GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a chronic condition where stomach acid moves back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms. Heartburn is a symptom of acid reflux and GERD, and is very common, affecting over 60 million Americans each month. GERD occurs when acid reflux happens more than twice a week. Common symptoms include heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and excess saliva production. If left untreated, GERD can lead to complications like esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus, which is linked to esophageal cancer. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to treat and prevent further damage from GERD.
GERD | Gastro esophageal reflux disease-a brief medical study martinshaji
Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disease. GERD occurs when stomach acid or, occasionally, stomach content, flows back into your food pipe (esophagus). The backwash (reflux) irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD. This is a very common condition observed
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Global Medical Cures™ | Indigestion
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
GERD | Gastro esophageal reflux disease-a brief medical study martinshaji
Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disease. GERD occurs when stomach acid or, occasionally, stomach content, flows back into your food pipe (esophagus). The backwash (reflux) irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD. This is a very common condition observed
please comment
thank you
Global Medical Cures™ | Indigestion
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Drugs used in git system (GIT - Laxatives /purgatives , drugs used to treat p...Vinitkumar MJ
CLASS FOR OPHTHALMIC ASSISTANT STUDENTS ( O.A. STUDENTS 2nd year .
educational purpose
short description regarding GIT SYSTEM & drugs used to treat diarrhoea , peptic ulcer diseases , irritable bowel syndrome , IBS, antimotility drugs & laxatives /purgatives etc..
Upper GI System Dse/Dso are compiled orderly to make the discussion/report easily. With pictures inside to fully determine the type of the certain disease. (PART 1 ONLY; UPPER)
Topics:
GERD
Barrett’s Esophagus
Hiatal Hernia
Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Duodinal Ulcer
Gastric Ulcer
Dumping Syndrome
Intestinal obstruction is blockage of the intestine with help of a foreign body or any other causes like cancer it will obstruct the intestine. signs and symptoms of obstruction nausea, vomiting, pain, and etc.managemt like medical ad surgical are there. see any infection in the ostomy .advice life eat a bland diet, change the pouch, avoid smell food like cabbage, etc, eat as chew and eat should bd advised
Drugs used in git system (GIT - Laxatives /purgatives , drugs used to treat p...Vinitkumar MJ
CLASS FOR OPHTHALMIC ASSISTANT STUDENTS ( O.A. STUDENTS 2nd year .
educational purpose
short description regarding GIT SYSTEM & drugs used to treat diarrhoea , peptic ulcer diseases , irritable bowel syndrome , IBS, antimotility drugs & laxatives /purgatives etc..
Upper GI System Dse/Dso are compiled orderly to make the discussion/report easily. With pictures inside to fully determine the type of the certain disease. (PART 1 ONLY; UPPER)
Topics:
GERD
Barrett’s Esophagus
Hiatal Hernia
Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Duodinal Ulcer
Gastric Ulcer
Dumping Syndrome
Intestinal obstruction is blockage of the intestine with help of a foreign body or any other causes like cancer it will obstruct the intestine. signs and symptoms of obstruction nausea, vomiting, pain, and etc.managemt like medical ad surgical are there. see any infection in the ostomy .advice life eat a bland diet, change the pouch, avoid smell food like cabbage, etc, eat as chew and eat should bd advised
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. Acid reflux is when acid from the
stomach moves backwards into the
esophagus.
Acid Reflux
3. Heartburn is a symptom of acid reflux and GERD. It can be a
burning feeling, pain, or tightness in the chest. Heartburn is
sometimes mistaken as a heart attack because of pain or
tightness in the chest.
Heartburn is very common. “it is estimated that more than 60
million Americans experience heartburn at least once a
month.” 1
Heartburn
1. https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/heartburn-vs-acid-reflux#heartburn
4. GERD is chronic acid
reflux, which
happens more than
twice a week.
1
Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal Definition and Classification of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Global
Evidence-Based Consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1900–1920.
5. How common is GERD?
Up to 40% of the US general population
report symptoms of GERD1
• Around 10-20% of GERD patients
experience symptoms daily
• Hallmark symptoms are heartburn and
regurgitation
1Dig Dis Sci. 2014 Oct;59(10):2488-96
6. What causes GERD?
One possible reason has to do with the muscle at the bottom of
the esophagus. Normally this muscle closes to keep food and stomach acid
from coming back up the esophagus. In some people with GERD this muscle
is weak or does not always work correctly.
Another cause of GERD is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia when
the upper part of the stomach and lower esophageal sphincter move above
the diaphragm.
Dietary and lifestyle choices may contribute to GERD. Certain foods and
beverages can trigger reflux and heartburn. Being overweight can also put
pressure on the stomach.
7. GERD Symptoms
• Heartburn (acid indigestion)
• Painful burning sensations in the throat or chest
• Wheezing, symptoms of asthma, chronic coughing and difficulty breathing
• Trouble swallowing or eating normally
• Sour or bitter taste in the mouth
• Belching
• Excessively salivating
• Tooth erosion
8. Complications of GERD
• Esophagitis (stomach acid causes inflammation and
damages the lining of the esophagus.)
• Barrett’s Esophagus (normal esophageal cells
are replaced with abnormal cells. Barret’s esophagus is
associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal
cancer.)
• Esophageal Cancer
If GERD is left untreated it can cause:
9. Things you can do to help
• Maintain a healthy weight – excess pounds put pressure on abdomen
• Stop smoking – relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter
• Elevate head of bed by 6 inches – if you have heartburn while trying to
sleep
• Don’t lie down after a meal – wait at least 3-4 hours
• Eat food slowly and chew slowly – put down fork after a bite
• Avoid trigger foods – fried or fatty foods, alcohol, chocolate, coffee
• Avoid tight-fitting clothing – they put pressure on your abdomen
10. GERD: TREATMENTS
Over the counter options
• Antacids that neutralize the acid in the
stomach (ex: Mylanta, Rolaids, Tums)
• H2 receptor blockers (ex: Tagamet, Pepcid
AC, Zantac)
• Proton Pump Inhibitors(PPI) stronger acid
blockers and allow time for damaged
esophageal tissue to heal (ex: Prevacid 24HR,
Prilosec OTC, Zegerid OTC)
11. GERD: TREATMENTS
Prescription Medications
• Prescription H2 receptor blockers (Prescription Pepcid, Zantac)
• Prescription Proton Pump Inhibitors – (Prescription Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec,
Zegerid, Protonix, Aciphex, Dexilant)
• Prescription to strengthen lower esophageal sphincter – Baclofen may
decrease frequency of lower esophageal sphincter
Surgery
• Nissen Fundoplication – can be done laparoscopic
• LINX device – magnetic beads implanted
12. Consider a Research Study!
GERD: OPTIONS
Researchers are continuing to study GERD as well as new
ways to treat it. Currently, some of our ENCORE research
sites have new GERD research studies enrolling. If you or
someone you know has GERD, and are interested in
participating, call your local office to find out more!
Offices Enrolling:
Inverness: 352-341-2100
https://inverness.naturecoastresearch.com/activestudies
Jacksonville: 904-730-0166
https://jaxresearch.com/activestudies