Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Experimental study on geopolymer concrete by using ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
The demand of concrete is increasing day by day and Cement is used for satisfying the need of development of infrastructure facilities, 1 tone cement production generates 1 tone CO2, which adversely affect the environment . In order to reduce the use of OPC and CO2 generation, the new generation concrete has been developed such as GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses Fly ash and Alkaline Solution as their Binding Materials. Geopolymer requires Oven Curing in the varying range of 60C to 100C for a period of 24 to 96 hours.
The objective of the present work is to study the effect of GGBS in fly ash based Geopolymer concrete and to study the Effect of Oven Curing and Ambient room temperature curing on them. And By replacing fly ash from 0 to 100% with GGBS and inspecting the Fresh Properties and Hardened Concrete properties at 7 days. The casted cube will be cured at normal room temperature and at 700C Oven heat provision for 24 hours and to ascertain the behavior of concrete mixed with GGBS, thereby examining the changes of properties like Strength and Durability.
Keywords: Fly ash, GGBS, Alkaline Solution, strength, durability, utilization
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDY OF GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG BASED G...Shoaib Wani
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material.
GGBS can improve the durability of a concrete structure by reducing the water permeability, increasing the corrosion resistance and sulphate resistance.
The improved properties can extend the service life of structures and reduce the overall maintenance costs.
The primary objective is to study the strength and durability of geopolymer concrete
To study the strength and durability parameters of GGBS based geopolymer concrete.
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Experimental study on geopolymer concrete by using ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
The demand of concrete is increasing day by day and Cement is used for satisfying the need of development of infrastructure facilities, 1 tone cement production generates 1 tone CO2, which adversely affect the environment . In order to reduce the use of OPC and CO2 generation, the new generation concrete has been developed such as GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses Fly ash and Alkaline Solution as their Binding Materials. Geopolymer requires Oven Curing in the varying range of 60C to 100C for a period of 24 to 96 hours.
The objective of the present work is to study the effect of GGBS in fly ash based Geopolymer concrete and to study the Effect of Oven Curing and Ambient room temperature curing on them. And By replacing fly ash from 0 to 100% with GGBS and inspecting the Fresh Properties and Hardened Concrete properties at 7 days. The casted cube will be cured at normal room temperature and at 700C Oven heat provision for 24 hours and to ascertain the behavior of concrete mixed with GGBS, thereby examining the changes of properties like Strength and Durability.
Keywords: Fly ash, GGBS, Alkaline Solution, strength, durability, utilization
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDY OF GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG BASED G...Shoaib Wani
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material.
GGBS can improve the durability of a concrete structure by reducing the water permeability, increasing the corrosion resistance and sulphate resistance.
The improved properties can extend the service life of structures and reduce the overall maintenance costs.
The primary objective is to study the strength and durability of geopolymer concrete
To study the strength and durability parameters of GGBS based geopolymer concrete.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
The geopolymer cement is formed by polymerization process which involves the reaction between an aluminosilicate source material such as fly-ash, GGBS, etc. with an alkaline activator solutions.
STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE WITH RESPECT TO ITS MECHANICAL PRO...IAEME Publication
The primary object of the work is to observe the mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete with GGBS and FLYASH. Now-a-days the carbon oxide emission is a lot of within the
atmosphere, which leads to warming and atmospheric phenomenon. Hence, for the purpose of
reducing the emissions, the consequences of industrial waste are being used for geopolymer
concrete like GBBS and Flyash. Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate (NAOH and Na2SiO3)
area unit used as basic activators. The molarity of Sodium hydroxide is 10M and 12M.The ratio
of basic activators are1:2.Having similar properties to cement concrete and attaining equal
strength, the geopolymer concrete reduces greenhouse emission. The proportions used are 100%
GGBS, 75% GGBS & 25% fly ash, 50% GGBS & 50% fly ash, 25% GGBS & 75% fly ash. The
ambient natural process at space temperature is completed for an amount of seven and twenty
eight days. The mechanical properties have been identified by compressive, flexural, split tensile
strength tests through which the results are compared for 10 M and 12 M.
Experimental Investigation on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
To find out the effective utilization of the abundant quantity of Indian fly ash polluting the environment.
To find out the suitability of quarry sand as a fine aggregate.
To determine the suitability of Geopolymer mortar in practical application of the Civil Engineering Field.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF ALKALI ACTIVATED FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio that affects the properties of alkali activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted a technology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test the conventional concrete. The main aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of new materials later on to the concrete industry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix is prepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at room temperature. The response variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.
Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation of Geopolymer concrete properties which are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, the activator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to other two activator ratios. There is substantial gain in compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with age.
Improvements: This work can be enhanced for various molarities under various temperatures and various activator ratios.
CHARACTERIZATION & DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYME...Journal For Research
Huge scale generation of cement is creating environmental issue on one hand and depletion of natural resources on the other hand. This danger to nature has prompted research being made of industrial byproducts as supplementary cementetious materials in making concrete for more green and durable. Fly ash and silica fume both are pozzolanic materials which have been broadly utilized for improving the properties like strength and durability in concrete. Silica fume demonstrates the greater pozzolanic activity then fly ash because of its finer particle size distribution, the pozzolanic activity of fly ash also can be enhanced by decreasing the particle size distribution. Geopolymer is a class of aluminosilicate binding materials integrated by thermal action of solid aluminosilicate based materials such as metakoaline, GGBFS, fly ash. Geopolymer get activated with the alkaline solution and heat. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were utilized as an alkaline solution with a steady ratio of 2.5 and the mix is designed for molarity 10 for the work carried out. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the geopolymer concrete by utilizing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) produced by air classification and processed GGBFS with varied proportions. Discusses on the properties of geopolymer concrete has also been mentioned. Compressive strength and durability tests like Permeability, Abrasion, Sorptivity, Acid and sulphate attack, Drying shrinkage were conducted. In this work geopolymer concrete was prepared with varying proportions of GGBS and UFFA in the ratio of 92.5:7.5 and 88:12 and 80:20. The maximum strength was achieved for the ratio 92.5:7.5. The obtained compressive strength is in the range of 36.5MPa to 91.6MPa from 1st day to 28th day of hot curing.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
The geopolymer cement is formed by polymerization process which involves the reaction between an aluminosilicate source material such as fly-ash, GGBS, etc. with an alkaline activator solutions.
STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE WITH RESPECT TO ITS MECHANICAL PRO...IAEME Publication
The primary object of the work is to observe the mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete with GGBS and FLYASH. Now-a-days the carbon oxide emission is a lot of within the
atmosphere, which leads to warming and atmospheric phenomenon. Hence, for the purpose of
reducing the emissions, the consequences of industrial waste are being used for geopolymer
concrete like GBBS and Flyash. Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate (NAOH and Na2SiO3)
area unit used as basic activators. The molarity of Sodium hydroxide is 10M and 12M.The ratio
of basic activators are1:2.Having similar properties to cement concrete and attaining equal
strength, the geopolymer concrete reduces greenhouse emission. The proportions used are 100%
GGBS, 75% GGBS & 25% fly ash, 50% GGBS & 50% fly ash, 25% GGBS & 75% fly ash. The
ambient natural process at space temperature is completed for an amount of seven and twenty
eight days. The mechanical properties have been identified by compressive, flexural, split tensile
strength tests through which the results are compared for 10 M and 12 M.
Experimental Investigation on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
To find out the effective utilization of the abundant quantity of Indian fly ash polluting the environment.
To find out the suitability of quarry sand as a fine aggregate.
To determine the suitability of Geopolymer mortar in practical application of the Civil Engineering Field.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF ALKALI ACTIVATED FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio that affects the properties of alkali activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted a technology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test the conventional concrete. The main aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of new materials later on to the concrete industry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix is prepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at room temperature. The response variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.
Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation of Geopolymer concrete properties which are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, the activator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to other two activator ratios. There is substantial gain in compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with age.
Improvements: This work can be enhanced for various molarities under various temperatures and various activator ratios.
CHARACTERIZATION & DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYME...Journal For Research
Huge scale generation of cement is creating environmental issue on one hand and depletion of natural resources on the other hand. This danger to nature has prompted research being made of industrial byproducts as supplementary cementetious materials in making concrete for more green and durable. Fly ash and silica fume both are pozzolanic materials which have been broadly utilized for improving the properties like strength and durability in concrete. Silica fume demonstrates the greater pozzolanic activity then fly ash because of its finer particle size distribution, the pozzolanic activity of fly ash also can be enhanced by decreasing the particle size distribution. Geopolymer is a class of aluminosilicate binding materials integrated by thermal action of solid aluminosilicate based materials such as metakoaline, GGBFS, fly ash. Geopolymer get activated with the alkaline solution and heat. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were utilized as an alkaline solution with a steady ratio of 2.5 and the mix is designed for molarity 10 for the work carried out. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the geopolymer concrete by utilizing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) produced by air classification and processed GGBFS with varied proportions. Discusses on the properties of geopolymer concrete has also been mentioned. Compressive strength and durability tests like Permeability, Abrasion, Sorptivity, Acid and sulphate attack, Drying shrinkage were conducted. In this work geopolymer concrete was prepared with varying proportions of GGBS and UFFA in the ratio of 92.5:7.5 and 88:12 and 80:20. The maximum strength was achieved for the ratio 92.5:7.5. The obtained compressive strength is in the range of 36.5MPa to 91.6MPa from 1st day to 28th day of hot curing.
Globally the idea of sustainability has now taken a centre stage. The environmental concern focuses on overexploitation of natural resources such as limestone, clay, etc and release of harmful gaseous substance into the global environment from the cement industries worldwide.
Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials.
Geopolymer bricks are the new innovation in the field of brick industry. Geopolymer bricks contain fly ash as the source material and an alkaline activator for the activation of polymerization reaction.experimental work is supposed to be performed on geopolymer bricks with fly ash and GGBS as source materials and sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as an activator. It reduces dead load on structures due to light weight (2.6 kg, dimension: 230 mm X 110 mm X 70 mm).
Geopolymers are new materials for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation and new cements for concrete.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 1
Abstract
Geopolymer cement is a binding system that hardens at room temperature. It is a more
environmentally friendly alternative to conventional Portland cement. It relies on
minimally processed natural materials or industrial byproducts to significantly reduce the
carbon footprint of cement production, while also being highly resistant to many common
concrete durability issues. Geopolymer cements exist which may cure more rapidly than
Portland-based cements. Geopolymer is one of the most important alternatives to Portland
cement but cannot replace completely. It is used as replacement of cement concrete. In
geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material. Fly ash, silica-fume, or
GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Keywords: Geopolymer, Cement, Carbon footprint, Durability.
INTRODUCTION
Portland cement production is a resource-intensive, energy-intensive process that emits
enormous volumes of the greenhouse gas CO2 into the environment. About 2.8 tons of raw
materials, including fuel and other resources, are required to produce one ton of Portland
cement. The de-carbonation of lime results in around 1 ton of CO2 being produced per ton
of cement manufactured. Currently, attempts are being undertaken to promote the use of
pozzolans as a partial replacement for Portland cement. Another class of cementitious
materials, made from alumina-silicate precursors activated in high alkali solution-
geopolymers, has recently emerged. Geopolymer cements are a form of inorganic
cementitious material that is relatively new. They can be utilized as a potential replacement
to some traditional construction materials, such as Portland cement, because they synthesis
under alkali activation and form geopolymers with binding ability. Due to its remarkable
mechanical, chemical, and physical qualities and potential widespread practical application
in civil infrastructure building, waste encapsulation, and sustainable development, this
material has recently been widely explored.
3. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 2
PRODUCTION OF GEOPOLYMER CEMENT
An aluminosilicate precursor material such as metakaolin or fly ash, a user-friendly
alkaline reagent, and water are required for the production of geopolymer cement. With the
inclusion of a source of calcium cations, such as blast furnace slag, room temperature
hardening is more easily accomplished. Geopolymer cements can be made to cure faster
than Portland-based cements; certain mixtures can reach their full strength in as little as 24
hours. They must, however, set slowly enough to be mixed in a batch plant, either for pre
casting or for delivery in a concrete mixer. Geopolymer cement can also build a strong
chemical connection with aggregates made of silicate rock.
Chemistry: Portland cement vs Geopolymer cement
Left: hardening of Portland cement (P.C.) through hydration of calcium silicate into
calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and portlandite, Ca (OH)2.
Right: hardening (setting) of geopolymer cement (GP) through poly-condensation of
potassium oligo-(sialate-siloxo) into potassium poly(sialate-siloxo) cross linked network.
If a geopolymer compound requires heat setting it is not called geopolymer cement but
rather geopolymer binder.
4. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 3
CONSTITUENTS
1. Coarse aggregate
2. Fine aggregate - sand or bottom ash can be used
3. Admixture - superplasticizers (naphthalene based or naphthalene sulphonate based)
4. Alkaline activators
a) Alkaline activation is a process of mixing powdery aluminosilicate with an
alkaline activator.
b) It produces a paste which sets and hardens within short duration
c) Alkaline activators commonly used are sodium or potassium hydroxide.
d) They are used in combination with sodium silicate (water glass) or potassium
silicate solution.
e) NaOH and Na2SiO3 are more commonly used as it leads to higher
geopolymerisationrate.
f) K2SiO3 solution rarely used because of high cost and lack of easy availability.
g) Alkali hydroxide is used for dissolution and sodium-silicate solution as binder.
❖ Sodium hydroxide
- dissolved in water to form a semi-solid paste
-higher amount reduces ettringite
-makes crystalline product which is stable in aggressive environment
❖ Potassium hydroxide
-improve porosity and compressive strength
❖ Sodium silicate (water glass)
-available in gel form
-for good pozzolanic reaction it is mixed with NaOH
5. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 4
❖ Fly ash
-combustion by-product of coal in coal fired power plants
-two classes of fly ash are F and C
OXIDES PERCENTAGE
SiO2 52
Al2O3 33.9
Fe2O3 4
CaO 1.2
K2O 0.83
Na2O 0.27
MgO 0.81
SO3 0.28
LOI 6.23
SiO2/Al2O3 1.5
TABLE1: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH
6. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 5
❖ GGBS
-a mineral admixture of silicates and aluminates of Ca and other bases
-same main chemical constituents as OPC but in different proportions
-improves compressive strength of GPC
CEMICAL
CONSTITUTION
CEMENT (%) GGBS (%)
Calcium oxide 65 40
Silicon dioxide 20 35
Aluminium oxide 5 10
Magnesium oxide 2 8
TABLE 2-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GGBS
❖ Silica fume
-also called as micro silica or condensed silica fume
-produced during manufacture of silicon by electric arc furnace
-another artificial pozzolan
7. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 6
PROCESS
a) Si and Al atoms in source materials dissolved using alkaline solution.
b) Source materials include fly ash, GGBS, silica-fume.
c) gel formed by applying heat.
d) This gel binds aggregates and unreacted source material forming geopolymer
concrete.
MECHANISM
a) dissolution of Si and Al atoms takes place through the action of OH ions
b) precursor ions condense to form monomers
c) polycondensation of monomers to form polymeric structures
d) this framework formed is called as polyciliate
e) -Silate stands for silicon-oxo-aluminate building unit
f) chains and rings formed and cross linked through Si-O-Al bridge
8. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 7
TYPES OF GEOPOLYMER
1. Slag based geopolymer
Slag is a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. A transparent by-product material
formed in the processing of melting iron ore. OPC replacement with slag improve
workability and reduce lifecycle costs. It also increases its compressive strength. Corex
slag, steel slag, iron blast furnace slag are examples
2. Slag based geopolymer
Slag is a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. A transparent by-product material
formed in the processing of melting iron ore. OPC replacement with slag improve
workability and reduce lifecycle costs. It also increases its compressive strength. Corex
slag, steel slag, iron blast furnace slag are examples.
3. Slag based geopolymer
Slag is a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. A transparent by-product material
formed in the processing of melting iron ore. OPC replacement with slag improve
workability and reduce lifecycle costs. It also increases its compressive strength. Corex
slag, steel slag, iron blast furnace slag are examples.
4. Slag based geopolymer
Slag is a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. A transparent by-product material
formed in the processing of melting iron ore. OPC replacement with slag improve
workability and reduce lifecycle costs. It also increases its compressive strength. Corex
slag, steel slag, iron blast furnace slag are examples.
9. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 8
TEST ON GPC
1. CREEP TEST
-three 150x300 mm cylinders prepared
- placed on creep testing frame with hydraulic loading system
-before loading 7th day compressive strength determined
-load corresponding to 40% of mean compressive strength applied
-strain values measured and recorded
-test conducted at 23οC and relative humidity 40-60%
a) creep of GPC smaller than that of OPC
b) smaller creep due to block polymerisation concept
c) presence of micro-aggregates increase creep resisting function in GPC
d) in OPC creep caused by cement paste
2. DRYING SHRINKAGE TEST
-75x75x285 mm prisms with gauge studs used
-specimens kept in a controlled temperature environment
-temperature at 23οC and relative humidity 40-60%
-shrinkage strain measurements taken on third day of casting concrete
-specimen demoulded and 1st measurement taken
-horizontal length comparator used for measurement
-next measurement taken on 4th day
-further measurements taken till one year
10. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 9
a) drying shrinkage of GPC is very less
b) ambient temperature cured GPC shows more shrinkage than heat cured GPC
c) excess water evaporates during heat curing reducing dry shrinkage
d) drying shrinkage of GPC at ambient temperature is same as that of OPC
e) GPC undergoes shrinkage of 100 micro strains after one year
f) 500-800 micro strains experienced by OPC
FIGURE 2 - DRYING SHRINKAGE OF HEAT CURED AND AMBIENT CURED
SPECIMEN
FIGURE 3- COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE IN
AMBIENT CONDITION
11. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 10
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
-higher compressive strength when heat activated
-slag addition improves compressive strength at ambient temperature curing
• compressive strength of GPC decreased with increasing fly ash content
• it increased with higher aggregate content
• higher strength at lower alkali content
• compressive strength increased with age
• Polycondensation of silica and alumina contribute to high strength
NATURE OF GEOPOLYMER
1. Resistance against aggressive environment
-used in constructing marine structures
-in OPC white layer of crystals formed on acid exposed surface
-in GPC there is no gypsum deposition and no visible cracks
-a soft and powdery layer formed during early stages of exposure which later becomes
harder
-mass loss on exposure to H2SO4 in GPC was 3% and in OPC 20-25%
-higher the alkali content higher the weight loss
-GPC showed better resistance
12. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 11
2. Behavior of geopolymer at elevated temperature
-high strength loss during early heating period (up to 200ο
C)
-beyond 600ο
C no further strength loss
-no visible cracks up to 600 ο
C
-minor cracks at 800 ο
C
-GPC with more compatability between aggregates and matrix led to less strength loss
3. Bond strength
-very high
-about one third of its compressive strength
-four times than that of OPC
APPLICATIONS
a) PAVEMENTS
-light pavements can be cast using GPC
-no bleed water rises to the surface
-aliphatic alcohol-based spray used to provide protection against drying
FIGURE 5 – PLACING OF PAVEMENT USING GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
13. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 12
b) RETAINING WALL
-40MPa precast panels were used to build a retaining wall
-panels were 6m long and 2.4m wide
-these panels were cured under ambient condition
FIGURE 6 – PRECASTE GEOPOLYMER RETAINING WALLS FOR A PRIVATE
RESIDENCE WATER TANKS
c) WATER TANKS
-two water tanks were constructed, one with 32MPa concrete with blended cement and
other with GPC
-autogenous healing occurred in OPC due to calcium hydroxide deposition
-in GPC tank there is little calcium hydroxide
-nominal leaking in tank healed rapidly due to gel swelling mechanism
14. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 13
FIGURE 7 - INSITU WATER TANKS WITH BLENDED CONCRETE (LEFT) AND
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE (RIGHT)
d) BOAT RAMP
-approach slab on ground to ramp was made using geopolymer
reinforced with FFRP
-entire constituents remained dormant until activator chemicals were added
FIGURE8 – BOAT RAMP CONSTRUCTED WITH BOTH IN-SITE AND PRECAST
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE.
15. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 14
e) PRECAST BEAM
-GPC beams formed three suspended floor levels of GCI building
-beams had arched curved soffit
-water pipes were placed inside them for temperature controlled hydronic heating
of building spaces above and below
FIGURE 9 – GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BEAM CRANED TO POSITION
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
I. high compressive strength
II. high tensile strength
III. low creep
IV. low drying shrinkage
V. resistant to heat and cold
VI. chemically resistant
VII. highly durable
VIII. fire proof
I. difficult to create
-requires special handling
-chemicals like sodium hydroxide are
II. harmful to humans
-high cost of alkaline solution
III. Pre-mix only
-sold only as pre-mix or pre-caste
material
IV. Geopolymerisation process is
sensitive
-lacks uniformity
16. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 15
DISCUSSION ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
-more studies and wide scale acceptance for using GPC in precast concrete products
-making GPC more user friendly by using lower amount of alkaline solution
-producing more cost effective geopolymer
-replacing fine aggregate with quarry sand as demand for natural sand is increasing
-studies on fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete for improving flexural strength
CONCLUSION
Geopolymer concrete is a promising construction material due to its low carbon dioxide
emission. High early strength, low creep and shrinkage, acid resistance, fire resistance
makes it better in usage than OPC. Wide spread applications in precast industries due to.
Its high production in short duration. less breakage during transportation. Enhanced
research along with acceptance required to make it great advantage to the industry
17. Saifullah Mahmud 王方 (2093191) | Cement Chemistry
PAGE 16
REFERENCES
1. Geopolymer Cement; Environmental Considerations. J Terry Gourley [Nov, 2020]
2. Geopolymer cement and concrete: N.B.Singh, Mukesh Kumar , Sarita Rai [May
2020]
3. Unconfined Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Cement: Sarbajit PandaBikasha
Chandra PandaBikasha Chandra Panda [January 2020]
4. Current development of geopolymer cement with nanosilica and cellulose
nanocrystals : Cut Rahmawati, Sri Aprilia ,Taufiq Saidi, Teuku Budi Aulia
[February 2021]
5. Novel one-part ferro-phosphate geopolymer cement: Aleksandar Nikolov
[December 2020]
6. Utilization of geopolymer cements as supercapacitors: influence of the hardeners
on their properties: Martin Pengou, Bertrand Ngoune, Herve Tchakoute Kouamo,
Charles Péguy Nanseu-Njiki, Emmanuel Ngameni [June 2020]
7. Utilization of Industrial By-Products/Waste to Manufacture Geopolymer
Cement/Concrete: Numanuddin Azad, Samindi M.K. Samarakoon [January 2021]
