The document discusses TB-HIV co-infection, including that TB is the leading cause of death for those with HIV worldwide. It covers symptoms of TB, treatment guidelines including first and second line regimens, and considerations for treating TB-HIV co-infected patients. It also addresses management of other conditions like malaria, filariasis, and sexually transmitted diseases. Nursing care involves monitoring patients and ensuring proper treatment, counseling on adherence, and preventing transmission.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB), a contagious, airborne infection that destroys body tissue. Pulmonary TB occurs when M. tuberculosis primarily attacks the lungs. However, it can spread from there to other organs.
New treatment regimen is mentioned here.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB), a contagious, airborne infection that destroys body tissue. Pulmonary TB occurs when M. tuberculosis primarily attacks the lungs. However, it can spread from there to other organs.
New treatment regimen is mentioned here.
Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases reported each year. Despite advancements in treatment and prevention, factors such as drug resistance and social determinants contribute to its persistence. Continued efforts in research, public health initiatives, and international collaboration are crucial for effective control and eventual eradication of tuberculosis.
Intro to TB
epidemiology of TB
Structure of Mycobacterium TB
pathogenesis of TB
Immunosuppression by Mycobacterium TB
types of TB
Clinical manifestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy Of Tuberculosis infection.pptxdrsriram2001
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. Here's a four-step explanation of tuberculosis:
Cause and Transmission: Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When an infected person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or talks, they release droplets containing the bacteria into the air. Another person can become infected by inhaling these droplets. TB is primarily transmitted through the air, making close and prolonged contact with an infected individual the main risk factor for transmission.
Symptoms: TB can manifest differently depending on whether it's active or latent. Latent TB infection occurs when the bacteria are present in the body but are not causing symptoms or spreading to others. Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria are actively multiplying and causing symptoms. Common symptoms of active TB include a persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of TB involves several steps. Firstly, a medical history and physical examination are conducted to assess symptoms and risk factors. Following this, diagnostic tests such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are used to determine if a person has been infected with TB bacteria. If these tests are positive, further tests such as chest X-rays, sputum tests, or cultures may be performed to confirm active TB disease and determine the most effective treatment.
Treatment and Prevention: Treatment for TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics taken for several months. Commonly used antibiotics include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. It's essential to complete the full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of TB. Additionally, preventive measures such as vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, good ventilation in living and working spaces, and early identification and treatment of active cases can help control the spread of TB.
Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases reported each year. Despite advancements in treatment and prevention, factors such as drug resistance and social determinants contribute to its persistence. Continued efforts in research, public health initiatives, and international collaboration are crucial for effective control and eventual eradication of tuberculosis.
Intro to TB
epidemiology of TB
Structure of Mycobacterium TB
pathogenesis of TB
Immunosuppression by Mycobacterium TB
types of TB
Clinical manifestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy Of Tuberculosis infection.pptxdrsriram2001
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. Here's a four-step explanation of tuberculosis:
Cause and Transmission: Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When an infected person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or talks, they release droplets containing the bacteria into the air. Another person can become infected by inhaling these droplets. TB is primarily transmitted through the air, making close and prolonged contact with an infected individual the main risk factor for transmission.
Symptoms: TB can manifest differently depending on whether it's active or latent. Latent TB infection occurs when the bacteria are present in the body but are not causing symptoms or spreading to others. Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria are actively multiplying and causing symptoms. Common symptoms of active TB include a persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of TB involves several steps. Firstly, a medical history and physical examination are conducted to assess symptoms and risk factors. Following this, diagnostic tests such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are used to determine if a person has been infected with TB bacteria. If these tests are positive, further tests such as chest X-rays, sputum tests, or cultures may be performed to confirm active TB disease and determine the most effective treatment.
Treatment and Prevention: Treatment for TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics taken for several months. Commonly used antibiotics include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. It's essential to complete the full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of TB. Additionally, preventive measures such as vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, good ventilation in living and working spaces, and early identification and treatment of active cases can help control the spread of TB.
Behaviour Change Communication is an interactive process of any intervention with individuals, group or community to develop communication strategies to promote positive health behaviours which are appropriate to the current social conditions and thereby help the society to solve their pressing health problems
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
1. D R . A N J A L A T C H I M . S C ( N ) M D ( A M )
V I C E P R I N C I P A L C U M N U R S I N G
S U P E R I N T E N D E N T ,
E R A ’ S C O L L E G E O F N U R S I N G A S S O C I A T E D
W I T H E R A ’ S L U C K N O W M E D I C A L C O L L E G E A N D
H O P I T A L , A F F I A L I T E D F R O M E R A ’ S
U N I V E R S I T Y .
MANAGEMENT OF HIV/AIDS
/TB/MALARIA/FILARIA/STD
2. TB and HIV Co-infection (TB-HIV)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause
of death in people with HIV worldwide.
i) About one third of the world’s population is infected
with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
ii) India accounts for nearly one third of this global TB
burden
iii) In India, TB accounts for nearly 50% of OI’s in HIV
infected individuals
iv) TB can be treated easily, but untreated, it is the
leading killer of patients with HIV/AIDS in developing
countries, accounting for one-third of all AIDS deaths v)
Pulmonary TB is the most common form of TB
3. a. Symptoms
Cough with expectoration > 3 weeks not respond-ing to
usual antibiotic treatment
Production of purulent, sometimes blood-stained
sputum
Evening fevers
Night sweats
Weight loss
Loss of appetite
Anaemia
Anybody who presents with these symptoms should be
referred for TB testing and treatment if necessary.
4. Treatment OF TB
TB is treatable. Standard DOTS regimens are to be followed using RNTCP
program in India.
The patient should be referred to a DOTS centre for ATT.
The same regimens are used for the treatment of pulmonary and extra-
pulmonary tuberculosis.
Around 6 to 8 months of treatment appears to be sufficient to many sites of
extra-pulmonary disease.
Twelve months therapy is recommended for miliary TB, bone or joint
disease and tubercular meningitis.
Persistently positive sputum culture after 2-3 months of therapy suggests
the possibility of drug resistant tuberculosis or non- compliance with
therapy.
ATT is started before the initiation of ART.ART is started after completion
of the intensive phase of ATT ( two months duration ).
During this period, the patient needs to be counselled to adhere to
treatment protocol for his long term benefit.
10. REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS
CONTROL PROGRAM
Treatment Category
-FIRST
Type of TB
- New smear +ve pulmonary TB
-New smear –ve; pulmonary TB;
-seriously ill
-New extra pulmonary TB All HIV + individuals
Regimen IP
-2(EHRZ)3
Regimen CP
-4(HR)3
11. Continue
CATEGORY -II
TYPE OF TB
-Sputum smear positive relapses
-Sputum smear +ve;
treatment failure cases/after default
REGIMEN IP
-2(SEHRZ)3+1(EHRZ)3
REGIMEN CP
-5(EHR)3
12. CATEGORY -III
TYPE OF TB
New smear –ve; pulmonary TB;
seriously ill New smear –ve; extra pulmonary TB;
not seriously ill
REGIMEN IP
not2(HRZ)3
REGIMEN CP
4(HR)3
13. NURSING CARE /MANAGEMENT
In addition If a patient needs ART, then the doctor
has to consider:
i) When to start ART
ii) Which regimen to use in order to avoid drug
interaction and added risk of liver toxicity
iii) NACO recommends category I or II in HIV
infected, irrespective of site or sputum results
14. c. Monitoring of pulmonary TB:
Sputum smear examination:
- At the time of diagnosis and initiation of DOTS - At
the end of initial phase (2/3 months)
- During the continuation phase (end of 5 months)
- - On completion of treatment (6/8 months)
15. D. PRECAUTIONS:
In HIV infected TB patients, combining Rifampicin with
protease inhibitors or Nevirapine has been found to decrease
the level of these ARVs
This decreases the effectiveness of the ARVs and increases the
Rifampicin levels, leading to Rifampicin toxicity
In case ATT and ART are used together, an Efavirenz based
ART regimen should be followed
If oral candidiasis is also present, administration of anti-TB
drugs together with Fluconazole can result in hepatotoxicity
Nurses must ensure proper infection control practices to
prevent the spread of TB and other air borne pathogens, e.g.
cough hygiene, cross ventilation, masks, isolating smear
positive patients, disposal of sputum properly
16. MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA
positive cases
TREATMENT:+VE ,P.VIVAX
CQ-CHLOROQUINE 600mg for 3day
PQ-PRIMAQUINE-0.25 mg/kg/b.wt for 14 days
Treatment of P.Falciparum:
Artemether+lumefantrine for 3 days
PQ-primaquine for single dose on second day
Mixed type treatment:
ACT-AL for 3 days
PQ-Primaquine 0.25 mg for 14days
SP-ACT for 3 days +primaquine 0.25mg for14days.
18. Management of FILARIA
Acute dermato-lymphangio adenitis(ADLA)
Tab.paracetomol 500mg for 3-4 days
Inj.amoxicillin 1.5g three divided dose for 8days
Incase of allegy to penicilin G go for
Tab.erythromycin 1000mg three divided dosefor
days
19. Management of severe of ADLA
Inj.benzylpencillin G 5 million units for three times a
days
Inj.procain benzyl pencillinG 5 million Units 2 times
/days
After fever sunsides:
Tab.phenoxymethypencillin (pencillinV)750mgto 1
gmgiven 3 times/day continue for 8 days
21. Preventive chemotherapy of FILARIA
Single doses of 2 medicine given annually to entire
population at risk
Tab.albendazole 400mg-anti helminthin
Tab.ivermectin 150-200mcg-antibiotic
Tab.DEC 6mg/kg (36-72 mg)-antifilarial drugs
22. TREATMENT OF STD
VAGINITIS:
Tab. Secnidazole 2mg /ora/single dose
Tab. Tinidazole 500mg /oral/bd/5 days
Tab. Metaclopromide taken 30mts prior to
tab.secnidazole to prevent gastric intolerance
23. CANDIDIASIS TRETMENT
Tab. Fluconazole 150mg /oral/single dose
Pessary clotrimazole 500mg vaginal pessary at once
24. Cervical infection treatment
Tab.cefixime 400mg/oral/single dose+
Tab.azithromycin 1gm 1 hours before lunch
If vomiting present give anti emetics.
Follow up after weeks
25. TREATMENT OF PID
Tab.cefixime 400mg/bd/ for 7days
Tab.metronidazole 400mg /bd/for 14days
Tab.doxycycline 100mg /bd/for 2weeks
Tab.ibuprofen400mg /tds/for 3-5 days
Tab.raniditine 150mg /bd/along with rantac
26. What are HIV and AIDS?
HIV
H – Human
I - Immunodeficiency
V - Virus
27. AIDS
A – Acquired (not inherited - contracted by direct
contact with body fluids that have high
concentrations of HIV, either from high risk
behaviour or exposure)
I – Immune (weakens the immune system)
D – Deficiency (of certain white blood cells -T4
lymphocytes in the immune system)
S – Syndrome (a group of symptoms or illnesses as a
result of HIV infection)
28. cell like a factory to reproduce more of itself.
The figure below shows the steps in HIV cell
replication.
1. Attachment to host CD4 cell
2. Reverse transcriptase makes DNA from the virus’s
RNA
3. Integration into host cell’s nucleus
4. Reproduction of viral components
5. Assembly of new HIV viruses
6. Release
29. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
HIV is a virus and AIDS is a disease
• AIDS is deficiency in the body’s defence mechanism
or immune system
• AIDS is acquired, not hereditary
• HIV infection leads to AIDS, depending on the body’s
defence mechanism
30. Body fluids considered at Risk
Contaminated Blood Semen,
breast milk.
Vaginal secretions
Cerebrospinal Fluid Synovial,
pleural, peritoneal, pericardial fluids
Amniotic fluids
Other fluids contaminated with visible blood
31. Body fluid considered “not at risk” exposure
(Unless contaminated with visible blood
• Tears
• Sweat
• Urine and faeces
• Saliva
32. HIV cannot be transmitted by:
• Kissing
• Hugging
• Swimming in the same pool/pond
• Sharing cooking utensils, same toilet, clothing and
bed linen
• Cooking/Eating food cooked by a PLHA
• Having daily contact with PLHAs
• Insect bites
33. The commonly used HIV tests in India which are
• HIV rapid tests
• HIV antibody test (ELISA)
3 tests are done before declaring whether a person is
HIV positive or negative. In case of indeterminate
results or if the person is in the window period the
person is advised to return for HIV testing again and
is counseled to stay HIV negative .
The tests are antigen or antibody based tests
Western blot test –to detect antibodies viral core of
HIV protein (p24) and glycogen (g41)
34. ANTI RETROVIRAL THERAPY
Antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection consists of
drugs which work against HIV infection itself by
slowing down the replication of HIV in the body.
ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART increases the
body’s ability to fight disease.
The drugs are often referred to as:
ART – AntiRetroviral Therapy
ARVs – AntiRetroVirals
HAART - Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy
35. Benefits of ART
1. Alters/reverses course of existing Opportunistic
Infections(OIs)
2. Decreases hospitalizations
3. Increases survival
4. Restores hope
5. Improves quality of life
6. Reduces HIV transmission
7. Benefits both adults and children
36. c) Limitations of ART Although ART dramatically
improves the health and life expectancy for PLHAs,
a. ART is not a cure for AIDS i. HIV is never entirely
eliminated from the body b. HIV can still be
transmitted to others, even when the PLHA is
healthy and taking his/her medication regularly c.
ART is to be taken lifelong
40. Control Programme
Government has provision for first line regimens consisting of fixed dose combinations
of the following ARV drugs for adults and adolescents:
Stavudine (30mg) + Lamivudine (150mg) + Nevirapine (200 mg)
Zidovudine (300mg) + Lamivudine (150mg) + Nevirapine (200 mg)
Stavudine (30 mg) + Lamivudine (150mg)
Zidovudine (300mg) + Lamivudine (150mg)
Nevirapine (200mg) for lead in dosage
Efavirenz (600mg) for single dose
Considering current operational constraints, within the 1st line ART regimen, priority
of usage should be in the following order:
AZT + 3TC + NVP (for patients with Hb > 8 g/dl)
D4T + 3TC + NVP (for patients with Hb > 8 g/dl)
ARVs must be given in a 3-drug combination.
This combination is referred to as the ARV regimen – also known as a drug cocktail
Giving only 1 or 2 ARVs to treat HIV disease is incorrect & leads to resistance of
drugs. Starting antiretroviral medication is not anemerg-ency!!
41. SUMMARY
HIV is a virus that destroys the immune system
☛ It uses the CD4 cells for its replication
☛ AIDS is the end-stage of HIV infection
☛ HIV is transmitted through
Unprotected sexual contact
Transfusion of infected blood/blood products
Sharing needles
Infected mother to child during pregnancy, child birth and breast feeding
☛ Women are at greater risk of acquiring HIV through sex
☛ HIV progression to AIDS can be controlled by
Taking good nutrition
Practicing safe sex
Getting support for emotional problems
Treating any infection correctly
Taking ART when prescribed
42. CONTINUE
☛ Accurate knowledge of HIV disease progression will
enable the nurse to:
-Recognise a person with a possible HIV infection
-Refer people at risk for HIV infection
for HIV testing Educate and counsel patients and
families on:
-The importance of early testing and diagnosis What the
patient can expect
-A healthy lifestyle
- The importance of ART Adherence to treatment
Prevention of transmission
- Palliative Care