This document provides information about greenhouses, including:
1) A greenhouse is a structure covered with a clear material to allow natural light in for growing plants artificially. It maintains a desired temperature range for plants.
2) Components of a greenhouse include the frame, glazing, end walls, cooling/ventilation, flooring, and benches. Location, topography, climate, water access, and orientation are also important considerations.
3) Early greenhouses used glass but now plastic film is more common due to lower costs and heating requirements. Common plastic films include polyethylene, PVC, and ETFE with varying light transmission and lifespan. Wood frames were also used historically but metal is now more
This document provides instructions for constructing a 12-foot by 40-foot hoop house. Hoop houses are inexpensive structures made of plastic pipes covered with plastic sheeting. They are useful for extending the growing season. The instructions explain how to lay out the structure, set stakes into the ground, attach plastic pipes to form hoops, install wood boards and braces, attach plastic covering, and add walls and ropes for stability. A hoop house allows year-round planting, protects crops from weather, and can improve farm income.
A keyhole garden gets its name from its keyhole shape, with a composting basket at its center. It uses layers of organic materials and stones to retain moisture and enrich the soil without needing much water or labor. Some benefits are soil enrichment from decomposing materials, moisture retention from absorbent layers, and year-round vegetable production protected from temperature extremes by the sun-absorbing stone walls. Maintenance involves regularly adding scraps to the compost basket and manure or topsoil to replenish soil fertility.
FILM PLASTIC GREEN HOUSE-GLASS HOUSE- GREEN HOUSE WITH DOUBLE LAYER COVERINGAsish Benny
This document discusses different types of greenhouse coverings including glass, plastic films, and double layer options. Glass greenhouses can be made with annealed, tempered, or laminated glass but have higher costs. Film plastic like polyethylene is a common low-cost option in India. Double layer coverings provide improved insulation over single layers. Gutter-connected and quonset designs are described for plastic film structures.
This document discusses bamboo as a building material, specifically for roof construction. It outlines three types of bamboo (monopodial, sympodial, climbing), and properties that make bamboo suitable for construction including being renewable, strong but light. Bamboo is mainly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The document then details various methods of constructing bamboo roofs, including using trusses, layering, and traditional methods using halves and whole culms. Bamboo roofs are described as being cooler, more insulating, and waterproof when properly treated and constructed.
This document discusses the use of bamboo in construction. Some key points:
- Bamboo is a fast-growing grass used widely in construction, with over 1 billion people living in bamboo houses. It has many advantages as a building material.
- Bamboo grows quickly, is strong yet lightweight, and can be worked with simple tools. Properly constructed bamboo buildings are resistant to weather events.
- The document explores traditional and improved bamboo construction techniques used around the world, particularly in Central and South America. It also discusses methods to improve the durability of bamboo through preservation techniques.
- Details are provided on an experimental two-story bamboo house constructed in Colombia to demonstrate innovative and durable bamboo building designs.
Bamboo as a sustainable building material pptDivya Suresh
This document summarizes a case study of the Bamboo Symphony office building in Bangalore, India designed by Manasaram Architects. The key points are:
1) The building uses bamboo as the primary construction material and was built on a tight budget using recycled materials from the adjacent residence.
2) It has an innovative bamboo reinforced concrete slab roof supported by round bamboo columns and beams.
3) Sustainable features include natural ventilation, passive cooling strategies, and a future solar energy system to meet 100% of energy needs.
Organic Shaped Buildings with Bamboo Bamboo as building material is not constantly use into organic shaped building. The reference shape of bamboo building mostly come from wooden building which is generally constructed using simple frame structure.
Organic Building Shape: Described by Renzo Piano’s firm as an ‘organic creature‘, the slug shaped new building rises up cheekily above the traditional 19th century neoclassical facade which contains its entrance. So that it can be seen (but only ..
bamboo as construction material
bamboo building materials for sale
bamboo for building
bamboo used for construction
bamboo for construction
how to build using bamboo
bamboo building supplies
best bamboo for construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Bamboo is a multi-dimensional construction material and has proven to be eco-friendly, sustainable, and easy to use. It is indeed the future of construction and a step towards a sustainable future.
The slides above talk about its details and use in the construction industry. All the sources used for this ppt are mentioned at the end of the slides.
This document provides instructions for constructing a 12-foot by 40-foot hoop house. Hoop houses are inexpensive structures made of plastic pipes covered with plastic sheeting. They are useful for extending the growing season. The instructions explain how to lay out the structure, set stakes into the ground, attach plastic pipes to form hoops, install wood boards and braces, attach plastic covering, and add walls and ropes for stability. A hoop house allows year-round planting, protects crops from weather, and can improve farm income.
A keyhole garden gets its name from its keyhole shape, with a composting basket at its center. It uses layers of organic materials and stones to retain moisture and enrich the soil without needing much water or labor. Some benefits are soil enrichment from decomposing materials, moisture retention from absorbent layers, and year-round vegetable production protected from temperature extremes by the sun-absorbing stone walls. Maintenance involves regularly adding scraps to the compost basket and manure or topsoil to replenish soil fertility.
FILM PLASTIC GREEN HOUSE-GLASS HOUSE- GREEN HOUSE WITH DOUBLE LAYER COVERINGAsish Benny
This document discusses different types of greenhouse coverings including glass, plastic films, and double layer options. Glass greenhouses can be made with annealed, tempered, or laminated glass but have higher costs. Film plastic like polyethylene is a common low-cost option in India. Double layer coverings provide improved insulation over single layers. Gutter-connected and quonset designs are described for plastic film structures.
This document discusses bamboo as a building material, specifically for roof construction. It outlines three types of bamboo (monopodial, sympodial, climbing), and properties that make bamboo suitable for construction including being renewable, strong but light. Bamboo is mainly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The document then details various methods of constructing bamboo roofs, including using trusses, layering, and traditional methods using halves and whole culms. Bamboo roofs are described as being cooler, more insulating, and waterproof when properly treated and constructed.
This document discusses the use of bamboo in construction. Some key points:
- Bamboo is a fast-growing grass used widely in construction, with over 1 billion people living in bamboo houses. It has many advantages as a building material.
- Bamboo grows quickly, is strong yet lightweight, and can be worked with simple tools. Properly constructed bamboo buildings are resistant to weather events.
- The document explores traditional and improved bamboo construction techniques used around the world, particularly in Central and South America. It also discusses methods to improve the durability of bamboo through preservation techniques.
- Details are provided on an experimental two-story bamboo house constructed in Colombia to demonstrate innovative and durable bamboo building designs.
Bamboo as a sustainable building material pptDivya Suresh
This document summarizes a case study of the Bamboo Symphony office building in Bangalore, India designed by Manasaram Architects. The key points are:
1) The building uses bamboo as the primary construction material and was built on a tight budget using recycled materials from the adjacent residence.
2) It has an innovative bamboo reinforced concrete slab roof supported by round bamboo columns and beams.
3) Sustainable features include natural ventilation, passive cooling strategies, and a future solar energy system to meet 100% of energy needs.
Organic Shaped Buildings with Bamboo Bamboo as building material is not constantly use into organic shaped building. The reference shape of bamboo building mostly come from wooden building which is generally constructed using simple frame structure.
Organic Building Shape: Described by Renzo Piano’s firm as an ‘organic creature‘, the slug shaped new building rises up cheekily above the traditional 19th century neoclassical facade which contains its entrance. So that it can be seen (but only ..
bamboo as construction material
bamboo building materials for sale
bamboo for building
bamboo used for construction
bamboo for construction
how to build using bamboo
bamboo building supplies
best bamboo for construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Bamboo is a multi-dimensional construction material and has proven to be eco-friendly, sustainable, and easy to use. It is indeed the future of construction and a step towards a sustainable future.
The slides above talk about its details and use in the construction industry. All the sources used for this ppt are mentioned at the end of the slides.
This document provides information about bamboo properties and uses. It discusses:
- Bamboo can grow over 1,300 feet tall and reaches maturity within 3-5 years, making it one of the fastest growing plants.
- Bamboo releases more oxygen and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other plants, helping clean the air.
- Common bamboo species used for construction in India include Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus brandisii, and Dendrocalamus strictus.
- Three famous bamboo houses in Vietnam showcasing bamboo construction are described.
The document then discusses advantages like strength and sustainability, disadvantages like needing preservation. Methods to treat bamboo and extend its durability include smoking
Bamboo is a versatile construction material that is strong yet lightweight. It grows rapidly and can be used for housing, floors, walls, roofs and scaffolding. Some key points:
- Bamboo is one of the strongest and fastest growing plants, reaching heights of over 100 feet.
- It has high tensile and compressive strengths similar to wood.
- Traditional bamboo construction is very effective but new techniques like bamboo reinforced concrete are being developed.
- Proper harvesting, treatment and storage are important to maximize bamboo's lifespan, which can be extended to over 15 years.
- Bamboo construction has advantages of low cost, earthquake resistance and environmental sustainability.
Corrugated bamboo roofing sheets are an environmentally friendly alternative to metal or plastic roofing sheets. They are made by weaving bamboo strips into mats, soaking the mats in adhesive resin, and pressing them together under heat and pressure to form sturdy, water-resistant sheets. Research showed that bamboo sheets provide better thermal insulation than zinc, plastic, or asbestos sheets. Bamboo also has higher bending and impact strength, making it a durable roofing material. Several government-funded projects in India have promoted the use of corrugated bamboo sheets for construction.
Bamboo is a fast-growing grass that is used to make flooring. It grows quickly without needing replanting and removes carbon from the air. Moso bamboo is commonly used for flooring due to its strength. Bamboo flooring comes in solid or engineered forms and can be installed as planks or floating floors. Strand woven bamboo is the hardest style and most durable for high-traffic areas. Bamboo flooring is sustainable, durable, and resistant to moisture and stains when properly maintained. Consumers should consider the harvesting and manufacturing practices used as well as any chemicals involved like formaldehyde.
This document provides an overview of green roof systems and what is needed to implement them effectively. It discusses the main reasons for installing green roofs, including stormwater management, air pollution reduction, and increasing green space. It also covers green roof basics like extensive systems, evaluating options, and design tips. Installation processes and innovative techniques are reviewed. Standards and protocols for ensuring proper performance are also examined.
bamboo species good for construction in india nd as a materialDeepanker Ras
This document provides information on bamboo construction. It discusses various bamboo species that are suitable for construction purposes in India, including their names, habitats, culm properties, flowering cycles, and common uses. It also outlines the advantages of bamboo as a construction material, how to protect bamboo through various treatment methods, and explores bamboo foundations and structural elements like walls, columns, and beams. Limitations of bamboo construction are also noted.
Bamboo is one of the most sustainable building materials due to its strength, fast growth, and renewable nature. It grows quickly, up to 1 meter per day, and is very strong yet light. Several bamboo species are well-suited for construction, including Bambusa and Dendrocalamus. Bamboo is used widely in construction for scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing, walling, floors, and more. With proper treatment and drying, bamboo can achieve durability for structural applications. India and countries in Northeastern India have significant bamboo resources.
This document discusses various materials that are commonly used for greenhouse construction, including their properties and suitability. It describes wood, bamboo, steel, galvanized iron, aluminum, reinforced concrete, glass, polyethylene film, polyvinyl chloride film, Tefzel T2 film, polyvinyl chloride rigid panels, fiberglass reinforced plastic panels, and acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panels. Each material is explained in terms of its physical properties, lifespan, maintenance needs, advantages and disadvantages for greenhouse use.
Green roofs, also known as eco-roofs or roof gardens, are gardens that are installed on top of buildings. There are two main types - extensive green roofs use sedum plants and only require 4 inches of soil, while intensive roofs can support a wider variety of plants and deeper soil. Green roofs provide multiple benefits such as reducing energy usage, absorbing stormwater, filtering air pollution, and creating wildlife habitats. They are made up of layers including a waterproof membrane, root barrier, drainage mat, and lightweight soil mix of aggregate and organic material to support plants. Green roofs are best installed on flat or low-sloped roofs but stabilization may be needed on steeper slopes.
Bamboo is a versatile building material with several advantages such as strength, flexibility, earthquake resistance, low cost and minimal environmental impact. However, untreated bamboo has low durability. Various treatments like borax-boric acid preservation, neem oil treatment can improve the durability. Bamboo can be used for walls, foundations, columns, beams and roofing. It provides cost and energy benefits compared to concrete while maintaining structural strength. However, limitations include jointing techniques, flammability and lack of codified design guidance.
This document discusses the use of bamboo in construction. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants and can grow up to 60 cm per day. It has many advantages as a construction material such as being lightweight, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and earthquake resistant. However, bamboo also has disadvantages like being non-uniform, absorbing water, and being susceptible to insects and fire. The document outlines how bamboo can be used for scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing, walling, and doors and windows. It provides examples of demonstration buildings in India that use bamboo for various structural components.
How to preserve bamboo techniques contains little about bamboo ,properties. pros and cons of bamboo.
Some traditional preservation and modern chemical preservation techniques.
The document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource with high strength and low weight. It then covers the general uses of bamboo, its properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, how bamboo is worked and shaped, methods of preserving bamboo, uses of bamboo in housing, and advantages and disadvantages of bamboo as a construction material. In conclusion, it states that bamboo has played an important role in development and will remain important as the world's population increases.
Green building aims to minimize waste, conserve resources, and improve indoor air quality through practices like waste management, energy efficiency, and using local, sustainable materials. It focuses on five objectives: waste management, conservation, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and community connectivity. Green building has grown since the 1950s, as home sizes and waste generation have increased while natural resources and old growth forests have decreased. Building green can help address these issues through techniques like recycling construction waste, using renewable materials, and implementing water and energy efficiency strategies.
building materials 1_architecture_Bamboo – Bamboo as plant classification, species, geographical distribution, Anatomy of Bamboo,
Properties, strength, processing, harvesting, working of Bamboo tools – Treatment and preservation
of Bamboo and uses of Bamboo.
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants and has many uses. It grows widely in Asia and Latin America. There are over 1600 bamboo species. Bamboo can be used for construction, tools, and food. It is strong yet lightweight. Cultures in Asia have long used bamboo for buildings, bridges, and tools. Modern uses include reinforcement in concrete and refugee housing with sustainable designs that utilize local bamboo.
This document provides details on the construction and establishment of a low-cost polyhouse for growing ornamental crops. Some key points:
- A polyhouse is a specially constructed structure covered with a transparent material that allows natural light entry and controls the environment for plant cultivation.
- Growing ornamental crops in a polyhouse ensures optimal growing conditions and higher productivity compared to open fields. It allows year-round production and export-quality flowers.
- The document provides specifications for constructing a low-cost polyhouse structure, including framing materials, foundation layout, ventilation, and covering materials.
- It also outlines the process for establishing beds within the polyhouse and arranging them in longitudinal and cross-bedding
Bamboo - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document is a presentation about bamboo as a building material. It discusses bamboo's classification as a type of grass, its fast growth rate and worldwide geographical distribution. The anatomy, properties, harvesting, processing and uses of bamboo are described. Bamboo has many advantages as a building material such as strength, renewability, and versatility. Common types of bamboo found in India are described along with their suitable habitats and uses. Methods for treating, seasoning, and joining bamboo are also outlined.
This document provides information on bamboo resources in India and bamboo-based composite products developed by the Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute in Bangalore. It notes that India has abundant bamboo resources but they are underutilized. The Institute has developed various bamboo-based composites as alternatives to wood-based panels like plywood to help conserve forests. Some of the products developed include bamboo mat board, bamboo mat veneer composite, bamboo mat corrugated sheets, and bamboo laminates. The document also discusses the properties and specifications of these products.
There are several types of greenhouses categorized by shape, construction materials, temperature control capabilities, and cost. The main types are lean-to (attached to existing structure), even-span (free-standing with equal roof slopes), and quonset (hoop-shaped with plastic covering). Glass and rigid panels allow more light but plastic films are cheaper. Heated greenhouses maintain temperatures at night while ventilated models provide cooling in summer. Construction can use wood, pipes, or trusses depending on the span. More advanced automated greenhouses are higher cost but control the environment more precisely.
This document provides information about bamboo properties and uses. It discusses:
- Bamboo can grow over 1,300 feet tall and reaches maturity within 3-5 years, making it one of the fastest growing plants.
- Bamboo releases more oxygen and absorbs more carbon dioxide than other plants, helping clean the air.
- Common bamboo species used for construction in India include Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus brandisii, and Dendrocalamus strictus.
- Three famous bamboo houses in Vietnam showcasing bamboo construction are described.
The document then discusses advantages like strength and sustainability, disadvantages like needing preservation. Methods to treat bamboo and extend its durability include smoking
Bamboo is a versatile construction material that is strong yet lightweight. It grows rapidly and can be used for housing, floors, walls, roofs and scaffolding. Some key points:
- Bamboo is one of the strongest and fastest growing plants, reaching heights of over 100 feet.
- It has high tensile and compressive strengths similar to wood.
- Traditional bamboo construction is very effective but new techniques like bamboo reinforced concrete are being developed.
- Proper harvesting, treatment and storage are important to maximize bamboo's lifespan, which can be extended to over 15 years.
- Bamboo construction has advantages of low cost, earthquake resistance and environmental sustainability.
Corrugated bamboo roofing sheets are an environmentally friendly alternative to metal or plastic roofing sheets. They are made by weaving bamboo strips into mats, soaking the mats in adhesive resin, and pressing them together under heat and pressure to form sturdy, water-resistant sheets. Research showed that bamboo sheets provide better thermal insulation than zinc, plastic, or asbestos sheets. Bamboo also has higher bending and impact strength, making it a durable roofing material. Several government-funded projects in India have promoted the use of corrugated bamboo sheets for construction.
Bamboo is a fast-growing grass that is used to make flooring. It grows quickly without needing replanting and removes carbon from the air. Moso bamboo is commonly used for flooring due to its strength. Bamboo flooring comes in solid or engineered forms and can be installed as planks or floating floors. Strand woven bamboo is the hardest style and most durable for high-traffic areas. Bamboo flooring is sustainable, durable, and resistant to moisture and stains when properly maintained. Consumers should consider the harvesting and manufacturing practices used as well as any chemicals involved like formaldehyde.
This document provides an overview of green roof systems and what is needed to implement them effectively. It discusses the main reasons for installing green roofs, including stormwater management, air pollution reduction, and increasing green space. It also covers green roof basics like extensive systems, evaluating options, and design tips. Installation processes and innovative techniques are reviewed. Standards and protocols for ensuring proper performance are also examined.
bamboo species good for construction in india nd as a materialDeepanker Ras
This document provides information on bamboo construction. It discusses various bamboo species that are suitable for construction purposes in India, including their names, habitats, culm properties, flowering cycles, and common uses. It also outlines the advantages of bamboo as a construction material, how to protect bamboo through various treatment methods, and explores bamboo foundations and structural elements like walls, columns, and beams. Limitations of bamboo construction are also noted.
Bamboo is one of the most sustainable building materials due to its strength, fast growth, and renewable nature. It grows quickly, up to 1 meter per day, and is very strong yet light. Several bamboo species are well-suited for construction, including Bambusa and Dendrocalamus. Bamboo is used widely in construction for scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing, walling, floors, and more. With proper treatment and drying, bamboo can achieve durability for structural applications. India and countries in Northeastern India have significant bamboo resources.
This document discusses various materials that are commonly used for greenhouse construction, including their properties and suitability. It describes wood, bamboo, steel, galvanized iron, aluminum, reinforced concrete, glass, polyethylene film, polyvinyl chloride film, Tefzel T2 film, polyvinyl chloride rigid panels, fiberglass reinforced plastic panels, and acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panels. Each material is explained in terms of its physical properties, lifespan, maintenance needs, advantages and disadvantages for greenhouse use.
Green roofs, also known as eco-roofs or roof gardens, are gardens that are installed on top of buildings. There are two main types - extensive green roofs use sedum plants and only require 4 inches of soil, while intensive roofs can support a wider variety of plants and deeper soil. Green roofs provide multiple benefits such as reducing energy usage, absorbing stormwater, filtering air pollution, and creating wildlife habitats. They are made up of layers including a waterproof membrane, root barrier, drainage mat, and lightweight soil mix of aggregate and organic material to support plants. Green roofs are best installed on flat or low-sloped roofs but stabilization may be needed on steeper slopes.
Bamboo is a versatile building material with several advantages such as strength, flexibility, earthquake resistance, low cost and minimal environmental impact. However, untreated bamboo has low durability. Various treatments like borax-boric acid preservation, neem oil treatment can improve the durability. Bamboo can be used for walls, foundations, columns, beams and roofing. It provides cost and energy benefits compared to concrete while maintaining structural strength. However, limitations include jointing techniques, flammability and lack of codified design guidance.
This document discusses the use of bamboo in construction. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants and can grow up to 60 cm per day. It has many advantages as a construction material such as being lightweight, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and earthquake resistant. However, bamboo also has disadvantages like being non-uniform, absorbing water, and being susceptible to insects and fire. The document outlines how bamboo can be used for scaffolding, reinforcement, roofing, walling, and doors and windows. It provides examples of demonstration buildings in India that use bamboo for various structural components.
How to preserve bamboo techniques contains little about bamboo ,properties. pros and cons of bamboo.
Some traditional preservation and modern chemical preservation techniques.
The document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource with high strength and low weight. It then covers the general uses of bamboo, its properties like tensile strength and compressive strength, how bamboo is worked and shaped, methods of preserving bamboo, uses of bamboo in housing, and advantages and disadvantages of bamboo as a construction material. In conclusion, it states that bamboo has played an important role in development and will remain important as the world's population increases.
Green building aims to minimize waste, conserve resources, and improve indoor air quality through practices like waste management, energy efficiency, and using local, sustainable materials. It focuses on five objectives: waste management, conservation, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and community connectivity. Green building has grown since the 1950s, as home sizes and waste generation have increased while natural resources and old growth forests have decreased. Building green can help address these issues through techniques like recycling construction waste, using renewable materials, and implementing water and energy efficiency strategies.
building materials 1_architecture_Bamboo – Bamboo as plant classification, species, geographical distribution, Anatomy of Bamboo,
Properties, strength, processing, harvesting, working of Bamboo tools – Treatment and preservation
of Bamboo and uses of Bamboo.
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants and has many uses. It grows widely in Asia and Latin America. There are over 1600 bamboo species. Bamboo can be used for construction, tools, and food. It is strong yet lightweight. Cultures in Asia have long used bamboo for buildings, bridges, and tools. Modern uses include reinforcement in concrete and refugee housing with sustainable designs that utilize local bamboo.
This document provides details on the construction and establishment of a low-cost polyhouse for growing ornamental crops. Some key points:
- A polyhouse is a specially constructed structure covered with a transparent material that allows natural light entry and controls the environment for plant cultivation.
- Growing ornamental crops in a polyhouse ensures optimal growing conditions and higher productivity compared to open fields. It allows year-round production and export-quality flowers.
- The document provides specifications for constructing a low-cost polyhouse structure, including framing materials, foundation layout, ventilation, and covering materials.
- It also outlines the process for establishing beds within the polyhouse and arranging them in longitudinal and cross-bedding
Bamboo - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document is a presentation about bamboo as a building material. It discusses bamboo's classification as a type of grass, its fast growth rate and worldwide geographical distribution. The anatomy, properties, harvesting, processing and uses of bamboo are described. Bamboo has many advantages as a building material such as strength, renewability, and versatility. Common types of bamboo found in India are described along with their suitable habitats and uses. Methods for treating, seasoning, and joining bamboo are also outlined.
This document provides information on bamboo resources in India and bamboo-based composite products developed by the Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute in Bangalore. It notes that India has abundant bamboo resources but they are underutilized. The Institute has developed various bamboo-based composites as alternatives to wood-based panels like plywood to help conserve forests. Some of the products developed include bamboo mat board, bamboo mat veneer composite, bamboo mat corrugated sheets, and bamboo laminates. The document also discusses the properties and specifications of these products.
There are several types of greenhouses categorized by shape, construction materials, temperature control capabilities, and cost. The main types are lean-to (attached to existing structure), even-span (free-standing with equal roof slopes), and quonset (hoop-shaped with plastic covering). Glass and rigid panels allow more light but plastic films are cheaper. Heated greenhouses maintain temperatures at night while ventilated models provide cooling in summer. Construction can use wood, pipes, or trusses depending on the span. More advanced automated greenhouses are higher cost but control the environment more precisely.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy gabriel rileyMaria Donohue
Here are responses to the questions about hydroelectric power:
a) The series of energy transformations in a hydroelectric plant are:
1) Potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy as water flows through pipes/turbines.
2) The kinetic energy of flowing water is used to spin turbines.
3) The spinning turbines are connected to generators which convert the kinetic energy of the spinning turbines into electrical energy.
b) Once a hydroelectric dam is constructed, the source of fuel (falling water) is replenished by nature through the water cycle. As long as rainfall continues to fill reservoirs, the dams can generate electricity without incurring significant ongoing fuel costs.
c) One species
This document describes the characteristics of a hot and dry climate and traditional building materials and methods used in vernacular architecture for such climates. Some key points:
1. Hot and dry climates have high day and low night temperatures with low humidity and rainfall. Local materials like mud, bamboo, and thatch are commonly used.
2. Traditional buildings in these areas utilize thick mud walls, small windows, and thatched roofs to stay cool without mechanical systems. Courtyards provide cross ventilation.
3. Vernacular architecture uses locally available and renewable resources sustainably. Materials like mud and thatch have low embodied energy and buildings require minimal operational energy. Waste can be reused or returned to the
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
The document discusses roof coverings and insulation for pitched and flat roofs. It describes common materials used for pitched roof coverings like slates, tiles, and underlay. It also discusses installing insulation, ventilation, and waterproof membranes. For flat roofs, it covers sheet membranes, insulation methods to prevent condensation, and common flat roof covering materials.
This document provides information on greenhouse types, design, and precautions. It discusses the principles of greenhouses, their uses for growing plants, and classifications based on cost. It describes different greenhouse shapes and frames materials. The document covers natural ventilation systems, glazing materials like glass and polyethylene films, and considerations for soil, water, and seeds. It provides details on greenhouse construction, orientation, sizing, and maintenance.
The document discusses passive design strategies for tropical architecture and their application in the S11 House project. It covers elements like orientation, ventilation, thermal massing, and building materials. Passive design can improve comfort through cross ventilation, shading, and evaporative cooling effects from pools. However, problems in tropical climates include humidity, rainfall, and heat gain. The building orientation influences ventilation, solar protection, and material selection. While passive design maximizes natural strategies, drawbacks can include efflorescence, rust, insect infestation, and noise pollution from the location.
The document discusses design considerations for shelters in hot dry climates. Key points include:
- Compact, enclosed designs with shaded outdoor spaces are best to reduce heat gains.
- Orientation should maximize northern exposure and minimize eastern/western walls. Shading is critical.
- Thermally massive construction with night ventilation is needed to dissipate stored heat. Openings should be small during the day and large at night.
- Courtyards, vegetation, and ground contact can help regulate indoor temperatures. Light-colored roofs and walls reflect solar radiation.
The document discusses various passive cooling architecture techniques including earth berming, earth air tunnels, wind towers, and thermal walls. Earth berming involves partially burying homes underground or behind earthen walls for insulation. Earth air tunnels use underground pipes to exchange air with stable earth temperatures for natural heating and cooling. Wind towers catch breezes at higher elevations and direct air downward into buildings. Thermal walls made of materials like concrete and brick absorb and store heat to moderate indoor temperatures without mechanical cooling.
The document describes different types of greenhouses based on various classification schemes:
1) Shape (lean-to, even-span, uneven span, ridge and furrow, saw tooth, quonset),
2) Utility (heating or cooling systems),
3) Construction method (wood, truss, pipe framing),
4) Number of spans (single or multi-span),
5) Environmental control (natural or passive ventilation),
6) Covering materials (glass, plastic films, fiberglass), and
7) Construction costs (low, medium, or high).
The most common types are the even-span greenhouse and those using plastic films due to their lower costs. Design depends
The document discusses roof gardens/green roofs, including their benefits, different types, construction considerations, and plant selection factors. Roof gardens can provide temperature control, stormwater management, and wildlife habitat, while reducing the urban heat island effect. Gardens are constructed in layers over the waterproof roof with varying soil depths and plant types. Design must consider the roof's structural capacity and drainage. Choosing hardy plants suited to the sun/wind exposure is important for low maintenance.
This document summarizes housing construction methods in the Kashmir region of India. It describes how local housing is designed and constructed using natural, sustainable materials like stone, timber, and mud to be well-suited for the cold winter climate. Houses have a simple square plan with a central staircase and symmetrical quadripartite internal divisions. Exterior stone walls are thick to insulate, while pitched timber and sheet roofs shed snow easily. Construction techniques like the timber-braced "Tak" wall system and timber-laced "Dajji Dewar" walls make use of local skills and resources to provide earthquake resistance. The landscape also influences housing, with hillside terracing and cave-like lower levels for
Types of attic insulation used in hot and cold climateslee shin
This document discusses different types of attic insulation used in hot and cold climates. For hot climates, rolled and blown-in fiberglass or cellulose insulations are commonly used, along with radiant barriers. For cold climates, loose fill cellulose and rock wool batt insulations are effective at preventing cold air entry. Proper attic insulation installation is important for moderating indoor temperatures and reducing energy costs year-round.
Green roofs & green walls-A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane.
It includes additional drainage and irrigation systems.
Thatching is a traditional roofing method that uses dry plant materials like straw, water reed, rushes or heather layered to shed water. It has been used for centuries in tropical and temperate climates. The document discusses the process of thatching roofs, materials used like sedge and water reed, advantages like insulation and cost effectiveness, and disadvantages like vulnerability to damage from birds and needing maintenance. Examples of thatched roofs are also shown.
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1. Greenhouse
• greenキhouse [green-hous] noun,
Greenhouse Construction plural greenキhousキes a building,
room, or area, usually chiefly of
glass, in which the temperature is
maintained within a desired range,
used for cultivating tender plants
or growing plants out of season.
Greenhouse Components
• Refers to a structure covered with a clear material • Frame- be mindful of load bearing requirements,
to allow in natural light for the purpose of growing the closer the bow spacing the greater the strength
plants but more expensive
• It is usually artificially heated • Glazing- different types, usually double layer
• End walls
• 2 or more greenhouses in the same location is
usually referred to as a greenhouse range • Cooling and ventilation systems
• Floor type- ranges from bare to concrete
• A building associated with the greenhouse not for
growing plants, usually for storage or potting is • Benches
referred to as a head-house or service building.
Location Topography
• Location should be the first consideration • It is best to chose a level site to reduce the cost of
grading
• Allow for room for expansion if possible • The site should be well drained, where drainage
• Non greenhouse space needs should be issues exist drainage tiles should be installed
considered such as service buildings, under the surface prior to construction
parking lots, storage. • It is advised to chose a site with a natural
windbreak, such as a row of trees or hills on the
north and windward sides.
• In areas that receive significant show fall trees
should be 100 feet from the greenhouse to keep
drifts back from the greenhouses.
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2. Climate Water
• The primary limiting factor to greenhouse • Water is frequently overlooked when
crop production is adequate light in winter establishing a greenhouse thought it is one
• Areas with frequent fog, inclimate weather of the most important factors
and shadows from tall mountains are not • Before a site is purchased the water should
ideal for plants with high light be tested, cost of removing ions is
requirements. expensive
• Areas in high altitudes with high light levels • Well water is usually desired because
is not best for plants with low light municipal water is often expensive and can
requirements, such as bedding plants. contain harmful fluoride
Orientation Orientation
• The magnitude of the shadows cast by the
greenhouse depends on the angle of the sun • Single greenhouses located above 40˚N
and season of the year. latitude in the northern hemisphere should
be built with the ridge running E to W
• The effect is most seen in the winter when
the sun remains closer to the horizon and • Below 40˚N latitude, the ridge should be
shadows are longer oriented N to S
• All ridge and furrow and gutter connected
greenhouses should be oriented N to S.
Styles of Greenhouses Glass
• Only glass greenhouses existed prior to 1950s
• They have greater light intensity due to single
glass covering
• Tend to have higher air infiltration rate, leads to
lower interior humidity- good for disease
prevention
• Glass greenhouses have a higher initial cost than
film plastic greenhouses- cost of glass plus
structure to support the weight of glass
• Breakage is a major disadvantage
• Tempered glass is much more durable
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3. Glass Film Plastic Greenhouses
• Light transmission of up to 90% • Polyethylene is what is most used today
• Heat, UV and wind resistant • Other materials include polyester and polyvinyl
chloride (PVC)
• Has low heat retention
• Popular because it costs less than glass and the
• Not flexible cost of heating is aprox 40% less than single layer
• In 2000 13% of greenhouses built used glass greenhouses.
glass • Light transmission is lower than single later glass
• Material coverings are shorter lived than glass
Types of film plastic Polyethylene
• Principal film of choice for greenhouse covering
in the world
• Almost always have 2 layers, outer layer is
typically 0.15mm thick, inner later only needs to
be about 0.1mm thick
• Double layer helps retain heat and extends life
• Has a UV protection additive
• Lasts up to 4 years
• Light transmission 87% single layer, 78% for
double layer
PVC ETEF
• Lasts 4-5 years, was an advantage until 4 • Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
year polyethylene was invented • Most recent category of greenhouse film
• The cost is aprox 3 times polyethylene • Anticipated life expectance is over 10 years
• Vinyl films hold a charge which attracts • Light transmission of over 90%
dust which reduces light transmission • Much more expensive than polyethylene in
• PVC is seldom used in the US but is used the US
primarily in Japan
3
4. Film Plastic Greenhouse
Polyester
Designs
• Was used because of durability and price,
lasted 4 years
• Free of charge so it does not attract dust
• Light transmission equal to glass
• When other industrial uses were found the
price went up making it not practical for use
in greenhouses
• Still used in heat retention screens
Wood Frame Greenhouse
• Polyethylene made it affordable for growers • Wood requires frequent painting to prevent
to enter the industry rotting
• People who did not have funds for glass • White paint was typically used to increase
were able to build greenhouses interior light intensity
• Inexpensive frames were also sought • Only treat wood with approved treatments,
• Pinewood was used some can cause plant death or deformed
• A-Frame was very popular growth
• Scissor-truss frame is very strong
Quonset Greenhouse
• Today wood is rarely used in established • Price of wood is high compared to metal and
greenhouse because of the cost of upkeep metal does not have the burden of painting
and low levels of interior light • In the 1970s many greenhouses were Quonset
style
• Single layer plastic film was usually used
• They can be purchased prefabricated or
until the 1960s
constructed on site
• Due to fuel costs double layer plastic • Less expensive than gutter connected greenhouses
coverings were used after 1960s so are popular for those on a limited budget
• This gives about 40% fuel savings • Good when small isolated area is need such as
cold treatment
4
5. Gutter-Connected
Greenhouses
• Trusses are often constructed from water • Most efficient film covered greenhouse design
pipes bent to 180° arc • Cheaper and easier to automate because it is a
single consolidated space
• Quonset greenhouses are either freestanding • Management is more efficient when they are in the
or arranged in a interlocking ridge-and- same building instead of scattered among many
furrow manner buildings
• Single large interior is better adapted to • Cost to build and heat a single space instead of
multiple buildings is much less because of less
movement of labor and automation surface area to lose heat from
• Gutter-connected costs about $1.25-1.50/sq ft,
Quonset is as high as $3.00/ sq ft
Options
• Height
• New houses can be connected to existing houses Height has been increasing in recent years to
• Many owners of gutter-connected and Quonset accommodate elevation of climate control equipment,
automation devices and hanging baskets
greenhouses use double layer polycarbonate
(sometimes acrylic) panels on the ends these can • Distance between gutter rows
last over 20 years Ranges from 10.5-40 ft, wider spaces between rows are
weaker and need extra strong trusses
• Side walls are usually covered with double layer
of polyethylene film • Contour of the roof
Traditionally were relatively flat, Quonset arch shape,
• Polycarbonate and acrylic are becoming more today can have gothic-arch or peaked roof
popular for side walls for passively cooled
greenhouses using side-wall ventilators • Active or passive cooling
Passive cooling is offered with roll up side curtains,
roof and side ventilators, hinged and retractable roofs
Double-Layer Covering Rigid panels
• Dead-air space provides the best and • Today 16% of greenhouses are covered with
cheapest insulation for greenhouses rigid panels
• Space should be 0.5-4 inches
• More than 4” air currents can form in air
space which reduces insulation
• Almost all film plastic covered greenhouses
use double covering
5
6. PVC Fiberglass reinforced Plastic
• For the most part PVC is not used anymore • Was very popular in the past but is declining in
popularity and rarely used today
for rigid panel greenhouses
• Today twin wall polycarbonate panels are used in
• Life expectancy was much lower than was place of fiberglass reinforced plastic because it
once believed, as little as 2 years reduced heating cost by almost half
• Cost was 4-5 times of polyethylene film • Corrugated sheets are preferred because they have
greater strength
• FRP offered advantages over glass, more resistant
to breakage , uniform light intensity
• Disadvantages are that it is subject to etching and
pitting by abrasion and pollution
Acrylic and Polycarbonate
• Light transmission • Has been available for about 25 years
FRP is roughly equivalent to glass • Acrylic is particularly popular with research
institutions because of high light transmission and
• Heat transmission longer life, 83-90% light transmission
Easier to cool than glass • Acrylic is preferred by growers of plug seedlings,
• Fire hazard cut flowers and vegetables because of their high
light requirements.
Fire is a concern in FRP greenhouses • Polycarbonate tends to be used for bedding plants
and perennials , reduces fuel costs lasts 10 years
81% light transmission
• The main deterrent to acrylic is the price • Polycarbonate is available in flat and
• Risk of fire corrugated single-layer sheets
• Advantage of acrylic over polycarbonate is • Trend is moving to twin-wall panels to
has about 2.5x longer life expectancy, reduce heating costs
higher light transmission, lower heat • Triple layer is now becoming available for 2
transmission and greater resistance to hail layers of deal air space
damage
6
7. Types of Greenhouses Venlo
• Low profile, known as the Venlo
Greenhouse, originated in The Netherlands
• Eves are 10.5 feet apart
• Lower profile slightly reduced the exposed
surface area, reducing the heating costs
Lean-to Even Span Greenhouse
• This is where a greenhouse is places up • Two roof slopes of equal pitch and width.
against the side of building.
• Minimizes the need for roof support
• Mostly used in the retail industry
Ridge and furrow
Uneven span
greenhouse
• Not used much because it is not adaptable to • Uses one or more A frame greenhouse connected to each
other along the legnth of the eave
automation
• The eave serve as a furow to carry rain or melted snow
• Has roofs of unequal width away
• The side wall is eliminated between greenhouses
• Reduces the cost of automation and labor
• Less cost to heat because there is less exposed wall area
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8. Quonset Structure
• Metal frame • Wood
• Less expensive than wood and does not require • Need to be painted to prevent rotting
painting to prevent rotting • Rarley used today
• Popular among people entering the industry on a
low budget • Metal
• Trusses are often built from water pipes bent to • Long lasting
180 degree arc • Aluminum usually used
• Free standing or ridge and furrow • High stregnth
• Curved surface so flexable covering is needed • Low maintence
Benches and Beds Cut Flowers
• Cut flowers can be grown in raised benches or in
ground beds.
• Plants that get tall such as roses that are grown for
5 years or more are usually grown in ground beds.
• If crop is moderate height (snapdragon,
chrysanthemum) if raised benches are used, they
should be located close to the ground so plant is at
a practical height for maintenance
• In ground beds should be raised so the substrate is
separate from the external soil to allow for
sterilization of the substrate on a routine schedule
Cut Flowers Cut Flowers
• Most roses used a cut flowers are grown in in- • In recent years some crops including roses
ground beds because of their height and gerbera have been grown in rows of
• Walls of in-ground beds can be treated wood or individual containers filled with substrate
cement blocks • Containers are placed in a trough and
• Walls should be at least 8” deep and beds should watered with a nutrient solution via plastic
extend down into a well drained foundation tube on top of each container
substance, such as gravel • Excess solution leaches out the bottom into
• If foundation substance is not well drained, a the trough and is captured, pasteurized and
drainage tile should be placed under each bed reused
8
9. Potted-Plants Floor Options
• Raised benches are typically used for pot plants
• A height of 32-36” is best for working.
• They should not be wider than 6 feet if not next to a
wall or 3 feet if next to a wall to allow access from both
sides.
• Benches used for ebb and flow irrigation are water tight
• Movable benches can increase production space by up
to 90% of the floor space
• Some greenhouses use a porous concrete flooring and
grow plants in pots directly on the floor. This system
makes it possible to use up to 90% of floor space
Considerations Considerations
• Drainage- crucial in a wet environment like • Heat- heat retention is important in colder climates
a greenhouse. With a solid floor drains must materials such as brick and flagstaff retain heat,
be installed to keep mold away this can help reduce heating costs in colder month
• Decomposition- organic materials like • Comfort- standing on a hard floor like concrete
wood, bark, sawdust etc will decompose can be hard on your feet and back
over time and will need to be removed and • Traction- consider that the floor may be wet so
replaced consider traction
• Price- one of the most important • Weeds- be sure to put down weed blocking
considerations material under flooring material
Materials Materials
• Standard concrete- no drainage, should be avoided • Stone- durable, easily cleaned, individual
in growing areas stones so it can drain in the cracks.
• Porous concrete- allows for drainage, avoid using Expensive and may not be level
in seeding and propagation area because over time
particles will clog holes • Wood- planks across greenhouse floor,
attractive, cracks provide drainage but can
• Gravel/dirt- inexpensive but can not be properly
disinfected or cleaned, harbor more pests, plants be expensive
can not touch floors, not good for retail operation • Bark chips, wood chips, sawdust-
because can be hazardous and not wheelchair inexpensive but will need to be replaced
accessible when they decompose
9
10. Flood Floor Videos
• The flood floor is a non porous floor that slopes • http://www.greenhousegrower.com/video/c:99/str
form the sides to the center of each bay. A drain is uctures-equipment/
at the low point. When water or fertilization is
required the floor is flooded for approximately 10 • http://www.greenhousegrower.com/video/c:99/str
minutes and then the floor is drained. uctures-equipment/772/
• Water moves into the pots by capillary action
• Heat pipes under the floor allow for speedy drying • http://www.greenhousegrower.com/video/c:99/str
uctures-equipment/1170/
10