These are the presentations used during GLF Digital Summit #1: "Fires, haze and health – applied research, collaborative design and prototype development" Background and speakers in this blogpost: http://www.landscapes.org/join-glf-digital-summit-fires-haze-health-applied-research-collaborative-design-prototype-development/ The full recording of this digital summit is here: https://youtu.be/LWtrdAQBxkQ This inaugural GLF Digital Summit is a follow-up to the May 2017 Global Landscapes Forum: "Peatlands Matter" event in Jakarta, and the September 2017 "National Policy Dialogue on Laws and Best Practices for Reducing Fire and Haze". In this Digital Summit, experts from diverse sectors parse different angles to explore this complex landscape problem. It is being tackled as an ecological problem, an ethnographic research exercise, a grassroots response or an international advocacy subject. These approaches, combined with technological interventions in shelter, air filtration and air quality monitoring, represent a holistic, landscape-level community of practice surrounding the globally-pressing issue of fire and haze.

1. ASF
Fires, haze and health –
Applied research, collaborative design
and prototype development
GLF Digital Summit - Oct 24, 2017

2. FIRES, HAZE AND HEALTH –
APPLIED RESEARCH, COLLABORATIVE DESIGN
AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT
• Content introduction - Richard Wecker (UNICEF Indonesia)
• Herry Purnomo (CIFOR)
• Steve Ellis (RCA)
• Lody Andrian and Diastika (Dias) Rahwidiati (Pulse Lab Jakarta)
• Nanis Sakti Ningrum (Kopernik) and Jean-Pierre Wack (Design consultant)
• Lina Karolin (Ranu Welum) and Wally Tham (Big Red Button)
• Richard Wecker (UNICEF Indonesia)
• Q&A

3. HERRY PURNOMO
24 October 2017
LANDSCAPE AND FIRES

4. LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION
Fires

5. FIRE DENSITY (HOTSPOTS/MILLION HA)
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

6. FIRES IN CONCESSIONS? NOT THAT SIMPLE.
Fires: by whom
and where
Inside concessions Outside
concessions
By “corporations” 25%
By “communities” 23%
Illegal at
federal/
national
level
Gaveau et al. (2016)
33% of
Concession
used by
commu-
nities
52%
One in-depth study of fire proponents, draft findings
=100% of
361,000 ha
burnt area
studied

7. Fire provides benefits
to some people
Village head & officers $88
(10%)
Land claimant,
$38 (4%)
Group members, tree
cutting $77 (9%)
Group members, slashing
$96 (11%)
Marketing team,
$54 (6%)
Total Benefit
$856/ha
The group organizer $486 (57%)
Farmer group member,
burning $15 (2%)
Farmer group member, cheap/free
land $2 (0.2%)

8. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015
Fire spots District election National election
Fire hotspots in year t (Ft) is a function of hotspots in year t-2
and next year local election (Et+1).
Log Ft = 0.937 log Ft-2 + 0.0219 Et+1

9. 1. Developed ‘Grand Design for Fire Prevention 2017-2019’.
2. Established Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) and issued Government
Regulation No. 57/2016.
3. Deployed police and army to monitor fires.
4. Agrarian reform, social forestry and land use plan.
5. Stronger local regulations.
6. Greener ISPO (Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil) is being developed.
7. Law enforcement to corporations, mid-size companies and farmers.
8. Private sectors and local communities to take more responsibility to
prevent fires.
9. Greater pressure coming from NGOs/CSOs.
10. Greater awareness fires are connected to social, economy and political
issues.
WHAT WE HAVE BEEN DOING SINCE 2015

10. REALITY CHECK APPROACH
Perspectives of people affected by haze
from peatland and forest fires

11. WHAT IS RCA
Qualitative research - ‘light touch’ participant
observation
Focus on the family - living with people and
having informal conversations
Understanding life in context for multiple
days and nights
Multiple methods of data collection
Team triangulation
Key questions
1) How do people at the local level
perceive efforts by the government
to stop forest fires?
2) Do measures to keep children out
of severe haze make sense?

12. SCOPE
8 communities, 5 provinces, 31 households
All affected by the 2015 haze
30 families with school children
12 families with babies and/or toddlers
8 families did not have farm land

13. REGULATIONS AND
ENFORCEMENT
People do not see slash and burn practices as
causing bigger fires
Much of the enforcement seen as intimidation
and threats
People don’t understand the regulations
(including officials)
‘Now no fire, no haze, but
also no rice for people’
Farmer, rural W Kalimantan
‘Only pressure, no solutions’
People across locations

14. TRADITIONS / PROGRAMMES
Slash and burn practiced in 6 of the study
locations
It is the traditional method that people know
Cheap and effective
Still, people are open to change although...they
say government programs haven’t been
relevant and/or haven’t worked with people
‘If there are any other ways
to do farming, I also want to
learn. So my grandchildren
will have other ways to do
farming.’
Farmer, rural W Kalimantan
‘...someone who will live in
the village and show us how’
Farmer, rural W Kalimantan

15. HEALTH AND EDUCATION
School closures are haphazard...and may
be counterproductive
Some schools wait for decisions from the
district
Many children living in wooden homes
Most children play outside anyway
Parents busy so very little supervision
‘Children here are very strong.
None of them wore a mask last
year, whereas I myself was
wearing one’
teacher, C Kalimantan

16. HEALTH AND EDUCATION
Masks distributed, mainly at schools, but no one
likes wearing (including adults)
Many people describe the haze as a ‘nuisance’
Say their families healthy in 2015, although
children…
People not talking/worried about long-term
health impacts

17. THANK YOU
To our host households and communities!

18. THINKING beyond the canopy

19. THINKING beyond the canopy

20. THINKING beyond the canopy

21. THINKING beyond the canopy

22. THINKING beyond the canopy

23. Big Data
Ethnographic
Study
Human-centered design
EMPATHY CREATIVITY
Creating solutions based
on people’s needs

24. Needs Build Implement
COLLABORATIVE DESIGN
Use of design process as a means to enable a wide range
of disciplines and stakeholders to collaborate.

25. Design process
Research Synthesis Ecosystem
Mapping
PrototypeIdeation
Testing
Turning
insights into
opportunity
areas
Exploring
solutions
Creating
ecosystem of
the solution
Communicate ideas Using feedback to
improve the
solutions
Getting inspiration
from research findings

26. Prototype #1
/ Haze
Emergency
Kit
Prototype #3 /
Community-
driven
air quality
monitoring
Prototype #2 / School Emergency Plan

27. Problem Research Collaborative Design
Prototype development
Prototype testing
Refine prototype
Collaborative Design
Enhancing citizen engagement
Informing prototype design
Design brief and requirements for
implementation
The Journey

28. Example:
To improve the overall educational experience for students in haze affected areas, we created a prototype of an
integrated system for alternative education. At the core of the system is an ‘emergency school’-- temporary
classrooms located in public spaces that are located in areas near students’ homes. To support the emergency
school, a few enabling prototypes were also designed.
School Emergency Plan
Standard operational
procedure for school
closure
Emergency School
Activities
Classroom design and
location
Student volunteer
mechanism

29. Rapid Prototype Testing
Of the Haze Emergency Kit
Key Questions :
 What are people’s common practices to cope with the haze?
 How effective are these practices?
 What are the challenges in adopting these practices?
 What alternative solutions are there?
 Is there a cheap, easy-to-adopt risk reduction solution for indoor areas?
Nanis Sakti Ningrum (Kopernik)
Jean Pierre Wack (UNICEF Consultant)

30. AIR QUALITY LEVELS DURING 2015 HAZE PERIOD
ISPU Levels*
Threshold value for
PM10 in g/m3
Percentage out of 100
days haze period**
!! Above 1500 2%
! Above 1000 16%
Dangerous Above 420 27%
Very Unhealthy 351 - 420 1%
Not healthy 151 - 350 17%
Moderate 51 -150 27%
Good 0 -50 10%
BMKG Airport reading, 24hour mean, PM10 (g/m3)
August – November 2015
45% of time the air quality reading exceeded dangerous
ISPU levels (based on PM10 parameter)
PEOPLE’S MECHANISM TO COPE WITH THE HAZE
PUBLIC GROUP EFFORT INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD EFFORT
*ISPU is air quality index used by Indonesian National Environment Agency **22 days data was missing
• Moist Dacron (polyester
cushion) stuffed in the
openings
• Wet t-shirt over a fan
• Air blowing over water
in a bucket
• Air bubbling through a
bucket of water
• Misting air and letting the
PM attach and fall to the
floor
• Algae in aquarium or
couple of plants
• Drawing the curtains
• Air ionizer
• Air purifier
Free mask
distribution
Health
treatment
Oxygen house
/ haze shelter

31. DEBUNKING THE MYTHS
Dacron does less than 25% Particulate (PM2.5) removal Air Bubbling does less than 30% particulate removal
CHALLENGE IN HAZE-PROOFING WOODEN STRUCTURE
“ Only 8 out of 20
houses in the village
has the floor fully
covered with floor
mat ”

32. THE HAZE EMERGENCY KIT PROTOTYPE
CHALLENGE IN HAZE-PROOFING SOME STRUCTURE
Design Criteria :
The working principle of Fan-Filter Unit and sealing measure
• adoption can be scaled
quickly and efficiently
• complementary to household
habits and living conditions
• low cost (maximum US$50
per kit)
Fan-Filter Unit Supplies for sealing N-95 Mask

33. PROTOTYPE TESTING AND RESULT
CHALLENGE IN HAZE-PROOFING SOME STRUCTURE
DESIGN EVALUATION
Solution for Cost
Particulate
removal PM2.5
Easiness of
implementation
Over-
heating
Evaluation
Concrete
house
YES
Wood house NO Good Bad
Preliminary test in lab-
setting environment
Field testing in concrete
and wooden house
“The Fan Filter Unit gives clean air delivery rate of
20 m3/hour in a closed room”
Test Result
*Further reading is available in link
The kit for Concrete house cost US $69
The kit for wooden house cost US $98

34. REVIEW
REFINE AND
ITERATE
PROTOTYPE
THE FRAMEWORK OF RAPID PROTOTYPING
Minimum
Viable
Product
• Solutions
• Field research
• Challenges
• Co-design
• Preliminary test
• Field Test
• Result & evaluation
• Design improvement/
Testing other alternatives

35. Youth Indigenous Filmmaking Community

36. FOREST FIRE AND HAZE 2015
Toxic yellow haze in
Palangka Raya from
peatland fires
Haze education &
distributing 95 masks

37. #HAZESHELTER: SOLUTION FOR
HEALTH PROTECTION
First stage filter Second stage filterHaze shelter in
Palangka Raya

40. • How can standards and improved data serve to benchmark and forecast the
impacts of fires and air pollution events?
• How can data on air quality and health serve to shape a broader discussion
on the sustainable development agenda?
Advocacy on standards and SDGs
Johan Kieft (UN Environment)
Richard Wecker (UNICEF Indonesia)

41. SDGs in focus

42. UNICEF et al. 2017. ‘Policy analysis study of peatland and forest fires and air pollution: Disaster mitigation and risk reduction in relation to children’s health and
wellbeing’. Jakarta/ Bandung: UNICEF, Resilience Development Initiative (RDI), and Wahana Visi. [unpublished]
Fire, haze and related policy

43. Pienkowski et al., Empirical evidence of the public health benefits of tropical forest conservation in Cambodia: a generalised linear mixed-effects model analysis, In The Lancet
Planetary Health, Volume 1, Issue 5, 2017, Pages e180-e187
Miteva DA, Loucks CJ, Pattanayak SK (2015) Social and Environmental Impacts of Forest Management Certification in Indonesia. PLoS ONE10(7): e0129675.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129675
Trade-offs and the impact of standards

44. Target for AQ monitoring in 38 locations/ cities by 2019
National network of
existing and planned
air quality monitoring
stations (left);
Indonesian national
indoor AQ standards
(below).
Linking air quality with health standards

45. • Introduce air pollution exposure risk reduction measures
• Raise awareness of the link between fires and health (from existing and
prospective studies)
• Enhance and link AQ and health data monitoring and triangulation in relation to
national/ global standards
• Forecast future scenarios of land use, highlight trade-offs and the cost of inaction
Towards a pollution-free planet
UN Environment (UNE)
http://www.unep.org/environmentassembly/
4 – 6 December, 2017
Nairobi, Kenya
Upcoming global conferences:
Air Quality and health
World Health Organization (WHO)
October 30 – November 1, 2018
Geneva, Switzerland
Where to from here?