This document provides a summary of the geological field work conducted by Muqeet Ahmad in the Ghizer and Hunza districts of northern Pakistan. Over the course of one week in September 2018, Muqeet visited several sites in each district to identify rock types, study regional geology and geomorphology, conduct geological mapping, and learn from instructors Dr. Garee Khan and Sir Niaz Ali. The document details the specific locations visited each day and notable geological features observed. It provides background information on the tectonic setting and rock units present in northern Pakistan. The field work aims to fulfill degree requirements and increase understanding of the geology of the study area.

1. I
GEOLOGICAL
FIELD WORK
GHIZER-HUNZA DISTRICT
By
Muqeet Ahmad
Department of Earth Science
Karakoram international University Gilgit Baltistan

2. II
GEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK REPORT
Second Semester
SESSION
2018-2022
SUBMITTED TO
DR. GAREE KHAN
SUBMITTED BY
MUQEET AHMAD
REGISTRATION NO
2018-KIU-0460
KARAKORAM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

3. III
Dedication
I dedicate this humble effort to my honorable parents, Teachers and friends Who Guide and
encourage me during the course of my studies and preparation of this Field Report.

4. IV
Acknowledgement
All appreciation is for almighty “Allah” the magnificent the merciful and His Holy Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) who is fore ever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity. All
praise to Allah who gave us knowledge and education. The field work could not have been
possible without the generous support and guidance of our teachers. We are grateful to our
teachers Dr. Garee Khan and Sir Niaz Ali lecturers of Department of Earth sciences Karakoram
International University for their unforgettable good behavior, helping attitude, hard work and
guidance throughout the field. We have learned so much from them.
We are very thankful to Dr. Garee Khan, sir Niaz Ali, all their efforts made this field trip
successful, it was impossible without their efforts again very thanks.
And special thanks to our great loving friends for their motivation, support and helpful company
throughout the entire field.
Muqeet Ahmad

5. V
Abstract
The study area Ghizer district and Hunza district is located in Northern part of the Pakistan. The
field area extends along the Karakorum Highway (KKH) and also long Gilgit River.
Geologically, the area is very difficult and highly deformed because of the collision zone and
triple junction of the world’s three largest mountain series.
Geotectonically there are many large and observable tectonics feature areas, main suture zone,
MKT, syntaxes collision zone of Indian and Eurasian plate. Geomorphological, the area contains
various alluvial fans, hot spring, mollase deposits, different drainage patterns and different types
of rocks.
The study area also contains various regional and small scale fold, faults. The rocks
exposed in this area are mostly basalts andesite sheet main volcanic, igneous rocks and
in some places there are metasedimentary rocks.
Aim of Study
The geological Fieldwork and report writing is an essential requirement for BS degree
in Geology. Students of BS semester 2 have done field work for one weeks in areas of
Ghizer and Hunza district, which was carried out sin the month of September 22, 2018.
The main purpose of field is:
 Identifications of different types of rocks
 Regional geology of the area
 Geomorphology of an area
 Geological mapping

6. VI
Geology of Northern Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan cover the greatest territory of North Pakistan. This region is mostly
transactions of three tectonics plates. These plates are Karakorum Plate, Kohistan
Island Arc and Indo-Pakistan Plate. KIA is squash in the middle of Karakorum plate
and Indo-Pakistan Plate by having two principle believes the NSZ or MKT in the
north and Indian intersection zone or primary mantle push MMT in the south. The
district of GB is chiefly made out of rocks of Karakorum plates (sedimentary and
volcanic rocks), NSZ (Ophiolites blends) and Kohistan Island Curve (i.e. Batholith
plutons). The crystalline storm cellar of Karakoram comprises of second rate quartzite
and migmatites, which are thus meddled by a granodiorite.
1) Karakorum Plates
Karakorum plate speak to the northern most important bit of Pakistan and it is situated on the
northern side of NSZ or MKT. The stone body uncovered here are profoundly twisted
sedimentary, changeable, and volcanic gatherings and they are goes in period of Jurassic to late
Cretaceous and made because of crash between Kohistan island Curve with Eurasian plate along
NSZ or MKT. The Karakorum plate is separates into;
I. The Northern Sedimentary Belt
II. The Karakorum Axial Batholith
III. The Southern Metamorphic Belt
Main Karakorum Trust and Northern Suture Zone
Main Karakorum Thrust is a fault connection which separates the Eurasian plates from
the Kohistan Island Arc. This zones is shaped as the result of collision of Kohistan
Island Arc with Eurasian plates. Northern Suture Zones is a compromise of ophiolites
mixture having rocks like’s serpentines, volcanic etc. Sediment in a slate. The distinctive
kinds of sedimentary volcanic present on the northern sides of KIA are isolated from the
slates and quartzite of the Eurasian plates by this mixture. The stone body are available
along this thick mixture are limestone's, quartz, volcanic greenstones and modified rocks
like bending in a slates grid.

7. VII
2) Kohistan Island Arc
Kohistan island curve is framed because of intra maritime subduction of neo Tethys
underneath Eurasian plate in late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous occasions and covering a
region of around 3600 km2. KIA is isolated from the Indian plates by MMT or ISZ in
the south while its northern limit is set apart by MKT or NSZ which separate it from the
Eurasian volcanic rocks. KIA comprise of related volcanic rocks. KIA comprises of the
accompanying topographical groups of rocks as we move from north to south.
Yasin Group Sediments
Chalt Volcanic Group
Kohistan batholith
Chilas complex
Figure 0: picture of Karakoram plate and Kohistan island Arc

8. VIII
Abbreviation
KIU: Karakorum International University
GB: Gilgit Baltistan
GPS: Global Positioning System
KKH: Karakorum Highway
MKT: Main Karakorum Thrust
N: North
E: East
ISZ: Indian suture zone
MMT: Main mantle thrust
NSZ: Northern Suture Zones
KIA: Kohistan island Arc

9. IX
Contents
Chapter 1.........................................................................................................................................11
1. Field work of Ghizer District .........................................................................................................11
1.1 General Introduction................................................................................................................11
1.2 Field Study of Ghizer District ...............................................................................................12
1.2.1 Hanzal Gilgit Valley..........................................................................................................13
1.2.2 Gohar Abad Puniyal Valley ...............................................................................................14
1.2.3 Hoper Puniyal Valley ........................................................................................................15
1.2.4 Jondoli Gupis Valley ..........................................................................................................16
1.2.5 Siligan Yasin Valley..........................................................................................................17
1.2.6 Naz bar Yasin Valley ..........................................................................................................18
1.2.7 Momin Abad IshkomanValley............................................................................................19
1.2.8 Gahkuch View Point .........................................................................................................20
1.2.9 Bargo Thingi ....................................................................................................................21
Chapter 2.........................................................................................................................................22
2. Field work of Hunza District..........................................................................................................22
2.1. General Information ...............................................................................................................22
2.2 Field Study of Hunza District...................................................................................................23
2.2.1 Atta Abad Hunza Valley....................................................................................................23
2.2.2 Gulkin Gojal Valley ..........................................................................................................24
2.2.3 Passu Hunza Valley...........................................................................................................25
2.2.4 Koksil ...............................................................................................................................26
2.2.5 Phekhar Nagar Valley ........................................................................................................27
2.2.6 Chikas..............................................................................................................................28
2.2.7 Chalet Nagar Valley..........................................................................................................29

10. X
3. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................30
References .......................................................................................................................................31
Field Report of Samiullah/5208 University of Haripur ........................................................................31
H.A.Kazmi and M.Qasim Jan (1997) Geology of Pakistan publish by GRAPHIC PUBLISHERS. .........31

11. 11
Chapter 1
1. Field work of Ghizer District
1.1 General Introduction
It was a university field trip on 22 September (Saturday) 2018, we moved toward the Ghizer
from our university.
The first day we studied a lot till it dusks, the first day we stayed at Yasin in a hotel. The next
morning, we continued our journey and visit Phunder valley and the day ended up at Gahkuch
and we passed the night in a hotel. After that the third day we moved to the next place which was
Ishkoman valley, after winding up the work at Ishkoman we returned to Gahkuch and ended up
the night in a hotel. We left the Gahkuch early morning and moved towards our university, the
whole trip was very fruitful to us we studied a lot at this field trip, after this field trip we had a
nice grip on geomorphology. While coming towards home, we worked a little bit at Gahkuch
which was our last station. The university bus left all of us on 25h of September at the university.

12. 12
1.2 Field Study of Ghizer District
It is necessary for the student of Earth sciences that they should be familiar with the Field Work
and should gain knowledge. Therefore, for every student of Earth Science, it is necessary to
do field work. The main purpose of this Field Work is to fulfill the Knowledge and to gain
practical knowledge of different areas.so in our field work we visit different place in Ghizer
district and we study about different rock and different land feature and we gain lot of knowledge
from this field work.
Figure 1: Map of Ghizer District

13. 13
1.2.1 Hanzal Gilgit Valley
GPS Point: 5095ft
N: 35°58'25.37"
E: 74°11'52.90"
Description
Hanzal is the first area where we study about couture lines. In couture line we study about
elevation (height) above a given level such as mean sea level. We also study about Global
Positioning System (GPS) and its use to find the position and location of an object. There are
total 34 satellites in the world and minimum 4 satellites should be attach for accurate data.
Instruments required for Geological Field:
I. Base map
II. GPS
III. Brunton Compass
IV. Simple Compass
V. Geological Hammer
VI. Simple Bag
VII. Camera
VIII. Chisel
IX. Geological Map
Figure 1: Picture of Geological Instrument

14. 14
1.2.2 Gohar Abad Puniyal Valley
GPS Point: 5732ft
N: 36°05'32.8"
E: 73°59'14.5"
Rock Type: Metamorphic Rock
Colour: Mostly Yellow
Direction: East from the road
Description
It’s a metamorphic rock, which are formed by chemical and physical change by heat and
pressure of an existing igneous and sedimentary rocks. This metamorphic rock is mixture of
different colours mostly yellow and these rock are yellow due to the presences of Sulphur. These
rocks are found in Kohistan Arc sequences belt and these rock are 55 Ma older.
Figure 2: Picture of Metamorphic Rock in Gohar Abad

15. 15
1.2.3 Hoper Puniyal Valley
GPS: 6408ft
N: 36°15'44.0"
E: 73°40'22.5"
Rock Type: Sedimentary Rocks
Direction: West from the road
Description
In this area we study about the faults which are present in the sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary
rock is form in the ocean about millions of years ago and if fossil is destroying due to
temperature and pressure then the faults are seen in the sedimentary rocks, these faults are due to
the fossil. This faults are so clearly and visible. These rocks are found in Kohistan batholith belt
and age of this rocks are 85-40 Ma older.
Figure 3: Picture of Faults in hoper Puniyal Valley

16. 16
1.2.4 Jondoli Gupis Valley
GPS: 6671ft
N: 36°15'38.5"
E: 73°38'0.1"
Rock Type: Metamorphic Rock
Colour: Gray black
Direction: East from the road
Description
In this area we study about metamorphic rocks, which are convert from sedimentary rock to
metamorphic rock. These rock are slate with gray black Colour. Slate, fine-grained clayey
metamorphic rock. These rocks are found in Kohistan batholith belt and age of these rocks are 30
Ma older.
Figure 4: Picture of metamorphic Rock (Slate) in Jondoli Gupis Valley

17. 17
1.2.5 Siligan Yasin Valley
GPS: 78598ft
N: 36°13'55.0"
E: 73°26'34.7"
Rock Type: Metamorphic Rock
Direction: West side from road
Colour: Grayish black
Description
In this area we study about metamorphic rock type of slate rock, these slate is formed by shale
and shale is a type of sedimentary rock when high temperature and pressure applied on any type
of rock then its convert into slate. This is a blaster area and the weathering colour of the rock is
mixture of different colours. The colour of the slate is grayish black. These are rocks are found in
Kohistan arc sequence belt and these rocks are 55 Ma older.
Figure 5: Picture of Metamorphic Rock (slate) in Siligan Yasin Valley

18. 18
1.2.6 Naz bar Yasin Valley
GPS: 8043ft
N: 36°27'20.3"
E: 73°22'36.0"
Rock Type: Igneous Rock
Direction: North side from road
Colour: black and White
Description
In this area we study about igneous rock and also about its two types intrusive and extrusive
rocks and the location of study is near a river bank. Igneous rock is called primary rock and
which are made up of one and more minerals. The intrusive rock formed inside the magma and
the extrusive rocks are formed outside of the magma. We also study about Granite and the Basalt
rocks, granite is plutonic and the mineral are also visible in the granite and basalt is volcanic and
the mineral are being visible in the basalt. The Basalt are belonging from Kohistan Arc sequence
belt and basalt are 55 Ma older and Granite are belonging from Kohistan Batholith belt and these
granites are 85-40Ma older.
Figure 6: Picture of igneous Rock (granite and Basalt) in Naz Bar

19. 19
1.2.7 Momin Abad Ishkoman Valley
GPS: 6730fts
N: 36°21'37.5"
E: 73°50'56.4"
Rock Type: Igneous Rock
Direction: West side from road
Colour: Gray and White
Description
In this area we study about igneous rock, its types and colour of the igneous rock and the
location study is near a river bank. There are two type of igneous rocks, Intrusive and extrusive
and their colours are gray and white. The size of intrusive rock is 4.1 cm and extrusive rock is
4.5cm. These are belonging from Kohistan Arc sequence belt and these rocks are 55 Ma older.
We also study about soil, Soil is an un-consolidated or semi-consolidated mixture of mineral,
organic matter, gases and liquid. There are four different types of soils:
I. Clay: Smallest, very fine and size is less than 0.002mm diameter.
II. Silt: Feel smooth and size is 0.002 to 0.05mm in diameter.
III. Sand: Coarsest particle and size is 0.05 to 2.0mm in diameter.
IV. Gravel: Large particle and size is 2.0mm and larger.
Figure 7: Picture of igneous Rocks (Granite and Basalt) and types of Soil

20. 20
1.2.8 Gahkuch View Point
GPS: 5238ft
N: 36°00'47.3"
E: 74°10'49.2"
Direction: East side from road
Description
In this area we visit a crush plant and we study that how a crush plant work? We study that crush
plant is use to crush bolder into gravel and also separate sand and clay from it and there are three
layers in a crush machine, first layer is use to separate gravel and its size is 4cm, second layer is
use to separate sand and its size is 1cm and third layer is use to separate clay and its size is 2mm.
Figure 9: Picture of Crush Plant in Gahkuch Valley
.

21. 21
1.2.9 Bargo Thingi
GPS: 5238ft
N: 36°00'47.3"
E: 74°10'49.2"
Rock Type: Igneous Rock
Direction: East side from road
Colour: White
Description
In this area we study about granite, which is type of igneous rock. This granite is mixture of
different minerals and different minerals colour is visible in the granite like white, black, and
silver brown. The weather colour of this granite is brown, gray, yellow and fungi. The granite is
an intrusive rock and the minerals which are present in the granite are so big in size, it’s me that
this rock age is old. The Granite are belonging from Kohistan Batholith belt and age of these
Granite is 59 Ma older
Figure 10: Picture of Igneous Rock (Granite) in Bargo Thingi

22. 22
Chapter 2
2. Field work of Hunza District
2.1. General Information
It was our next field trip toward the Hunza district from our university, on 28 September
(Saturday) 2018.
The first day we studied about the geology of Hunza, which is so complicated and the first day
was ended up at Sost in a hotel. The next morning, we continued our journey towards Khunjerab
top and the day ended up at Hunza and we passed the night in a hotel. After that the third day we
left Hunza early morning and moved towards Gilgit, the whole trip was very fruitful to us, after
this field trip we had a nice grip on geomorphology and also in the geology of Hunza. The
university bus left all of us on 30h of September at the university.
Figure 11: Map of Hunza District

23. 23
2.2 Field Study of Hunza District
2.2.1 Atta Abad Hunza Valley
GPS: 5238ft
N: 36°00'47.3"
E: 74°10'49.2"
Description
In this area we study about thing which are necessary for a Geological field work. There are
some many things which are necessary for a field work like food, medicine, base map, hiking
stick, simple compass, water bottle, bag, sleeping bag, safety equipment, extra clothes, rope,
knife, camera, tent, porter etc. These things are necessary in the Geological field work. We also
study about how to make budgets of a Geological field work.
Figure 12: A Picture of Equipment’s use in Field Work

24. 24
2.2.2 Gulkin Gojal Valley
GPS: 5238ft
N: 36°00'47.3"
E: 74°10'49.2"
Description
In this area we study about Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere and Biosphere. The
lithosphere is upper layer of crust, hydrosphere is water area, cryosphere is frozen area and
biosphere is where live is exist. We also study about magma and its types, it has two types which
are, acidic and basic and acidic contain 65% silica and basic contain 35% silica. When granite
contain light colour of minerals, so it’s acidic and if it contain dark colour of mineral, so it’s
basic.
Figure 13: A Picture of Spheres of Earth (www.ego.os)

25. 25
2.2.3 Passu Hunza Valley
GPS: 8445ft
N: 36°26'17.1"
E: 74°52'35.8"
Rock Type: Metamorphic Rock
Direction: West side from KKH
Colour: Black
Description
In this area we study about slate which is metamorphic rock and these metamorphic rock are
made 248-286 million year ago. The weather colour of this rock is brown, gray and yellow. The
original colour of this slate is Black Slate can also contain rich quartz and small amounts of
calcite, pyrite, hematite and other minerals. These metamorphic rock remain low grade also these
rocks are present in Karakorum Axial Batholith belt.
Figure 14: A picture of Metamorphic Rock (Slate) in Passu

26. 26
2.2.4 Koksil
GPS: 13553ft
.N: 36°49'04.2"
E: 75°20'44.3"
Rock Type: Intrusive Rock
Direction: Towards North from KKH
Description:
These rocks are intrusive rock formed form magma at depths within the Earth’s crust. Which are
slowly solidifies below the Earth’s surface. Later it may exposed due to erosion. It is also known
as plutonic rock. It consist of different colour like white brown, gray, glass, light brown and also
consist of different minerals.
Figure 15: A picture of Intrusive Rock

27. 27
2.2.5 Phekhar Nagar Valley
GPS: 6956ft
.N: 36°19'06.6"
E: 74°38'24.8"
Direction: South from Hunza River
Description
The area is located at Phekhar and we observed it from murtazabad. It’s located in south
direction from the murtazabad and this area is made due to the landslide and during landslide the
land is moved towards north direction and this landslide is occur in 1935, during this landslide
20 people lost their lives. The area is consists of soil, sand and bolder. The rocks which are
present in this landslide are metamorphic rock and these are slates and there age is 37ma old and
the fresh colour of the rocks are black and white but the weather colour is black, dark brown and
yellow.
Figure 16: A picture of landslide in Phekhar Nagar valley

28. 28
2.2.6 Chikas
GPS: 6784ft
N: 36°15'38.8"
E: 74°32'93.5"
Rock Type: Metamorphic Rock
Colour: yellow black gray
Description:
Schist is formed by the metamorphosis of mudstone/ shale, or some types of igneous rock, to a
higher degree than slate. It has been subjected to higher temperature and pressure it is medium
grate metamorphic rock. It consists of granite and mica. Granite is a light colour igneous rock
with large grain which are enough to be visible with naked eye. It is formed by the slow
crystallization of magma below Earth’s surface. Amphiboles and other minerals are contain in it.
Figure 17: A picture of Metamorphic Rock (Schist)

29. 29
2.2.7 Chalet Nagar Valley
GPS: 6843ft
N: 36°10'06.6"
E: 74°37'24.8"
Description
In this area we study about topography map and also about the collision of Indian plate and
Eurasian plate. A map is an image of the earth, or portion of it. The exclusive representative of a
topographic map is the use of contour lines to demonstrate the figure of the earth's surface. A
contour line joints points of equal height. It make it possible to show the altitude and shape of
mountains, depths of the ocean bottom, and sharpness of slope. This is the place where the
Indian and Eurasian plate collide each other, due to this collision is area is at high risk. As a
result of collision the Himalayan devolved.
(a) (b)
Figure18 (a): A picture of MKT and Karakorum Plate. 18(b) Picture of couture line

30. 30
3. Conclusion
The overall conclusion of this field trip is that it was our first experience; I think that we had
done a good job and for the next time our field and report both will be better than this.
At last a very special thanks to Sir Garee Khan and Sir Niaz Ali for this great field and for be
kind with us and we learned a lot, it was very fruitful field.
Thank you.

31. 31
References
K M Banger (1988) Textbook of Earth Sciences publish by Central Michigan University.
Field Report of Samiullah/5208 University of Haripur
H.A.Kazmi and M.Qasim Jan (1997) Geology of Pakistan publish by GRAPHIC PUBLISHERS.