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given a slab of material with a finite resistivity Solution a) Since the conductivities of the media above and below the sheet are negligible, no current will flow outside the slab. Furthermore, due to symmetry of the configuration, current will flow perpendicular to the injecting electrode throughout the slab. However, the strength of the current will decrease with radial distance from the point of injection. Thus, a cylindrical coordinate system can be used to conveniently describe the current distribution, with z as the perpendicular distance from the electrode and r as the radial distance. b) Let the current density be J. At a particular z, integral of J with respect to area should be equal to I (since charge can neither be created nor destroyed. We assume that J is inversely proportional to radial distance r. Thus, J = k / r At a particular z, elemental area dA = r x d(phi) (where phi is the azimuth angle of the cylindrical system) Integral of J with respect to dA = k x pi = I Therefore, k = I / pi Hence, J = I / (pi x r) From ohm\'s law, we have: E = rho x J (where rho is the resistivity) Therefore, E = rho x I / (pi x r) c) We know that E = - dV / dz Thus, Potential difference between two points will be equal to the negative integral of E with respect to z Since E depends not on z but only on r, negative integral of E with respect to z will be: V = rho x I x (d - c) / (pi x r) d) Distance z = 3 - 1 = 2 cm = 0.02 m I = 10 mA = 0.01 A Potential difference V = 0.25 V Resistance R between the two points = V / I = 25 ohms Thickness H = 5 cm = 0.05 m Resistivity rho = R x Area / Distance z = 25 x 0.05 / 0.02 = 62.5 ohm-cm .
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2
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E J
j
ρ
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intergration of marker like elements within the scope of the decentralised resource allocation via internal markets. for example , capital for certain investment projects is allocated via an electronically platforms by the interplay of internal suppliers and requestors, which are organised as profit centres.
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1)
conjugate base is formed after acid loses H+
a)
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- How wavefronts behave when interacting with mirrors, lenses, and prisms
- Conditions for coherent and interfering waves
- Young's double slit experiment and the patterns of light and dark fringes it produces
- How thin film interference can produce the colors seen in phenomena like rainbows
Wave Optics Class 12 Part-1
1. Light behaves as a wave and can interfere with itself when it takes multiple paths. Huygens' principle states that each point on a wavefront is a source of secondary wavelets which combine to form the new wavefront.
2. Interference occurs when two waves superimpose, with constructive and destructive interference occurring depending on the path difference between the waves. Young's double slit experiment demonstrated interference and bright and dark fringes formed on the screen.
3. Thin films can produce interference and appear colored due to the path differences between light rays reflecting and refracting within the film, with different colors seen for different path differences satisfying the interference conditions.
Chap2 s11b
Transmission lines connect generators to loads and include parallel wires, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. They can experience effects like delay, dispersion, and attenuation. Different transmission modes include TEM where electric and magnetic fields are orthogonal to the direction of propagation. The transmission line is modeled as a distributed circuit with inductance and capacitance. This leads to transmission line equations that can be solved as wave equations. The characteristic impedance of the line determines how waves propagate on the line, with standing wave patterns forming for mismatched loads. The input impedance of the line depends on the load impedance and distance along the line.
99995069.ppt
Crystal structure determination uses X-ray diffraction to analyze the arrangement of atoms in crystals. X-rays are diffracted by the periodic lattice of a crystal in predictable ways. Bragg's law describes the conditions under which constructive interference occurs between X-rays reflected from different crystal lattice planes, producing intense diffracted beams. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, researchers can determine the size and shape of the unit cell and deduce the positions of atoms within the cell. The reciprocal lattice formalism relates diffraction phenomena to the periodicity of the crystal lattice.
Lecture 6
This document provides an overview of transmission line modeling and analysis. It begins with assigning homework problems and then reviews electric field concepts such as Gauss's law and voltage difference calculations. Models for transmission line capacitance and inductance are developed considering both single and multi-conductor cases. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate per phase capacitance, resistance, and inductance values for different conductor types using data from standard tables. Additional transmission line topics like multi-circuit lines, underground cables, and corona discharge are also briefly discussed.
N 5-antenna fandamentals-f13
This document discusses antennas and propagation in wireless communication systems. It covers topics such as antenna characteristics, radiation patterns, polarization, Maxwell's equations, far-field approximation, Hertzian dipole antenna model, radiated power flux density, normalized radiation intensity, antenna gain, directivity, radiation resistance, and different antenna types including dipole and Yagi antennas. Examples are provided to analyze antenna properties such as radiated power, resistance, directionality, and beamwidth for dipole antennas of different lengths.
Dc model of a large uniformly doped bulk MOSFET - lecture 46
DC Model of a large uniformly doped bulk MOSFET : Qualitative Theory - Lecture 46
1. Spatial distribution of energy band with x and x, y
2. Summary of the module
General physics ii worksheet i
This document contains 29 multi-part physics problems related to electric fields, electric potential, and capacitance. The problems cover a range of concepts including Gauss's law, electric fields due to various charge distributions, capacitors in series and parallel, energy stored in capacitors, and more. Detailed calculations and explanations are required to fully solve each problem.
Pran Kanai L5.pdf
1. Magnetostatics describes the magnetic forces and fields that result from stationary electric charges and currents. The magnetic force on a moving charge in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields is given by the Lorentz force equation.
2. The two fundamental postulates of magnetostatics specify that the divergence of the magnetic flux density B is zero, and the curl of B is equal to the magnetic permeability times the current density.
3. Ampere's circuital law states that the circulation of the magnetic flux density around any closed path is equal to the total current flowing through the surface bounded by that path, according to the integral form of the curl relation.
Antenna basic
This document discusses various topics related to antenna fundamentals including:
1. It defines key antenna terminology such as radiation patterns, beamwidth, directivity, gain, polarization, and more.
2. It describes different categories of antenna types including loops, dipoles, slots, reflectors, patches, and more.
3. It covers antenna parameters and concepts such as radiation patterns, beam efficiency, radiation intensity, effective aperture, polarization, near and far field zones, and more.
Ch30 ssm
This document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves through conceptual problems and examples.
Some key points:
1) Maxwell's equations apply to both time-independent and time-dependent electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnetic wave equation can be derived from Maxwell's equations.
2) Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves where the electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
3) The momentum of an electromagnetic wave depends on its intensity, so waves of equal intensity have equal momentum regardless of frequency.
4) Radiation pressure from sunlight was determined to be causing changes to the orbit of one of the first U.S. satellites, something not accounted for in its design. Estimates
TLW_Unit I material pdf.ppt
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2) Equipotential surfaces are surfaces where the electric potential is constant. The electric field is always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.
3) For a point charge, the electric potential is defined and the potential due to multiple point charges or continuous charge distributions is derived.
4) Dipole moment and the electric potential of an electric dipole are defined. The potential of a dipole is approximated using a Taylor series expansion.
Transmission lines
Transmission lines are physical connections between two locations that transmit electromagnetic waves. They have characteristic parameters including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. These parameters depend on the line's geometry and materials. Transmission line equations relate the voltage and current at each point on the line based on these parameters. A line has a characteristic impedance that is the ratio of voltage to current. Reflection and transmission of waves occurs at impedance discontinuities like at the load. Lossless lines propagate waves without attenuation, while finite lines are analyzed using reflection coefficients at the generator and load terminations.
Large scale path loss 1
The document discusses various propagation mechanisms that affect radio signals, including reflection, diffraction, scattering, and their effects on signal strength over distance. It also covers propagation models like free space path loss, two-ray ground reflection model, and log-distance path loss for estimating average received signal power at a given distance. Fresnel zones and knife-edge diffraction are explained as factors in signal propagation around obstructions. Log-normal shadowing is described as a statistical model to account for variations from the average path loss.
Basics of Patch antenna
The document summarizes the design and analysis of microstrip patch antennas. It describes the basic structure of a microstrip patch antenna consisting of a radiating patch on top of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the bottom. It discusses various parameters that affect the antenna performance such as the length and width of the patch, substrate thickness and dielectric constant. The document also covers different analysis techniques, feeding methods, use of Smith chart for impedance matching, and parametric analysis to study the effect of variables on input impedance and bandwidth.
7 slides
The document discusses transmission line analysis and the telegrapher's equations. It introduces transmission lines as two-conductor structures that can guide electrical energy from one point to another. At microwave frequencies, transmission lines must be analyzed using distributed element models rather than lumped element models due to effects like phase variation, radiation, and causality. The telegrapher's equations describe voltage and current propagation on a transmission line as a function of both space and time. They take the form of wave equations that can be solved for traveling wave solutions on the line.
1 ECE 6340 Fall 2013 Homework 8 Assignment.docx
1
ECE 6340
Fall 2013
Homework 8
Assignment: Please do Probs. 1-9 and 13 from the set below.
1) In dynamics, we have the equation
E j Aω= − −∇Φ .
(a) Show that in statics, the scalar potential function Φ can be interpreted as a voltage
function. That is, show that in statics
( ) ( )
B
AB
A
V E dr A B≡ ⋅ = Φ −Φ∫ .
(b) Next, explain why this equation is not true (in general) in dynamics.
(c) Explain why the voltage drop (defined as the line integral of the electric field, as
defined above) depends on the path from A to B in dynamics, using Faraday’s law.
(d) Does the right-hand side of the above equation (the difference in the potential
function) depend on the path, in dynamics?
Hint: Note that, according to calculus, for any function ψ we have
dr dx dy dz d
x y z
ψ ψ ψ
ψ ψ
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ⋅ = + + =
∂ ∂ ∂
.
2) Starting with Maxwell’s equations, show that the electric field radiated by an impressed
current density source J i in an infinite homogeneous region satisfies the equation
( )2 2 iE k E E j Jωµ∇ + = ∇ ∇⋅ + .
Then use Ampere’s law (or, if you prefer, the continuity equation and the electric Gauss
law) to show that this equation may be written as
( )2 2 1 i iE k E J j J
j
ωµ
σ ωε
∇ + = − ∇ ∇⋅ +
+
.
2
Note that the total current density is the sum of the impressed current density and the
conduction current density, the latter obeying Ohm’s law (J c = σE).
Explain why this equation for the electric field would be harder to solve than the equation
that was derived in class for the magnetic vector potential.
3) Show that magnetic field radiated by an impressed current density source satisfies the
equation
2 2 iH k H J∇ + = −∇× .
Explain why this equation for the magnetic field would be harder to solve than the
equation that was derived in class for the magnetic vector potential.
4) Show that in a homogenous region of space the scalar electric potential satisfies the
equation
2 2
i
v
c
k
ρ
ε
∇ Φ + Φ = − ,
where ivρ is the impressed (source) charge density, which is the charge density that goes
along with the impressed current density, being related by
i ivJ jωρ∇⋅ = −
Hint: Start with E j Aω= − −∇Φ and take the divergence of both sides. Also, take the
divergence of both sides of Ampere’s law and use the continuity equation for the
impressed current (given above) to show that
1 ii v
c c
E J
j
ρ
ωε ε
∇⋅ = − ∇⋅ = .
Note: It is also true from the electric Gauss law that
vE
ρ
ε
∇⋅ = ,
but we prefer to have only an impressed (source) charge density on the right-hand side of
the equation for the potential Φ. In the time-harmonic steady state, assuming a
homogeneous and isotropic region, it follows that ρv = ρvi. That is, there is no charge
3
density arising from the conduction current. (If there were no impressed current sources,
the total charge density would therefore be ze ...
Capitulo 5, 7ma edición
1) The document contains calculations related to current density, current, electric fields, and conductivity for various scenarios involving different geometries.
2) Key steps include using the divergence theorem, integrating current density over surfaces, and relating current, current density, electric field, and conductivity.
3) Results are expressed in terms of common variables like resistance, voltage, current, and material properties.
1LectureIKC_Biot_Savart_lawaaaaaaaaaaaa.pdf
- The document discusses magnetic fields created by electric currents. It covers the magnetic field of a moving point charge, the Biot-Savart law for calculating the magnetic field from a current-carrying wire, and an example calculation of the magnetic field from a long straight wire.
- The right hand rule is introduced for determining the direction of magnetic fields.
- Maxwell's equations for static magnetic fields in integral and differential form are presented.
Similar to given a slab of material with a finite resistivitySolutiona) Since the.docx (20)
Dc model of a large uniformly doped bulk MOSFET - lecture 46
Dc model of a large uniformly doped bulk MOSFET - lecture 46
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Give two examples of how a market has been used internally within a co.docx
Give two examples of how a market has been used internally within a company, according to Malone.
Solution
intergration of marker like elements within the scope of the decentralised resource allocation via internal markets. for example , capital for certain investment projects is allocated via an electronically platforms by the interplay of internal suppliers and requestors, which are organised as profit centres.
insummary it may be said that the specified publication differ from those of the centralised resource allocation via internal markets by the following-
-they focus on the capital allocation on investment projects and not on divisions
-they examine the forms of resource allocation due to possibilities of modern information systems
-they suggest decentalised market oriented coordination form with independently acting divisions
based on this understanding more recent publication focus on example of companies that use internal markets for the coordination fo different tasks. malone for instance,focuses on how internal markets impacts companies
according to malone the major advantages of internal markets are that they encourage creativity and independence and that they can respond faster to capitalise on an oppotunity .further ,he states that internal markets \" provide the right incentives for people to buy and sell according to what they actually think will happen.it is possible that people might try to manipulate the market.Malone et al. found that some business models, as defined by them, indeed performed better than other
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Give the conjugate base for each compound below. Acid Conjugate Base H,Po HSO NH H,PO4 NH, Which of the following describes a Brønsted- Lowry acid? O a substance that donates Ht to another substance O a substance that accepts H* from another substance O a substance that dissociates in water to form H O a substance that dissociates in water to form OH Which of the following describes a Brønsted-Lowry base? O a substance that dissociates in water to form Ht O a substance that accepts Ht from another substance O a substance that dissociates in water to form OH O a substance that donates Ht to another substance
Solution
1)
conjugate base is formed after acid loses H+
a)
Conjugate base of H3PO4 is:
H2PO4-
b)
Conjugate base of HSO4- is:
SO42-
c)
Conjugate base of NH4+ is:
NH3
d)
Conjugate base of H2PO4- is:
HPO42-
e)
There is no conjugate base of SO42-
f)
There is no conjugate base of NH3
2)
Bronsted Lowry acid is proton donor
Answer: option 1
3)
Bronsted Lowry base is proton acceptor
Answer: option 2
.
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Give an example of a conflict of an interest in a business setting (a personal one would work) other than the one involving the real estate agent discussed in the text.
Solution
Conflict of interest is a set of conditions in which professional judgement of organization
or individual have multiple interests; and this judgement is influenced by secondary
interest which could be a corrupted motivation for their personal or organizational
benefits.
When employee\'s loyalities or action are divided between the employer\'s interest and
family menbers or customers, etc; then conflict of interest asrises having negative effect.
example would be you are an accountant for Enron and a lawyer for Vinson & Elkins that works on Enron accounting affairs. You\'d find yourself being a person responsible for producing part of the accounting statements that Enron presents to investors, at the same time you are responsible for ensuring that Enron accountants (aka YOU) do not break any laws in the process of doing such accounting work. You audit yourself. Impact: company management, the Board, investors, government regulators, rating agencies... the IRS... nobody should trust Enron\'s financial statements. If the CFO or CEO signs off on financial statements produced in this manner, knows you have such a conflict, and doesn\'t get it okay\'d by the Board OR knows that it led to misrepresented financial statements, then he or she will be criminally liable. It is fraud.
Again, Impact: investors lose money; bondholders lose money -- that means the company loses value (net worth). Customers suffer, and take their business elsewhere. This reduces revenues, and thus profits. Investors and bondholders lose more money. The company has even less money now to to do business. Follow the vicious cycle to its end, and you end up being Enron, and like Andy Fastow and Jeff Skilling -- in prison.
.
Give 5 importance of using relations and digraphs in computer science-.docx
Give 5 importance of using relations and digraphs in computer science? Give an example of how a relation is used in computer science.
Solution
Answer
1. Relations are represented by matrices as well as digraphs. Computer representation of relationship also given.
2. Recursion is one of the parts of relations and digraphs in computer science.
3. Combinatorics and recurrence relations. The concept of permutations, combinations and their relations are discussed.
4. Concept of trees and graphs,Binary trees ,Hamilton graphs used the relations in computer science.
5. Concept of Boolean algebra, lattices, partial order relations.
how a relation is used in computer science.
Discrete mathematics used are used in computer science include graphs, counting ,probability and matrices.
Discrete math methods may be used in designing algorithms and computer systems, as well as in software engineering.
.
Give 2 reasons why chlorine is often added to groundwater prior to any.docx
Give 2 reasons why chlorine is often added to groundwater prior to any other unit processes/treatment?
Solution
The Benefits of Chlorine
Potent Germicide
Chlorine disinfectants can reduce the level of many disease-causing microorganisms in drinking water to almost immeasurable levels.
Taste and Odor Control
Chlorine disinfectants reduce many disagreeable tastes and odors. Chlorine oxidizes many naturally occurring substances such as foul-smelling algae secretions, sulfides and odors from decaying vegetation.
Biological Growth Control
Chlorine disinfectants eliminate slime bacteria, molds and algae that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage tanks.
Chemical Control
Chlorine disinfectants destroy hydrogen sulfide (which has a rotten egg odor) and remove ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds that have unpleasant tastes and hinder disinfection. They also help to remove iron and manganese from raw water.
.
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggSolutionElectrical engineering is a f.docx
ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
Solution
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, andelectromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life. The invention of the transistor and, subsequently, the integrated circuit brought down the cost of electronics to the point where they can be used in almost any household object.
Electrical engineering has now subdivided into a wide range of subfields including electronics, digital computers, power engineering,telecommunications, control systems, RF engineering, signal processing, instrumentation, and microelectronics. The subject of electronic engineering is often treated as its own subfield but it intersects with all the other subfields, including the power electronics of power engineering.
Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in electrical engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body. Such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).
.
Generally- costs incurred internally to create intangibles are A) capi.docx
Generally, costs incurred internally to create intangibles are
A) capitalized.
B) capitalized if they have an indefinite life.
C) expensed as incurred.
D) expensed only if they have a limited life.
Solution
Intangible assets lack physical existence. Unlike tangible assets such as property, plant, and equipment, intangible assets derive their value from the rights and privileges granted to the company using them.
They are not financial instruments. Assets such as bank deposits, accountsreceivable, and long-term investments in bonds and stocks lack physical substance, but are not classified as intangible assets. These assets are financial instruments and derive their value from the right or claim to receive cash or cash equivalents in the future.
In most cases, intangible assets provide services over a period of years. As a result, they are normally classified as long-term assets. The most common types of intangibles are patents, copyrights, franchises or licenses, trademarks or trade names, and goodwill.
C) expensed as incurred.
.
GaP is an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap of 2-26 eV- How woul.docx
GaP is an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap of 2.26 eV. How would its carrier concentration vs. temperature compare to Ge?
Solution
Basic Parameters
.
Functional Groups a) what is an alcohol- how do you name alcohols- b).docx
Functional Groups
a) what is an alcohol? how do you name alcohols?
b) describe an aldehyde hydrocarbon.how do you name aldehydes?
c) describe a ketone. what is the functional group present? how do you name ketones?
d) what is a carboxylic acid? how do you name a hydrocarbon that contains a carboxylic acid?
e)what is an amine? how do you name a hydrocarbon that contains an amine?
f) describe an ester. what are the properties of an ester? how are they names and how are they formed?
g) describe an ether. what are the properties of an ether?
h) describe an amide. what are the properties of an amide? how are they made??
Solution
A. Alcohol is an organic functional group with general formula R-OH, a hydroxy derivative of alkane.
By adding the suffix \'Ol\' to root word, we can\'t name the alcohol
Ex: CH3CH2-OH, Ethanol. Since it has two carbons hence root word is \'Eth+ ol= ethanol
B. Aldehyde(CHO) is an example for for carbonyl compound and has carbonyl group in it\'s structure & general formula is R- CHO
By adding the suffix\' al\' to parent carbon chain, we can name the aldehydes
Ex: CH3CH2COCl - \'prop\' for three carbons + al for aldehyde = Propanal
C. Ketone is also an example for carbonyl compounds with general formula R-CO-R
By adding the suffix \'one\' to parent carbon chain, we can name the ketone
Ex:CH3COCH3- prop for three carbons +one for suffix = Propanone
D. Carboxylic acid is and organic functional group with general formula R- COOH.
By adding the suffix \'oic\' acid to parent carbon chain.
CH3CH2COOH- \'prop\' for three carbons and \'oic\' for suffix = Propanoic acid
E. Amine is the one which has general formula R-NH2 an amino derivative of alkane and named by adding amine as suffix
Ex: CH3CH2NH2, Ethylamine or Ethanamine
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Future Sources- Inc- reported the following results for the year endin.docx
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Prepare a retained earnings statement for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2012.
Solution
Net Income
Cash dividend
Stock Dividend
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Given the following declarations- what result Is stored In each of the.docx
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Given below is the partial stockholders equity section of the Balance Sheet (as of 12/31/2014) for Toys and Stuff, Inc.
Paid-in-Capital
4% Preferred shares ($100 par) $500,000
Common shares ($1 par) $500,000
Assume that the preferred shares are cumulative, and that no dividends had been paid for 2012 and 2013. If total dividends to be paid for 2014 is $200,000, how much dividends will be paid to the common stockholders?
Please show work.
Solution
Annual Dividend paid to Preferred Stockholders: 500,000 x 4% = $20,000 Per Year
Total Unpaid Preference Dividend for 2012 and 2013 = 20,000 x 2 = $40,000
+ Preference Dividend Payable for 2014 = $20,000
Total Preferred Dividend Payable for 2014 = $60,000
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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given a slab of material with a finite resistivitySolutiona) Since the.docx
- 1. given a slab of material with a finite resistivity Solution a) Since the conductivities of the media above and below the sheet are negligible, no current will flow outside the slab. Furthermore, due to symmetry of the configuration, current will flow perpendicular to the injecting electrode throughout the slab. However, the strength of the current will decrease with radial distance from the point of injection. Thus, a cylindrical coordinate system can be used to conveniently describe the current distribution, with z as the perpendicular distance from the electrode and r as the radial distance. b) Let the current density be J. At a particular z, integral of J with respect to area should be equal to I (since charge can neither be created nor destroyed. We assume that J is inversely proportional to radial distance r. Thus, J = k / r At a particular z, elemental area dA = r x d(phi) (where phi is the azimuth angle of the cylindrical system) Integral of J with respect to dA = k x pi = I Therefore, k = I / pi Hence, J = I / (pi x r) From ohm's law, we have: E = rho x J (where rho is the resistivity) Therefore, E = rho x I / (pi x r)
- 2. c) We know that E = - dV / dz Thus, Potential difference between two points will be equal to the negative integral of E with respect to z Since E depends not on z but only on r, negative integral of E with respect to z will be: V = rho x I x (d - c) / (pi x r) d) Distance z = 3 - 1 = 2 cm = 0.02 m I = 10 mA = 0.01 A Potential difference V = 0.25 V Resistance R between the two points = V / I = 25 ohms Thickness H = 5 cm = 0.05 m Resistivity rho = R x Area / Distance z = 25 x 0.05 / 0.02 = 62.5 ohm-cm