1) Electromagnetic waves are propagated by oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. 2) These waves travel at 3x10^8 ms-1 in vacuum. 3) Optics is the branch of physics that studies the properties and behavior of light, including its interactions with matter and instruments that use or detect it.

1. Chapter :- 01
Geometrical Optics

2. Light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human
eye
Light

3. EM waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations
between an electric field and a magnetic field.
EM waves travel with a constant velocity of 3.00 x 108 ms-1 in
vacuum.
EM waves are transverse waves.
The electric field and magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave
are perpendicular (at right angles) to each other. They are also
perpendicular to the direction of the EM wave.
They can travel through air, liquid , a solid material or vacuum.
Historical Perspective of Electromagnetic Waves

6. Work of Scientists

7. Newton

8. Huygens Theory

9. James Clerk Maxwell
Discovered Theory of
electromagnetism, which
showed that light was
electromagnetic radiation
Electrical fields and magnetic
fields can couple together to
form electromagnetic waves.
Maxwell Equations

10. Einstein
Photoelectric effect

11. De Broglie

12. 1)Electromagnetic waves are propagated by oscillating
electric fields and magnetic field oscillation at right angles to
each other.
2)These waves travel with speed 3×108ms−1 in vacuum.
3)They are not deflected by electric or magnetic field.
4)They can show interference or diffraction.
5)They are transverse waves.
6)May be polarized.
7)Need no medium of propagation.
8)wavelength and frequency related as c=ʋλ.
General Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation

13. The branch of physics that studies the behavior and
properties of light, including its interactions with
matter and the construction of instruments that use or
detect it.
Optics
Types:-
1)Geometrical Optics
2)Physical Optics
3)Quantum Optics

14. Lenses
A portion of transparent material bounded by two curved
surfaces or one curved and other plane surface.
Types:
1)Converging or Convex Lens
2)Diverging or Concave Lens

17. Terms Used in Lens

18. Principle Focus

20. Thin & Thick Lenses

21. Sign Conventions For Optical System