JK Cements provides guidance on various aspects of construction including selecting land, reducing costs, involving experts, selecting materials, and more. They recommend consulting experienced contractors and architects, using quality materials like branded cement and steel rods, and emphasizing durability over appearance. JK Cements also provides estimates of typical material quantities needed for constructions of different sizes.
How to determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement?Civil Insider
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/initial-and-final-setting-time-of-cement/
During Construction using concrete, cement paste, mortar certain time is required for mixing, transportation, placing, compacting and finishing. During this time concrete, mortar, cement paste should be in plastic condition and should not harden and it is mandatory that one should use the concrete before it starts to loose its plasticity. So How should someone know how long is concrete workable? and How much travel time is permitted for concrete?
Well its Setting time that tells us how long concrete is going to be workable. Now the question is What is Setting Time of Cement?
Civil Engineering presentation topic. Its a green house building material, environment friendly and has wide application in constructions related to civil engineering projects.
How to determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement?Civil Insider
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/initial-and-final-setting-time-of-cement/
During Construction using concrete, cement paste, mortar certain time is required for mixing, transportation, placing, compacting and finishing. During this time concrete, mortar, cement paste should be in plastic condition and should not harden and it is mandatory that one should use the concrete before it starts to loose its plasticity. So How should someone know how long is concrete workable? and How much travel time is permitted for concrete?
Well its Setting time that tells us how long concrete is going to be workable. Now the question is What is Setting Time of Cement?
Civil Engineering presentation topic. Its a green house building material, environment friendly and has wide application in constructions related to civil engineering projects.
NANO FOAM TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED
Armed with cutting edge domain expertise, , we, Nano Foam Technology Private Limited, embarked upon our business venture in the year 2010 in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Leveraging on most advanced technology we offer a long list of products some of which are CLC Construction Machine, CLC Block Making Machine, CLC Brick Making Machine, CLC Foam Generator, CLC Moulds and Cellular Light Weight Concrete Mixer.
- See more at: http://www.clcmachine.net/#sthash.TC8KtF0j.dpuf
one of the important activities in construction work is brickwork. this presentation gives a brief outlook of brickwork masonry and plastering and waterproofing.
STUDIES ON DURABILITY, STRENGTH AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED PAP...Satyajit Behera
presentation shows the strength durability and structural properties of the flyash based papercrete bricks. the papercrete bricks are the new type material for the buildings.
Learn why more and more home owners, industrialists and retailers are choosing polished concrete as a flooring option. Some good reasons for choosing Polished Concrete Floor are mentioned here. Visit http://kansascityconcretesolutions.com
Papercrete is a construction material which consists of re-pulped paper fiber with Portland cement or clay and/or other soil added. First patented in 1928, it was revived during the 1980s. Although perceived as an environmentally friendly material due to the significant recycled content, this is offset by the presence of cement. The material lacks standardisation, and proper use therefore requires care and experience. Eric Patterson and Mike McCain, who have been credited with independently "inventing" papercrete (they called it "padobe" and "fibrous cement"), have both contributed considerably to research into machinery to make it and ways of using it for building
NANO FOAM TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED
Armed with cutting edge domain expertise, , we, Nano Foam Technology Private Limited, embarked upon our business venture in the year 2010 in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Leveraging on most advanced technology we offer a long list of products some of which are CLC Construction Machine, CLC Block Making Machine, CLC Brick Making Machine, CLC Foam Generator, CLC Moulds and Cellular Light Weight Concrete Mixer.
- See more at: http://www.clcmachine.net/#sthash.TC8KtF0j.dpuf
one of the important activities in construction work is brickwork. this presentation gives a brief outlook of brickwork masonry and plastering and waterproofing.
STUDIES ON DURABILITY, STRENGTH AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED PAP...Satyajit Behera
presentation shows the strength durability and structural properties of the flyash based papercrete bricks. the papercrete bricks are the new type material for the buildings.
Learn why more and more home owners, industrialists and retailers are choosing polished concrete as a flooring option. Some good reasons for choosing Polished Concrete Floor are mentioned here. Visit http://kansascityconcretesolutions.com
Papercrete is a construction material which consists of re-pulped paper fiber with Portland cement or clay and/or other soil added. First patented in 1928, it was revived during the 1980s. Although perceived as an environmentally friendly material due to the significant recycled content, this is offset by the presence of cement. The material lacks standardisation, and proper use therefore requires care and experience. Eric Patterson and Mike McCain, who have been credited with independently "inventing" papercrete (they called it "padobe" and "fibrous cement"), have both contributed considerably to research into machinery to make it and ways of using it for building
Conoce nuestro catálogo de prendas para tu empresa.
Confeccionamos y maquilamos cualquier tipo de prenda. (a partir de 12 piezas.)
Playeras y Uniformes GIO.
Entra a nuestro sitio:
www.playerasgio.com
The technology of cleaning semiconductor wafersMaxim Zarezov
The technology of slicessurface structuring and purification from metal, organic contaminants and removal of the photoresist, using highly concentrated ozone
The technology of cleaning semiconductor wafersMaxim Zarezov
The technology of slicessurface structuring and purification from metal, organic contaminants and removal of the photoresist, using highly concentrated ozone
برنامج أي إي أس لأدارة المؤسسات التجاريةAmadeus Petra
برنامج أي إي أس هو تطبيق ويب محاسبي حيث انه يعمل من خلال الانترنت بحيث يستطيع المُستخدم متابعة اعماله من أي مكان و في أي زمان و يقوم بربط الانشطة التجارية و الفروع معا
برنامج يقوم بربط المخازن بجميع المُتعاملين معها
يوفر لك اتمام عمليات البيع اون لاين من المخازن
ينقسم الي برنامجين في برنامج واحد برنامج إداره الحسابات والمخزن و واجهه خاصه بالمُتعاملين مع المخزن يستطيع من خلالها تنفيذ الطلبيات
وبمجرد طلب الطلبيه تُرسل الي المخزن ويقوم البرنامج بتنبيه المخزن انه يوجد طلبيه جديده
تسجيل الاصناف و الوحدات - برنامج المبيعات المحاسبي - اي سيلزAmadeus Petra
تسجل الاصناف و ووحدات القياس الخاصة بكل صنف يُمكنك برنامج اي سيلز لادارة المبيعات و المشتريات من تسجيل كافة بيانات الاصناف لديك من كود الصنف و اسم الصنف و سعر الشراء و البيع و ايضا سعر الجملة و يمكنك ايضا من ادخال نسبة الربح في كل صنف و حساب سعر البيع علي اساس الربح و يمكنك ايضا ادخال رصيد البداية الموجود بالمخازن و لتسهيل بداية العمل بالبرنامج
برنامج اداره الخزائن EAT تقدمه شركه بترا للبرمجيات و ذلك ليكون لديك رقابه قويه علي خزائنك والوارد و الصادر منها و معرفه الحركات التي تمت علي الخزينه خطوه بخطوه و من قام بتنفيذها حيث ان EAT يساعدك علي :
معرفه حركات الخزينه ليكون لك رقابه قويه علي اموالك
معرفه حركه الصادرات والواردات
معرفه حركات الخزينه لكل مستخدم علي حدي
معرفه يوميه الخزينه
تعيين اجمالي حساباتك خلال فتره معينه
و غيرها الكثير و الكثير
برنامج لافي كلينك لأدراة العيادات الطبية
افضل برنامج لاداره شئون العيادات، انه برنامج شديد الاحترافيه لاداره وتنظيم عمل العيادات الطبيه الخاصه في جميع تخصصاتها لتسجيل شيتات المرضى والزائرين في قاعده بيانات قويه ومنظمه للغايه ويمكن التحكم فيها بسهوله مطلقه
بعض امكانياته:
برنامج لحفظ بيانات المرضي و التاريخ المرضي لكل مريض
و امكانيه طباعة الروشتات و التقارير و حفظ الملفات الخاصة بالمرضي .
اضافة الادوية و الجرعات و حفظ بيانات الاطباء و مواعيد العمل
الحفاظ علي البيانات باخذ نسخه احتياطية منها .
يعمل علي اغلب انظمة الويندوز.
برنامج نظام إدارة صيدليات فارماكير يوفر حلاً لتحسين كل العمليات الرئيسية فى نظام الصيدلة بما في ذلك نقاط البيع، وإدارة المخزون، والمحاسبة، وبذلك نفتح الباب لتطور واسع فى التكنولوجيا التي يمكن أن تحسن بشكل كبير خدمة العملاء، وزيادة الإنتاجية وتعزيز الربح
Behind the scenes with Docker volume pluginsClusterHQ
A story of cross-company and cross-continent open-source collaboration.
Last June at DockerCon in San Francisco, Solomon announced experimental support for Docker volume plugins, making it possible to build add-ons to Docker that manage persistent storage. The run-up to that announcement was a frenetic 9 months of cross-company and cross-timezone collaboration. At ClusterHQ, we were deeply involved in building the interface, and we also made our own Docker volume plugin Flocker available for migrating data volumes between nodes in a cluster. In this talk, I'll share stories on what it was like working with the Docker team and others in the ecosystem to build this API. We'll cover how you also can take advantage of Docker volume plugins to leverage stateful containers. I'll guide you through the Docker plugin model and show off some of the existing plugins so you can see how to enable stateful containers for your own use cases.
ايكونك فارما برنامج لادارة الصيدليات و بيانات الادوية و طباعه الباركود و عمل فواتير البيع و الشراء - تسجيل صلاحيات الادويه , البيع بالباركود , استخدام الباركود الدولي و الباركود المحلي .
A FULL SPECIFICATION REPORT ON CEMENT INDUSTRY AND JK CEMENTMd Sadique Suleman
FULL CEMENT INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
GDP CONTRIBUTION OF WORLD
GDP CONTRIBUTION IN INDIAN GDP
WORLD CEMENT PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY
TOP COMPANIES IN WORLD
INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY
REASON FOR GROWTH OF CEMENT INDUSTRY
ANALYSIS OF JK CEMENT
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF JK CEMENT
BUSINESS MODEL OF JK CEMENT
Why should i care about stateful containers?ClusterHQ
Presented by Luke Marsden at Software Circus Amsterdam
Microservices are smashing monolithic databases into lots of pieces. CI and CD is making testing those consistently more and more challenging. This talk will explore the problem space and dive into detailed examples, exploring the pros and cons of both ephemeral data stores and storage orchestration.
Quality of construction material and durability of homebuiltify
Quality is an important factor in construction process. It depends upon the material used in construction process which ultimately affects the durability of home.
Introduction to Interlocking bricks.
Composition and Manufacturing of Interlocking bricks.
Interlocking Bricks with their application in Civil Engineering.
Types/Design of Interlocking bricks used in Civil Engineering.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interlocking bricks.
Late Shri Sanat Mehta's low cost house at gandhinagar, indiaShirish Avrani
An attempt to bridge the gap between vernacular and modernity.
A low cost house for Late Shri Sanat Mehta ( Ex. Finance Minister of Gujarat ) at Gandhinagar, India, 1994
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. JK Cements LtdGetting the construction right
Construction of any building requires expert guidance in every aspect. Right from
the beginning, delicate and precise detailing is required. But lack of tech-how
creates obstacles, and the consumer’s satisfaction gets compromised.
We at JK Cements believes in giving priority to customers’ requirements.
We help you in every stage right from the choosing of materials to helping you
after construction.
We are always there with you!!!
2. Why you should trust JK CEMENTS
JK Cements has always followed the ethical aspect when it comes to dealing with
its esteemed customers. Our CTS department is the oldest in the cement
industry and has shown its full commitment towards them.
Right from receiving customers’ suggestions to addressing their grievances, we
have provided solutions in a time-bound manner.
JK Cement is a brand name, and has a considerable presence along the length and
breadth of the country. Our CTS officials have a good experience in the
construction industry and are well aware of the intricacies that come with any
type of construction.
CTS has lived up to its name-’’Customer Technical Services.”
We are launching a pocket guide that will give you the tips that can be counted on
fingers. We have tried our best that every aspect of construction should be
covered.
We hope our customers will appreciate our endeavor.
3. Stages in Planning
Selection of Land
Following points must be remembered:
• Basic Amenities like water supply, road connectivity, electricity must be in
proximity.
• Distance of public buildings like school, bazaars, post office, banks, post
offices, hospitals should be as near as possible.
• Present and future requirements of your family.
• Ventilation in the rooms,DPC in bathrooms, and minute details must not
be overlooked.
• Experienced Contractors must be consulted.
• Charted Architect should be consulted.
• Pricing and quality of materials of various brands should be compared.
4. Ways of reducing Expenditure
• The construction should fulfill your need in every manner.
• Good quality of materials should be selected in first place, because replacing
them costs a lot.
• Before the construction begins, estimation in every aspect should be covered.
• Planning for interior furniture and furnishing should be in place.
• Durability should be given priority over appearance of the building.
• Electrical connections should as minimum as possible.
• A location should be planned in advance to keep the stock of materials in a safe
place.
• A building should be such that it can meet all the weather conditions.
5.
6. Involvement of Experts
Architects/Engineers
A charted Architect/Engineer must be taken into consideration. These two
experts can cover all the technicalities and legalities involve with
construction. A good Engineer can help you chalk out a plan and can help
a great deal in the proper utilization of space your building will occupy.
They can help you choose the right material, registered contractors. A
reputed or Architect may charge you a little more, but they help keep
discrepancies at bay.
7. Technical Persons’ Involvement
Fitting of electric equipment
• Only a registered electrician should be selected for wiring the house.
• There should be a provision for switch board.
• Only branded electric equipment should be used.
• MCB box should be installed to avoid overload.
• A thorough inspection of the connection of wires should be done.
8. Plumbing
• Galvanized Iron pipes of branded companies should always be used .
• For sewer lines, tube pipes must be adopted.
• Hydraulic investigation regarding all aspects should be carried out.
Otherwise, there are chances of leakage.
9. Financial Back-up!!!
Requisite allocation of funds for buying land for purchasing a house is not an
easy. A person looks for a financial institution that can lend him loans at an
affordable rates. There are many banks , housing finance companies, and
housing finance institutions from where you can take loans.
11. 3 5
25
206
15
6
3
4
8
3 2
Expenditure in %
Foundation
stoning up to plinth
Brick work above plinth
Roofing
flooring
Wooden work
Internal Plastering work
External plaster
water supply
sanitary work
Electric Work
design life
12. Selection of Materials
Good work in construction begins with good quality of materials. Procurement of
right materials is not an easy take. If right quality of materials is chosen, the
executed work will be strong and durable.
A little knowledge in this can help save money and time. The selection of
materials should be such that it does not burn the hole in your pocket.
The basic materials remain the same, i.e. sand,
aggregates,bricks,reinforcement bars (commonly called steel rods).
Here, we are helping you find the right criterion to choose the best quality of
materials.
13.
14. Cement
Cement is a binding material that can bind stone, bricks, sand and reinforcing
bars. The more strong the cement, the more strong will be the construction.
So, cement of a branded company should always be used. A branded
cement might be a little costly, but use of such cements can make a building
much stronger.
Only a fresh cement should be used in construction. More fresh the cement is,
more strong will be the paste. To know how fresh the cement is, its week
number should also be noted down.
It is a misconception among the people that color of cement influences its
color. The color of cement depends upon raw materials and has no influence
on strength.
15. Choosing the right Cement
There are basically two types of grey cements are available in the market.
OPCs and blended cements. Blended cements offer some advantages over
OPCs. They are:
• Less generation of heat.
• Gives protection to steel rods from corrosion
• Resistance to chemical attacks from environment.
• Less water is required to prepare concrete mass. Leads to 10% savings in
water.
• The bulk volume of 50kg bag is slightly more than OPC and therefore gives
more volume of mortar than OPC.
• Gives better durability and strength to buildings.
• Eco-friendly.
• JK Super Cements surely meets all the above
requirements.
16. Strength of cement with time
TIME Decrement in strength
After two months 15-20%
After three months 20-25%
After six months 25-30%
After one year 35-40%
After two years 50-55%
17. STORAGE OF CEMENTS
• Cement bags should be protected from moisture.
• Not more than 10 bags should be kept above each other.
• It should be made sure that bags should not be in contact with walls and
on floor it should be paced on wooden or steel panels.
18. Quality of Sand
Sand also influences the quality of construction.
Method of identifying good sand
Take a handful of sand and close your fist and then rub it. Any contamination
like mud, will stick to your palm. Any presence of pebbles, grit and dirt
can be harmful to construction. So screening of sand should be done on
sieve.
Scientific Method
Fill the half glass tumbler with sand, add water into it add stir it properly. If
water turns muddy, it means sand is contaminated, it will turn muddy.
It is a thumb rule that if mud or dust is more than 4% of the sand, the sand
should be cleaned with water.
19. Problem with wet sand
Wet sand is avoided in construction. If sand contains more than 5% water, it is
advisable to add 25% sand. Adding too much water is dangerous for
construction work
20. Aggregates
Aggregates play the second most important role after cement in strengthening
concrete.
It is advisable to wash aggregates before use if it contains dirt and mud.
For making a good concrete mass, aggregates of two sizes should be used. In
normal construction practices, aggregates of size 10mm and 20mm are mostly
used by grading them in an optimum amount. By doing so, durable concrete
work will become more strong, and will result in reducing cement usage.
21. Brick work and their Selection
Following are the criterion to judge the quality of bricks
• Two bricks should give a metallic sound when hit with each other.
• It should not leave a trail when scratched by nail.
• When it is dropped from a height of 1 meter, it should not break into pieces.
Scientific Method
Water absorption Test
A brick should be randomly picked up and placed in water for 24 hours. If that
brick exhibits an additional weight of more than 15% by weight, than that brick
should be rejected. For example, a brick that weigh 3 kg should not weigh 3.45
after being soaked for 24 hours.
22. Brick Masonry
• Brick Masonry should only be begun only after wetting the bricks
continuously for one hour.
• If plaster is applied on dry bricks, the dry bricks will soak the water from the
plaster, and the strength of plaster will get reduced.
• Only the amount of plaster that can be used in one hour should be prepared.
• Brick masonry should be carried on not more than 1.5m height on any
structure.
• Joints in bricks should be filled internally and externally in a proper manner.
• After brick masonry is complete, the curing should be carried on brick wall for
7 days.
23. Proportion of Plaster for Walls
Thickness of wall Proportion
4” thick wall 1:4 (1 part cement;4 parts sand)
9” thick wall 1:5 (1 part cement;6 parts sand)
24. Selection of Steel Rods
Compressive strength of concrete is quite good, but it does not have adequate
tensile strength, so to give it the much needed tensile strength, steel rods are
inserted into the concrete, and so comes the Reinforced Concrete Cement.
Points to remember
• Steel rods should not have the presence of rust on them.
• Only the BIS certified rods should be purchased.
• While laying down the roof, a layer of water-cement paste should be placed
over steel rods to prevent it from corrosion.
25. Selection of Steel Rods
Compressive strength of concrete is quite good, but it does not have adequate
tensile strength, so to give it the much needed tensile strength, steel rods are
inserted into the concrete, and so comes the Reinforced Concrete Cement.
Points to remember
• Steel rods should not have the presence of rust on them.
• Only the BIS certified rods should be purchased.
• While laying down the roof, a layer of water-cement paste should be placed
over steel rods to prevent it from corrosion.
26. Cover Blocks
Cover blocks are used to ensure proper concrete cover to steel bars. They have
different thickness for different structures
Type of structure Thickness
Footing 2 inches
columns 1.5 inches
slab .5 to .75 inches
Beam .5 to .75 inches
27. Removal period of Shuttering
Type of structure Removal of shuttering
Shuttering of walls and pillars 24-48 hours
Slab shuttering(without removing bottom
supports)
3 days
Lower surface of beam(wooden supports not
removed)
7 days
Supports of slabs up to 4.5m long
Supports of slabs more than 4.5m long
7 days
14 days
Supports of beams and arches up to 6m long 14 days
28. Construction of Roof
• Laying down of roof is very important is very important. One can say that the
strength of building depends upon it.
• Before laying roof, it should be made sure that shuttering is strong and there
must be no spacing between plates.
• Steel rods must be at least one inch above shuttering, and conduit
pipes(for electric wires) should be above steel rods.
• For roof, concrete Mix 20 (1:1.5:3), should be used.
• For concrete to be used on large scale, machine mixer should be used.
• If concrete is to be made by hand mixing, it is advisable to add 10%more
cement.
• If concrete is to be prepared by hand, it must be prepared on wooden or steel
platform or on clean concrete surface.
• Concrete must be used within one hour of preparation.
• Placing of concrete on any slab should be a continuous process.
29. • The maximum height from which concrete should be allowed to place is
1.5 meters. Otherwise, the concrete may disintegrate.
• For increasing the strength of the concrete work, vibrator must be used.
30. Basics in roof construction
A roof is a type of slab. There are two types of slab
• One way slab
A slab in which the ratio of the length to breadth is more than or equal to two.
It is known as one-way slab. Here, main reinforcement is provided parallel to
the smaller side. For example , 8mx18m is a one way slab.
• Two way slab
A two way slab is one in which the ratio of the length to breadth is less than
two. Here, main reinforcement is provided in both the directions.
For example, 10mx12m slab is a two way slab.
A mat like structure of reinforcing bars is called rebars.
31. Cantilever Part
The cantilever part of the slab must be properly placed. The steel rods in them must
be placed in the tensile zone i.e. in the upper part. This will prevent bending. The
figure below will make the things more clear
32. Simply Supported Part
In simply supported beam or slab, the reinforcement is given mostly in the
compression zone i.e. in the lower part. The illustration is given below.
33.
34. Precautions in Roof construction
The placing of bars should be adequate. In one way slab, primary
reinforcement is done parallel to the smaller side, and secondary
reinforcement is done parallel to the larger side. The diameter of primary
reinforcement is greater than secondary bars. In this case,primary
reinforcement remains below secondary reinforcement.
In two way slab, the case is a little different.
The main reinforcement is given both parallel to the shorter and the larger
side. The diameters of both the bars should be the same.
35. Plastering
The main objectives of plastering are:
• To provide finishing on the walls.
• To provide protection to masonry work from outer environmental attack.
36. What to do during Plastering?
The surface that needs to be plastered should be properly cured, because it leads
to proper adhesion of plaster on the surface.
The mason must be asked to prepare mortar that can be easily, utilized in one
hour. Otherwise, hardened mortar is not workable.
Plastering on different parts of the building requires different proportions
tabulated below:
USE Cement:Sand ratio
Plaster on Interior Walls 1:5
Plaster on exterior Walls 1:4
For Roof 1:3
37. • Plastering should begin 28 days after the completion of brick masonry work.
• Sand should be used after sieving.
• Concrete surface should be made rough before applying plaster, so that
proper adhesion of plaster can take place.
• Before plastering, concrete layer should be wetted with a thin paste of
cement.
• First layer of plaster should be about 12mm. If more thickness is needed, then
2 or 3 coats should be applied.
• In plastering also, concreting should take place at least for 10 days.
38. Curing
Curing is the method of maintaining a satisfactory moisture content and
favorable temperature in concrete just after placement, so that the
desired properties can be attained to a sufficient degree to meet the
requirement during life of structure.
The important points to follow are:
• Curing should start as soon as the concrete sets.
• During summer, curing should start right from the first day of placement.
• Curing should be carried out during afternoon in summers.
• During rainy seasons and winters, the concrete mass starts gaining
strength a little late.
• On roof, curing should be carried out by making small boundaries of sand,
and then making small ponds of it.
• For curing of column, wet jute bags should be wrapped around it.
• Curing should be carried out at least for 7-10days.
39. Flooring
• Soil should be spread on the floor and be compacted properly.
• One layer of aggregates, above soil be placed.
• Concrete mix1:2:8 should be used
• At least 7 days’ curing should be done.
40. Painting
In construction of any building, painting work is carried out in last. Besides
giving the wall a pleasing look, it also protects them.
• In a newly built building, white wash using white cement should be
executed, because moisture remains in the walls for one to two years. JK
White Cement is a brand name having a life span of three years.
• If distemper has to be applied, removal of whiteness on the wall ,should be
done using sand paper.
• First of all, at least two coats of primer must be applied.
• It is advisable to again have two coats of primer.
• Finally, two coats of paint should be applied.
41. Points to remember regarding painting
• Light colors should be preferred for keeping the temperature low, and to
have maximum reflection of light.
• The paints from the well known companies should only be used. Cement
paint made by using JK White Cement gives snow-white like appearance.
• If there is any defect in the walls like dampness and cracks, it must be
rectified first.
42.
43. Stairs
Points to Remember:
• Along the west Slab, the main reinforcement should be laid below
distribution bars.
• In landing, the main reinforcement should be above distribution steel.
• Stair is a delicate structure, so the construction should take place under an
experienced Civil Engineer.
• Concrete Mix of at least M20 should be used.
• Curing should be carried out for at least 14 days.
• Shuttering should be removed only after 14 days.
46. Following points are worth considering :
• At least M20 concrete mix should be used.
• For 50kg bag,26 liters of water must be used.
• At least 15x15cm size fillet should be used, and extra reinforcement should
be provided.
• When the tank is being filled for the first time, fill it to the height of 2-3feet,
in one day, in order to avoid instability in the structure.
47. Reinforced Brick Slab
• Quite similar to Reinforced Concrete Slab, in terms of placement. The
difference is that concrete is either partially or completely replaced by bricks.
• Concrete is placed between the joints or above it.
Other Points to remember
• Steel Shuttering should be used; if any material other than shuttering is to be
used, then the proper compaction of soil should be done. If possible , a plastic
sheet should be placed over it.
• In steel shuttering camber of 20-25mm should be provided. Bricks should be
soaked in water for four to six hours and must be taken out 15-20 minutes
before use.
• Reinforcement should be place under the supervision of an experienced
Engineer.
• Concrete Mix 15 can be used in this case. Water should be added according to
requirements.
48. • After 10 hours, a little sprinkling of water should be done.
• After 24 hours, small ponds of water made on the roof.
• Curing should be done in this manner for 10 days.
• Shuttering should be removed after 14 days. Plastering should be carried
out in the proportion of 1:3.
49. Rainwater Harvesting
Importance of Rainwater Harvesting
• It helps in reducing excessive exploitation of water resources as
dependence on rivers, lakes and ponds .
• It can help in the revival of wells and tube wells.
• When there is heavy rainfall, there are chances of inundation of canals
and drains, such problems can be avoided by using rainwater harvesting.
• For areas facing accurate shortage of water, this technique is a boon.
50. Precautions in Rainwater Harvesting
• Water that has to be recharged must be free from dirt and contamination.
• Only in places where G.W.L(Ground Water level) is more than 3 meters,
rainwater harvesting technique works efficiently.
• In places, having hard stratum, this technique usually does not work. So in
such places, it can be avoided
• The rainwater pipe that discharges water