Wolfgang Köhler discusses the concept of gestalt psychology, which views wholes as more than the sum of their parts. According to gestalt psychology, the parts of a whole can only be understood in relation to the entire configuration or form. Perception and learning are also active processes influenced both by inner mental forces and outer environmental forces on an individual.

1. "In psychology ... we have wholes
which, instead of being the sum of
parts existing independently, give
their parts specific functions or
properties that can only be defined
in relation to the whole in
question."
Wolfgang Köhler: Human
Perception. (La perception
humaine, 1930)

2.  The term “gestalt” means “form” or
“configuration”.
 Proponents are Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang
Kohler and Kurt Kofka
 They studied perception and concluded that
perceivers (or learners) were not passive, but
rather active.

10. “An individual has inner
and outer forces that
affect his perceptions
and also his learning.”