of culture. It begins by defining culture and identifying different categories and levels of culture. It then examines elements of culture like language, narratives, practices, and taboos. It discusses perspectives on culture and explores industry, tourist, host, and tourism cultures. It analyzes organizational cultures like bureaucratic, clan, entrepreneurial, and market cultures. Finally, it touches on cultural diversity, managing diversity, and includes a case study on Disney expanding to Hong Kong.
This document provides tips for teachers to help students explore culture in the classroom. It discusses two responsibilities of teachers regarding culture and language. It then lists tips such as having students define culture, raising culture to a conscious level, pointing out hidden aspects of culture, showing how cultures value things differently, and helping students understand how culture works. The document provides research and examples to support each tip. The overall goal is to help students learn about their own and other cultures.
This document discusses cross-cultural communication and managing it successfully. It begins by looking at how social media is impacting global business communication. It then examines the cultural variables that can cause "noise" in the communication process for both senders and receivers from different cultures. These include attitudes, social organization, thought patterns, roles, language, and nonverbal communication cues. The document also explores how communication styles differ between high and low context cultures. It notes that information technology is impacting cross-border communication but that a global online strategy must also be localized. The document concludes by stating that to manage cross-cultural communication successfully, managers must develop cultural sensitivity, communicate with care, and establish trust across cultures.
Culture is shaped by the cumulative knowledge, beliefs, and objects acquired by a group over generations. There are two views of cultural determinism - one that sees people as products of their culture with no free will, and one that is more optimistic about human potential. Cultural relativism holds that no culture is intrinsically superior and each should be understood on its own terms. As technology increases cultural diffusion and leveling, reducing differences between societies, it also allows new forms of culture to emerge.
Organization of Culture PS&C - Week fourMarhaba Rana
This document defines culture and outlines its key characteristics. It states that culture includes knowledge, beliefs, laws, customs, and habits acquired by members of a society. Culture is learned and transmitted between generations, and it varies significantly across societies. The document then discusses characteristics of culture such as adaptation, transmission, dynamism, gratification, and accumulation. It also defines types of culture including ideal, real, material, and non-material culture. Finally, it outlines some key elements that shape culture, including language, norms, sanctions, values, and beliefs.
What is the cultural environment?
A deliberately vague and broad term to describe the affectual, felt, and emotional makeup of particular spaces created by physical, social, and/or cultural environments and presence/absence of other humans and/or nonhumans. From: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), 2020. Elements are - language, social norms, religion, ethics, socio economics, mores, traditions, societal regulations, nationalism, aesthetics, material culture, attitudes, values, social organisation. How does culture affect environment?
Research suggests that perceived group values impact an individual's behaviour towards the environment. In cultures that have a strong collectivistic orientation, the perception of either strong egoistic or biospheric group values can lead to pro-environmental benefits or mitigate environmental harms.
The document discusses understanding foreign cultures for international business. It identifies several key objectives: developing an appreciation for cultural differences; understanding how culture impacts business strategy and implementation; and learning frameworks for classifying cultural dimensions. It emphasizes that understanding cultural differences is important for succeeding in international business encounters. Effective business requires adapting to foreign cultural norms and values.
International market n cultural dynamicsAbdullah Amin
Cultural dynamics play an important role in assessing global markets. Culture influences factors like consumption patterns, pricing, and product design. It has origins from geography, history, political systems, technology, and social institutions. There are five main elements of culture - values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes. Understanding these cultural dimensions is key to success in international business. While cultures can resist change, marketers can also facilitate planned cultural change to introduce new products and ideas.
This document discusses cultural diversity and various aspects of culture. It begins by defining culture and identifying different categories and levels of culture. It then examines elements of culture like language, narratives, practices, and taboos. It discusses perspectives on culture and explores industry, tourist, host, and tourism cultures. It analyzes organizational cultures like bureaucratic, clan, entrepreneurial, and market cultures. Finally, it touches on cultural diversity, managing diversity, and includes a case study on Disney expanding to Hong Kong.
This document provides tips for teachers to help students explore culture in the classroom. It discusses two responsibilities of teachers regarding culture and language. It then lists tips such as having students define culture, raising culture to a conscious level, pointing out hidden aspects of culture, showing how cultures value things differently, and helping students understand how culture works. The document provides research and examples to support each tip. The overall goal is to help students learn about their own and other cultures.
This document discusses cross-cultural communication and managing it successfully. It begins by looking at how social media is impacting global business communication. It then examines the cultural variables that can cause "noise" in the communication process for both senders and receivers from different cultures. These include attitudes, social organization, thought patterns, roles, language, and nonverbal communication cues. The document also explores how communication styles differ between high and low context cultures. It notes that information technology is impacting cross-border communication but that a global online strategy must also be localized. The document concludes by stating that to manage cross-cultural communication successfully, managers must develop cultural sensitivity, communicate with care, and establish trust across cultures.
Culture is shaped by the cumulative knowledge, beliefs, and objects acquired by a group over generations. There are two views of cultural determinism - one that sees people as products of their culture with no free will, and one that is more optimistic about human potential. Cultural relativism holds that no culture is intrinsically superior and each should be understood on its own terms. As technology increases cultural diffusion and leveling, reducing differences between societies, it also allows new forms of culture to emerge.
Organization of Culture PS&C - Week fourMarhaba Rana
This document defines culture and outlines its key characteristics. It states that culture includes knowledge, beliefs, laws, customs, and habits acquired by members of a society. Culture is learned and transmitted between generations, and it varies significantly across societies. The document then discusses characteristics of culture such as adaptation, transmission, dynamism, gratification, and accumulation. It also defines types of culture including ideal, real, material, and non-material culture. Finally, it outlines some key elements that shape culture, including language, norms, sanctions, values, and beliefs.
Cultural dynamics, business customs, and political environments are important factors to consider for global markets. [1] Culture can be defined as the shared knowledge, beliefs, and habits of a society, which guide how people think and behave. [2] Elements of culture include values, rituals, symbols, language, and thought processes. [3] Cultures are dynamic and can change through cultural borrowing or planned and unplanned changes in response to innovations or ideas.
International Business Presentations-Lecture 5.PDFsaamiahmunir88
Cultural differences can impact international business strategies and operations. The document discusses Hofstede's six cultural dimensions model for analyzing and understanding cultures: (1) power distance, (2) individualism vs collectivism, (3) masculinity vs femininity, (4) uncertainty avoidance, (5) long-term vs short-term orientation, and (6) indulgence vs restraint. It provides examples of countries that rank high or low on each dimension and how dimensions shape a society's values and preferences in the marketplace. Understanding a culture based on these dimensions can help businesses adapt their management practices and marketing accordingly.
cultural diversity and multicultural teamworkJoshuab8
This document discusses cultural diversity and multicultural teamwork. It begins by defining culture and explaining that culture consists of various learned behaviors and norms that are shared by a group of people. It then discusses different types of culture, including ideal culture (goals of a society), real culture (values actually implemented), material culture (physical objects used to define culture), and non-material culture (nonphysical ideas about culture). The document also outlines basic elements of culture, characteristics of culture, and describes cultural anthropology as the study of human cultural variation. Finally, it discusses how cultural anthropology relates to international business and the importance of understanding cultural differences in a business context.
The meaning and dimensions of culture-Lecture-03(Helen Deresky)Shifur Rahman
Culture refers to the acquired knowledge that:
people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior, and
forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior.
In fact, culture comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are:
Learned from earlier generations.
Imposed by present members of a society, and
Passed on to succeeding generations.
Prepared by
Md. Sohel Chowdhury
Assistant Lecturer
Dept.of Management Studies
University of Barisal
This document discusses definitions and characteristics of culture. It defines culture as the complex whole of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, and customs acquired by humans as members of society. Key characteristics of culture discussed are that it is learned, shared, trans-generational, symbolic, and adaptive. The document also discusses how culture can affect managerial approaches and priorities across different levels and societies.
Culture has a significant influence on consumer behavior. It determines values and lifestyle choices that impact thoughts, motives and consumption patterns. Core cultural values define how products are used and perceptions of brands. While globalization is dissolving boundaries, local culture still influences heterogeneity in consumption. Culture is learned and influences language, family structure, product evaluations, and communication style. It must be considered in marketing strategy, particularly regarding products, pricing, distribution and communication.
Social sciences play a major role in understanding individuals, communities, and their environments. They aid in program planning and evaluation by understanding how social and cultural factors influence health behaviors. Social sciences include disciplines like sociology, cultural anthropology, social psychology, economics, and political science. Health behaviors directly and indirectly impact individuals' health and are shaped by their social environment, including cultural values, education, socioeconomic status, and community. Proper understanding of social and cultural determinants of health is necessary for effective public health programs and utilization of dental services.
"The experiment requires that you continue."
Participant: "I don't think I should go on."
Assistant: "It is absolutely essential that you continue. You have no other choice, you must go on."
participants continued to the highest shock
level (450 volts) if the experimenter insisted
they do so.
▪ Only about 1/3 defied the experimenter and
refused to continue at some point.
So obedience to authority was much higher
than predicted.
Understanding the ConsumerCulture and Cultural Change1.docxmarilucorr
Understanding the Consumer
Culture and Cultural Change
1
Understanding Culture
Culture is the lens through which consumers view products and try to make sense of their own and other people’s behaviour..
Culture dictates the manner of how people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy.
Consumption choices cannot be understood without considering the cultural context in which they are made.
Therefore:
Culture determines
the overall priorities that a consumer attaches to different activities and products
the success or failure of specific products and services.
What is Culture?
Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Edward B. Tylor, 1871)
What is the difference between the two?
Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another."
(Hofstede, 1991, p.5)
3
Definitions of Culture
“Culture may be defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that help individuals to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of society.“ (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1990, p. 3).
‘Culture is a society’s personality and describes what people have in common. It is the total sum of learned beliefs, values, and customs that direct the consumer behaviour of members of a particular society’ (Schiffman et al., pp. 282)
4
(adapted from Douglas & Craig, 2011)
Consumer
CULTURE
Cognition
Attitude
Values
Patterns of
Consumption
Choices
Information seeking
Disposal?
Macro
Micro
Meso
Situational Factors
Macro: The types of macroenvironmental variables, which condition consumer behavior, include economic variables such as GNI per capita, income distribution,
GNP, income distribution, government exp, population- purchasing power and variety of options available
The demographic factors such as population size and rate of growth, levels of education, socio-cultural factors such as cultural values, religion and geographic factors such as climate or topography. While each of these different factors can be clearly identified, it is important to remember that they interact with each other, as well as conditioning variables at other levels of context.
Meso: within country differences in ethics groups, language, lifestyle, culture, topography
In China, for example, there are marked differences in the economic infrastructure, consumer purchasing power and distribution channels between different regions (Batra, 1997; Cui and Liu, 2000).
Micro: Local level info on market, economy
This is defined here as consisting of the basic physical infrastructure in a village, town or city, including roads, water, electricity, the market infrastructure, i.e. the number and type of stores avail ...
This document provides an overview of the Cross Cultural & Diversity Management course at Fore School of Management. The course aims to enhance knowledge of cross-cultural issues and sensitivity working in culturally diverse situations. Key topics covered include culture and its dimensions, cultural diversity priorities, Hofstede's cultural dimensions model, ethics and social responsibility, and managing across cultures. Evaluation includes assignments, projects, discussions, and assessments. Ground rules are also outlined.
Cultural integration issues were the second most important contributing factor to deal failure according to the document. The document also states that cultural integration is indirectly linked to other causes of deal failure such as delayed integration. Additionally, statistics show that up to one third of mergers fail within 5 years, and as many as 80% never live up to their full expectations. While successful cultural integration is critical for deal success, many companies do not have a specific approach for assessing and integrating culture during an acquisition. Reasons for unsuccessful cultural integration include a lack of leadership support, cultural risks not being identified, and a lack of competencies and skills.
Culture can be summarized as follows:
1) Culture is the shared way of life of a group of people, including their knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, and habits.
2) A culture encompasses both tangible aspects like material objects as well as intangible aspects like values, beliefs, norms, and ideas.
3) Culture is learned and transmitted between generations, though it also changes over time in response to new technologies and interactions between societies.
Dissecting culture and its application to business.docxmadlynplamondon
Dissecting
culture and its
application to
business
What we’ll cover
1. What is the nature of culture?
2. Variety and variation in culture
3. How have globalisation, migration and diversity impacted on
national culture?
4. Use these insights to critically evaluate models of national culture
5. Culture traps: problems and pitfalls to avoid
6. Dynamic models of culture
7. Groupwork exercise: apply your cultural knowledge to business
practice
1. What is culture?
Read the following descriptions of national values
for China, India, Britain
•What do these descriptions tell us about the nature of
culture?
i.e. what kinds of things do we call ‘culture’?
• How long might it take an outsider to understand these
values?
So what is the nature of culture?
“a complex frame of reference that consists of patterns of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying
degrees by interacting members of a community”
(Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.10)
traditions rituals, ceremonies, rites of passage
beliefs, values, norms underlying principles governing behaviours
symbols language (verbal, non-verbal) also images
meanings Interpretations of symbols held by members
‘shared to varying degrees’ not every single member of the culture to the same degree!
‘a frame of reference’ for making sense of the world
Culture is socially constructed; a basis for shared, collective identities
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
Another definition
“the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s
concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what
things are appropriate, and dictates behaviour”
(Varner & Beamer, 2011, p.5)
coherent an entire, consistent world view
learned we are not born with it; culture is transmitted
view of a group agreed, shared views of a society
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
The Iceberg of Culture
In awareness Visible
Out of conscious
awareness
Invisible
Self-awareness
The Iceberg of Culture Fine arts Literature
Drama Classical music Popular music
Folk dancing Games Cooking Dress
Notions of modesty Conceptions of beauty Ideas about child raising
Rules of descent Cosmology Relationship to animals Courtship practices
Patterns of superior/subordinate relations Definitions of sin
Conceptions of justice Notions of leadership Incentive to work Tempo of work
Attitudes to the dependent Approaches to problem solving
Patterns of group decision making Eye behaviour Conceptions of cleanliness
Theories of disease Conception of status mobility
Roles in relation to status by age, sex, class, occupation, kinship etc
Definition of insanity Nature of friendship Conception of self
Patterns of visual perception Body language Facial expression
Notions of logic and validity Patterns of handling emotions ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br7XGAwC80E
Intercultural Competence?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUO59Emi3eo
Intercultural Competence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJqBhLgSNQY
Mind Set
Similarities: Differences
Heart Set
Self-esteem
Self-monitoring
Empathy
Open-mindedness
Reserving judgment
Socially relaxed
Skill Set
Agility
Message skills
Appropriate self-disclosure
Behavioral flexibility
Interaction management
(Louise Giesbrecht and Janet M. Bennett, PhD, 2013)
Key terms for Intercultural Competence and Civic
Engagement Project
Ingroup
The groups to which we belong that enhance our perceptions of self. They are important to our self-esteem. We are typically favorably biased about our ingroups and ingroup members.
Outgroup
The groups to which we do not belong, and to whom we may develop biases and/or prejudice (if threatened).
Culture
Culture includes the following
History
Politics
Economics
Communication styles
Set of values, beliefs, traditions and practices, norms, and attitudes
And is shared within a group and transmitted to other members
She may eat primarily Korean with her family, speak Korean in her home, and celebrate the Korean New Year.
Additionally, this person may be a practicing Korean Buddhist who honors sacred Buddhist holidays with visits to a temple, or an altar to deceased ancestors in her home, and special foods.
She may feel a special obligation to take care of her aging parents when they can no longer take care of themselves.
And, she may enjoy American music, eat Mexican food, and celebrate the 4th of July and Thanksgiving with her friends.
9
Worldview
Cognitive and affective lens through which people construe their experiences and make sense of the world around them.
How would you characterize the worldview of the man in the video?
Civic Engagement
Active participation in the public life of a local, national, and/or global community in an informed, committed, and constructive manner. Civic engagement includes focusing on a shared or common goal that enhances the defined “community.”
Civic engagement can start by learning about how to get involved with the intention of becoming involved in a shared goal.
Adapted from Balls Organista, P., Marin, G., & Chun, K.M. (2010). The Psychology of Ethnic Groups in the United States. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
PARTNERS IN SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE
Social responsibility includes intercultural competence, knowledge of civic responsibility, and the ability to engage effectively in regional, national, and global communities, including the workplace. These skills are rated highest as desirable skills among hiring managers.
Intercultural competence includes:
1. Knowledge of your own culture and how it has shaped your world view.
2. Knowledge of significant characteristics of other cultures.
3. Awareness of differences and similarities in cultures.
4. Ability to adjust y ...
1. Applied anthropology involves using anthropological data and techniques to identify and solve contemporary social problems.
2. Anthropologists can help address issues in various fields like medicine, education, business, and development by understanding cultural practices and designing culturally-appropriate solutions.
3. Medical anthropologists help address health disparities between groups by identifying key health problems, gathering solutions, and partnering with agencies to implement culturally-sensitive public health programs.
International Business Dynamics Moduel 1.pptxSabaShariff5
This document discusses various aspects of international business including objectives, factors influencing international business, the evolution and drivers of international business, challenges, differences between domestic and international business, key players, and the business environment. It also examines models for understanding cross-cultural management including Hofstede's, Hall's, House's, and Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's cultural dimensions as well as Trompenaar's framework for analyzing cultural differences.
This document discusses intercultural relations and communication. It begins by outlining how culture influences people's customs, beliefs, values, and ways of communicating. Several models for analyzing differences across cultures are presented, including Hofstede's dimensions of cultural variation. The document also covers challenges in intercultural business relations, like dealing with different political, economic, and cultural frames of reference. It emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and awareness for effective intercultural communication.
Global project management: Communication, collaboration and management across borders
Drawing inspiration from the 17th-century samurai Miyamoto Musashi who developed the Nitoryu style of handling two swords at the same time, this workshop will address the challenge of being assertive, quick, and to the point in one culture, while succeeding in being unassertive, patient, and somewhat indirect in another.
Learning outcomes
• Understand the framework for effective cross-cultural project management
• Discover tools and techniques in
Trust building, conflict resolution, influencing, negotiating
Communication channels management
Project meetings organization
Use of the English language
Selection of Human Resources
Knowledge sharing
for a project team that spans different locations, time zones, cultures and languages.
Topics
• Cultural dimensions analysis
• Global project leadership
• Communication
• Project structure
• Collaborative tools
The document discusses various aspects of a firm's socio-cultural environment including levels of education, occupation, lifestyles, cultural traits and values, tastes and preferences, behavior, social networks, and social class. It provides details on education levels in the Philippines and the advantages of education for employers, workers, and a nation's economy. Occupation is defined in terms of work experience and socioeconomic status. Lifestyles reflect individual identity and cultural symbols. Core Filipino cultural traits center around social harmony and values of hiya and amor propio. Social networks and institutions govern social cooperation and behavior within communities. Social class refers to hierarchical social categories such as upper, middle, and lower classes.
The document discusses culture, ethnicity, race, and multicultural competence. It defines culture as the sum of ways of living built up by a group including values, norms, beliefs and traditions. Ethnicity refers to identification with a group based on commonalities like religion or nationality. Race is a social or biological grouping based on descent and heredity. The document also examines Hofstede's cultural dimensions of individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, achievement vs nurturing orientation, and long vs short term orientation. It emphasizes developing knowledge of different cultures, self-awareness, and effective communication to achieve multicultural competence.
Cultural dynamics, business customs, and political environments are important factors to consider for global markets. [1] Culture can be defined as the shared knowledge, beliefs, and habits of a society, which guide how people think and behave. [2] Elements of culture include values, rituals, symbols, language, and thought processes. [3] Cultures are dynamic and can change through cultural borrowing or planned and unplanned changes in response to innovations or ideas.
International Business Presentations-Lecture 5.PDFsaamiahmunir88
Cultural differences can impact international business strategies and operations. The document discusses Hofstede's six cultural dimensions model for analyzing and understanding cultures: (1) power distance, (2) individualism vs collectivism, (3) masculinity vs femininity, (4) uncertainty avoidance, (5) long-term vs short-term orientation, and (6) indulgence vs restraint. It provides examples of countries that rank high or low on each dimension and how dimensions shape a society's values and preferences in the marketplace. Understanding a culture based on these dimensions can help businesses adapt their management practices and marketing accordingly.
cultural diversity and multicultural teamworkJoshuab8
This document discusses cultural diversity and multicultural teamwork. It begins by defining culture and explaining that culture consists of various learned behaviors and norms that are shared by a group of people. It then discusses different types of culture, including ideal culture (goals of a society), real culture (values actually implemented), material culture (physical objects used to define culture), and non-material culture (nonphysical ideas about culture). The document also outlines basic elements of culture, characteristics of culture, and describes cultural anthropology as the study of human cultural variation. Finally, it discusses how cultural anthropology relates to international business and the importance of understanding cultural differences in a business context.
The meaning and dimensions of culture-Lecture-03(Helen Deresky)Shifur Rahman
Culture refers to the acquired knowledge that:
people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior, and
forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior.
In fact, culture comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are:
Learned from earlier generations.
Imposed by present members of a society, and
Passed on to succeeding generations.
Prepared by
Md. Sohel Chowdhury
Assistant Lecturer
Dept.of Management Studies
University of Barisal
This document discusses definitions and characteristics of culture. It defines culture as the complex whole of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, and customs acquired by humans as members of society. Key characteristics of culture discussed are that it is learned, shared, trans-generational, symbolic, and adaptive. The document also discusses how culture can affect managerial approaches and priorities across different levels and societies.
Culture has a significant influence on consumer behavior. It determines values and lifestyle choices that impact thoughts, motives and consumption patterns. Core cultural values define how products are used and perceptions of brands. While globalization is dissolving boundaries, local culture still influences heterogeneity in consumption. Culture is learned and influences language, family structure, product evaluations, and communication style. It must be considered in marketing strategy, particularly regarding products, pricing, distribution and communication.
Social sciences play a major role in understanding individuals, communities, and their environments. They aid in program planning and evaluation by understanding how social and cultural factors influence health behaviors. Social sciences include disciplines like sociology, cultural anthropology, social psychology, economics, and political science. Health behaviors directly and indirectly impact individuals' health and are shaped by their social environment, including cultural values, education, socioeconomic status, and community. Proper understanding of social and cultural determinants of health is necessary for effective public health programs and utilization of dental services.
"The experiment requires that you continue."
Participant: "I don't think I should go on."
Assistant: "It is absolutely essential that you continue. You have no other choice, you must go on."
participants continued to the highest shock
level (450 volts) if the experimenter insisted
they do so.
▪ Only about 1/3 defied the experimenter and
refused to continue at some point.
So obedience to authority was much higher
than predicted.
Understanding the ConsumerCulture and Cultural Change1.docxmarilucorr
Understanding the Consumer
Culture and Cultural Change
1
Understanding Culture
Culture is the lens through which consumers view products and try to make sense of their own and other people’s behaviour..
Culture dictates the manner of how people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy.
Consumption choices cannot be understood without considering the cultural context in which they are made.
Therefore:
Culture determines
the overall priorities that a consumer attaches to different activities and products
the success or failure of specific products and services.
What is Culture?
Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Edward B. Tylor, 1871)
What is the difference between the two?
Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another."
(Hofstede, 1991, p.5)
3
Definitions of Culture
“Culture may be defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that help individuals to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of society.“ (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1990, p. 3).
‘Culture is a society’s personality and describes what people have in common. It is the total sum of learned beliefs, values, and customs that direct the consumer behaviour of members of a particular society’ (Schiffman et al., pp. 282)
4
(adapted from Douglas & Craig, 2011)
Consumer
CULTURE
Cognition
Attitude
Values
Patterns of
Consumption
Choices
Information seeking
Disposal?
Macro
Micro
Meso
Situational Factors
Macro: The types of macroenvironmental variables, which condition consumer behavior, include economic variables such as GNI per capita, income distribution,
GNP, income distribution, government exp, population- purchasing power and variety of options available
The demographic factors such as population size and rate of growth, levels of education, socio-cultural factors such as cultural values, religion and geographic factors such as climate or topography. While each of these different factors can be clearly identified, it is important to remember that they interact with each other, as well as conditioning variables at other levels of context.
Meso: within country differences in ethics groups, language, lifestyle, culture, topography
In China, for example, there are marked differences in the economic infrastructure, consumer purchasing power and distribution channels between different regions (Batra, 1997; Cui and Liu, 2000).
Micro: Local level info on market, economy
This is defined here as consisting of the basic physical infrastructure in a village, town or city, including roads, water, electricity, the market infrastructure, i.e. the number and type of stores avail ...
This document provides an overview of the Cross Cultural & Diversity Management course at Fore School of Management. The course aims to enhance knowledge of cross-cultural issues and sensitivity working in culturally diverse situations. Key topics covered include culture and its dimensions, cultural diversity priorities, Hofstede's cultural dimensions model, ethics and social responsibility, and managing across cultures. Evaluation includes assignments, projects, discussions, and assessments. Ground rules are also outlined.
Cultural integration issues were the second most important contributing factor to deal failure according to the document. The document also states that cultural integration is indirectly linked to other causes of deal failure such as delayed integration. Additionally, statistics show that up to one third of mergers fail within 5 years, and as many as 80% never live up to their full expectations. While successful cultural integration is critical for deal success, many companies do not have a specific approach for assessing and integrating culture during an acquisition. Reasons for unsuccessful cultural integration include a lack of leadership support, cultural risks not being identified, and a lack of competencies and skills.
Culture can be summarized as follows:
1) Culture is the shared way of life of a group of people, including their knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, and habits.
2) A culture encompasses both tangible aspects like material objects as well as intangible aspects like values, beliefs, norms, and ideas.
3) Culture is learned and transmitted between generations, though it also changes over time in response to new technologies and interactions between societies.
Dissecting culture and its application to business.docxmadlynplamondon
Dissecting
culture and its
application to
business
What we’ll cover
1. What is the nature of culture?
2. Variety and variation in culture
3. How have globalisation, migration and diversity impacted on
national culture?
4. Use these insights to critically evaluate models of national culture
5. Culture traps: problems and pitfalls to avoid
6. Dynamic models of culture
7. Groupwork exercise: apply your cultural knowledge to business
practice
1. What is culture?
Read the following descriptions of national values
for China, India, Britain
•What do these descriptions tell us about the nature of
culture?
i.e. what kinds of things do we call ‘culture’?
• How long might it take an outsider to understand these
values?
So what is the nature of culture?
“a complex frame of reference that consists of patterns of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying
degrees by interacting members of a community”
(Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.10)
traditions rituals, ceremonies, rites of passage
beliefs, values, norms underlying principles governing behaviours
symbols language (verbal, non-verbal) also images
meanings Interpretations of symbols held by members
‘shared to varying degrees’ not every single member of the culture to the same degree!
‘a frame of reference’ for making sense of the world
Culture is socially constructed; a basis for shared, collective identities
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
Another definition
“the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s
concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what
things are appropriate, and dictates behaviour”
(Varner & Beamer, 2011, p.5)
coherent an entire, consistent world view
learned we are not born with it; culture is transmitted
view of a group agreed, shared views of a society
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
The Iceberg of Culture
In awareness Visible
Out of conscious
awareness
Invisible
Self-awareness
The Iceberg of Culture Fine arts Literature
Drama Classical music Popular music
Folk dancing Games Cooking Dress
Notions of modesty Conceptions of beauty Ideas about child raising
Rules of descent Cosmology Relationship to animals Courtship practices
Patterns of superior/subordinate relations Definitions of sin
Conceptions of justice Notions of leadership Incentive to work Tempo of work
Attitudes to the dependent Approaches to problem solving
Patterns of group decision making Eye behaviour Conceptions of cleanliness
Theories of disease Conception of status mobility
Roles in relation to status by age, sex, class, occupation, kinship etc
Definition of insanity Nature of friendship Conception of self
Patterns of visual perception Body language Facial expression
Notions of logic and validity Patterns of handling emotions ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br7XGAwC80E
Intercultural Competence?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUO59Emi3eo
Intercultural Competence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJqBhLgSNQY
Mind Set
Similarities: Differences
Heart Set
Self-esteem
Self-monitoring
Empathy
Open-mindedness
Reserving judgment
Socially relaxed
Skill Set
Agility
Message skills
Appropriate self-disclosure
Behavioral flexibility
Interaction management
(Louise Giesbrecht and Janet M. Bennett, PhD, 2013)
Key terms for Intercultural Competence and Civic
Engagement Project
Ingroup
The groups to which we belong that enhance our perceptions of self. They are important to our self-esteem. We are typically favorably biased about our ingroups and ingroup members.
Outgroup
The groups to which we do not belong, and to whom we may develop biases and/or prejudice (if threatened).
Culture
Culture includes the following
History
Politics
Economics
Communication styles
Set of values, beliefs, traditions and practices, norms, and attitudes
And is shared within a group and transmitted to other members
She may eat primarily Korean with her family, speak Korean in her home, and celebrate the Korean New Year.
Additionally, this person may be a practicing Korean Buddhist who honors sacred Buddhist holidays with visits to a temple, or an altar to deceased ancestors in her home, and special foods.
She may feel a special obligation to take care of her aging parents when they can no longer take care of themselves.
And, she may enjoy American music, eat Mexican food, and celebrate the 4th of July and Thanksgiving with her friends.
9
Worldview
Cognitive and affective lens through which people construe their experiences and make sense of the world around them.
How would you characterize the worldview of the man in the video?
Civic Engagement
Active participation in the public life of a local, national, and/or global community in an informed, committed, and constructive manner. Civic engagement includes focusing on a shared or common goal that enhances the defined “community.”
Civic engagement can start by learning about how to get involved with the intention of becoming involved in a shared goal.
Adapted from Balls Organista, P., Marin, G., & Chun, K.M. (2010). The Psychology of Ethnic Groups in the United States. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
PARTNERS IN SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE
Social responsibility includes intercultural competence, knowledge of civic responsibility, and the ability to engage effectively in regional, national, and global communities, including the workplace. These skills are rated highest as desirable skills among hiring managers.
Intercultural competence includes:
1. Knowledge of your own culture and how it has shaped your world view.
2. Knowledge of significant characteristics of other cultures.
3. Awareness of differences and similarities in cultures.
4. Ability to adjust y ...
1. Applied anthropology involves using anthropological data and techniques to identify and solve contemporary social problems.
2. Anthropologists can help address issues in various fields like medicine, education, business, and development by understanding cultural practices and designing culturally-appropriate solutions.
3. Medical anthropologists help address health disparities between groups by identifying key health problems, gathering solutions, and partnering with agencies to implement culturally-sensitive public health programs.
International Business Dynamics Moduel 1.pptxSabaShariff5
This document discusses various aspects of international business including objectives, factors influencing international business, the evolution and drivers of international business, challenges, differences between domestic and international business, key players, and the business environment. It also examines models for understanding cross-cultural management including Hofstede's, Hall's, House's, and Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's cultural dimensions as well as Trompenaar's framework for analyzing cultural differences.
This document discusses intercultural relations and communication. It begins by outlining how culture influences people's customs, beliefs, values, and ways of communicating. Several models for analyzing differences across cultures are presented, including Hofstede's dimensions of cultural variation. The document also covers challenges in intercultural business relations, like dealing with different political, economic, and cultural frames of reference. It emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and awareness for effective intercultural communication.
Global project management: Communication, collaboration and management across borders
Drawing inspiration from the 17th-century samurai Miyamoto Musashi who developed the Nitoryu style of handling two swords at the same time, this workshop will address the challenge of being assertive, quick, and to the point in one culture, while succeeding in being unassertive, patient, and somewhat indirect in another.
Learning outcomes
• Understand the framework for effective cross-cultural project management
• Discover tools and techniques in
Trust building, conflict resolution, influencing, negotiating
Communication channels management
Project meetings organization
Use of the English language
Selection of Human Resources
Knowledge sharing
for a project team that spans different locations, time zones, cultures and languages.
Topics
• Cultural dimensions analysis
• Global project leadership
• Communication
• Project structure
• Collaborative tools
The document discusses various aspects of a firm's socio-cultural environment including levels of education, occupation, lifestyles, cultural traits and values, tastes and preferences, behavior, social networks, and social class. It provides details on education levels in the Philippines and the advantages of education for employers, workers, and a nation's economy. Occupation is defined in terms of work experience and socioeconomic status. Lifestyles reflect individual identity and cultural symbols. Core Filipino cultural traits center around social harmony and values of hiya and amor propio. Social networks and institutions govern social cooperation and behavior within communities. Social class refers to hierarchical social categories such as upper, middle, and lower classes.
The document discusses culture, ethnicity, race, and multicultural competence. It defines culture as the sum of ways of living built up by a group including values, norms, beliefs and traditions. Ethnicity refers to identification with a group based on commonalities like religion or nationality. Race is a social or biological grouping based on descent and heredity. The document also examines Hofstede's cultural dimensions of individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, achievement vs nurturing orientation, and long vs short term orientation. It emphasizes developing knowledge of different cultures, self-awareness, and effective communication to achieve multicultural competence.
Similar to Lec 2 Cultural Environment (3).pptx (20)
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
2. Learning Objectives
• To understand the significance of culture in
international marketing decisions
• To elucidate the concept of culture and its
constituents
• To explain comparisons of cross-cultural
behaviour
• To discuss cultural orientation in international
marketing
• To explicate self reference criteria and
ethnocentrism
2
3. Social factors
• Human Development Report An independent, analytically and
empirically grounded discussions of major development issues,
trends and policies published by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)
• Social Indicators: United Nations Tables of the latest indicators of
social development for housing, health, education, illiteracy, income
and economic activity, youth and elderly population, urban and rural
population, and unemployment.
• Social Progress Index An aggregate index of social and
environmental indicators that capture three dimensions of social
progress: Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing, and
Opportunity.
• UNESCO Institute for Statistics The United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute provides
statistical data & country profiles that focus on four themes: culture
and communications, education, literacy, and science and
technology.
3
4. Development Indicators
• Human Development Index The United
Nation's (UN's) Human Development Index
measures poverty, health, education, gender,
environment and other factors. This website
includes country reports, data and news.
• World Bank Open Data Data for
development indicators for countries and
country groups. Includes social, economic,
financial, natural resources, and
environmental indicators. Search by "Country
or ""Indicator."
4
5. Human Rights
• Business & Human Rights Resource CenterBrowse by
"Countries" for articles and reports on issues related to
discrimination, the environment, poverty, health, and security.
Also find company news, reports and correspondence.
• Country Reports on Human Rights PracticesU.S.
Department of State reports that cover internationally
recognized individual civil, political, and worker rights, as set
forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other
international instruments.
• International Religious Freedom ReportAnnual report to
Congress on International Religious Freedom. Describes the
status of religious freedom in each foreign country,
government policies violating religious belief and practices of
groups, religious denominations and U.S. policies to promote
religious freedom around the world.
5
6. Culture and Customs
• Country Comparison Tool Professor Geert Hofstede,
Professor Emeritus of Organizational Anthropology
and International Management at Maastricht University
in the Netherlands, conducted one of the most
comprehensive studies of how values in the workplace
are influenced by culture. Five dimensions are used to
measure the values that distinguished countries from
each other.
• Country Insights Answers to questions about
business culture, customs & communication from the
Canadian Centre for Intercultural Learning.
• Kwintessential Country Guides & Profiles Basic
facts on the social life, customs & business etiquette of
countries.
6
7. Significance of Culture
•A firm operating internationally comes across a wide
range of diverse cultural environments, which
significantly influence international business decisions.
•Managers operating internationally need to appreciate
the differences among cultural behaviors of their
business partners and consumers across various
countries.
7
8. The Concept of Culture
•Culture is the way of life of people, including
their attitudes, values, beliefs, arts, sciences,
modes of perception, and habits of thought and
activity.
• Cultural differences across the countries
significantly influence business decisions.
8
9. Constituents of Culture
A variety of learned traits that influence human behavior can
contribute to the culture of a social group, the major
constituents, includes:
• value system
• norms
• aesthetics
• customs and traditions
• language
• religion
9
10. Value System
Shared assumptions of a group about how things ought to be or
abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, desirable,
or right.
10
11. Norms
• Guidelines or social rules that prescribe
appropriate behaviour in a given situation.
11
12. Aesthetics
• Ideas and perceptions that a cultural group
upholds in terms of beauty and good taste. It
includes areas related to music, dance,
painting, drama, architecture, etc
12
13. Traditions and Customs
Traditions: The elements of culture passed down
from generation to generation.
Customs: An established pattern of behavior
within a society.
13
14. Language
A systematic means of communicating ideas or
feelings by the use of conventionalized signs,
gestures, marks, or especially articulate vocal
sounds.
14
15. Religion
Religious beliefs significantly influence business decision
making.
Religion encompasses three distinct elements;
•Explanation: God seen as a ‘first cause’ behind the creation of
the universe
•A standard organization: Consisting of places of worships and
rituals
•Moral rules of good behavior
15
16. Comparison of Cross Cultural
Behavior
• An appreciation of cultural differences
facilitates international managers to
conceptualize and implement business
strategies in view of cultural sensitivities in
various countries.
16
17. Hofstede’s Cultural Classification
Power distance: High vs. Low
The extent to which less powerful members of
an institution accept that power is distributed
unequally.
17
18. High Power Distance
•High social inequalities tolerated with differences in power
and income distribution
•Organizational structures are hierarchical based an inequality
among superiors and subordinates
•Decision making is centralized
•Juniors blindly follow the orders of their superiors
For instance, Malaysia, Mexico, Arab countries, India etc.
18
19. Low Power Distance
• Superiors and subordinates consider each
other equal
• Organizations are relatively flatter
• Decision making is decentralized
For instance, Austria, Sweden, Great Britain, the
US etc.
19
20. Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism
The tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate
family.
• Strong work ethics
• Promotions based on merit
• Involvement of employees is calculative
Countries with high individualism include, the US, Great Britain,
France, South Africa etc
20
21. Individualism vs. Collectivism (contd)
Collectivisms
The tendency of people to belong to groups and to look after
each other in exchange for loyalty. In such cultures, interest of
groups have precedence over individual interest
For instance, Guatemala, Pakistan, Singapore, Malaysia etc.
21
22. Masculinity vs. Femininity
In masculine societies, the dominant values
emphasize on work goals, such as earnings,
advancement, success, and material belongings.
e.g. Japan, Switzerland, Great Britain, the US etc.
In feminine societies the dominant values are
achievement of personal goals, such as quality of
life, caring for others, friendly atmosphere, getting
along with boss and others.
e.g. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Thailand etc.
22
23. Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous
situations.
In high uncertainty avoidance societies there is lack of
tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules.
For instance, Greece, Portugal, Japan, France etc.
Low uncertainty avoidance countries include Singapore,
Denmark, India, the US etc.
23
25. Universalism vs. Particularism
• Universalism: The belief that ideas and practices can
be defined and applied everywhere without
modification
e.g. the US, Australia, Germany, Sweden etc.
• Particularism: The belief that unique circumstances
and relationships, rather than abstract rules are more
important considerations that determine how ideas
and practices should be applied
e.g. Venezuela, the US, Indonesia, China etc.
25
26. Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Individualism: people regarding themselves as
individuals.
For instance the US, Czechoslovakia, Argentina, the CIS,
Mexico, and the UK .
Communitarianism: people regarding themselves as part
of a group.
For instance, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, and Indonesia.
26
27. Neutral vs. Affective
Neutral Cultures: Cultures in which people tend to hold
back their emotions and try not to exhibit their feelings.
For instance, Japan, the UK, Singapore, Australia, etc.
Affective Cultures: Cultures where emotions are
expressed openly.
For instance, Mexico, Netherlands, Switzerland, China,
Brazil, etc.
27
28. Specific vs. Diffused
Specific Cultures: Cultures in which individuals tend to
have a large public space which is readily shared, and a
smaller private space.
For instance, Australia, the UK, the USA and Switzerland.
Diffused Cultures: Culture in which public and private
space are more or less similar and public space is
guarded more carefully.
For instance, Venezuela, China and Spain
28
29. Achievement vs. Ascription
Achievement Cultures: Culture in which status is accorded to high
achievers and high performers.
For instance Austria, the USA, Switzerland, the UK, Sweden and Mexico
etc.
Ascription Cultures: Culture in which status is accorded to those who
‘naturally’ evoke admiration from others such as elderly, seniors, highly
qualified and skilled people.
For instance, Venezuela, Indonesia, China, the CIS, and Singapore etc.
29
31. High Context vs. Low Context
High Context Cultures: Culture in which high significance is given
to implicit communications, such as non-verbal and subtle
situational cues.
For instance, China, Korea, Japan and Arab countries.
Low Context Cultures: Cultures in which communication is more
explicit with heavy reliance on words to convey the meanings.
For instance, Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, North America
and Britain.
31
32. Homophilous vs. Heterophilous
Homophilous Cultures: Cultures where people share
beliefs, speak the same language, and practice the same
religion.
For instance, Japan, Korea and Scandinavian countries.
Heterophilous Cultures: Countries that have a fair
amount of differentiation in languages, beliefs, and
religions followed.
For instance, India and China.
32
33. Relationship vs. Deal-focused
Relationship-focused Cultures: Cultures in which strong
orientation towards building relationships and developing
mutual trust.
For instance, India, Japan, China, Singapore, Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Brazil, Mexico, and
Russia.
Deal-focused Cultures: Task-oriented cultures with
openness to hold direct business talks with strangers.
For instance, Britain, USA, Germany, Denmark, Australia,
Canada, Finland etc.
33
34. Formal vs. Informal Cultures
Formal Cultures: Status differences are large and valued and
formality is used to show respect.
For instance, India, UAE, Egypt, Brazil, Russia, Poland, Japan,
China,, Singapore, France, Belgium, Britain, Germany,
Denmark, Finland etc.
Informal Cultures: Status differences are not valued and
Informal behaviour is not considered disrespectful.
For instance, the USA, Canada, and Australia etc.
34
35. Polychronic vs. Monochronic
Polychronic Cultures: Cultures in which time schedules and deadlines
are flexible and relationships take precedence.
For instance, India, Thailand, Philippines, UAE, Egypt, Brazil, Russia
etc.
Monochronic Cultures: Cultures with rigid time schedules and
deadlines with high emphasis on punctuality.
For instance, Japan, China, Singapore, Britain, USA, Canada, Australia,
Germany, Denmark etc.
35
36. Expressive vs. Reserved Cultures
Expressive cultures: people are more expressive
with direct eye contact.
For instance, Russia, Poland, Romania, USA,
Australia, and Canada
Reserved cultures : people restrain their facial
expression and gesturing.
For instance, India, Japan, China, Singapore,
Britain, Germany, Denmark, Finland etc.
36
37. Parochialism vs. Simplification
Parochialism: Belief that views the rest of the
world from one’s own cultural perspective.
Simplification: Exhibiting same cultural
orientation towards different cultural groups.
37
38. Self Reference Criterion (SRC)
• An unconscious reference to one’s own
cultural values, experiences, and knowledge
as a basis for decision-making. SRC
significantly influences ability of international
managers to objectively evaluate
environmental factors and make business
decision.
38
39. Approach to Eliminate SRC
Step 1: Define the business problem or goal in home-
country traits, habits, or norms.
Step 2: Define the business problem or goal in foreign
country cultural traits, habits, or norms.
Make no value judgments.
Step 3: Isolate the SRC influence in the problem and
examine it carefully to see how it complicates
the problem.
Step 4: Redefine the problem without the SRC
influence and solve for the optimum business
goal situation.
39