Geography Study Guide

Geography Study Guide
Third Test Study Guide
ISS 315 Spring 2014
1. Why is the environment diverse in Europe?
Europe goes from Artic to the Mediterranean, and therefore has a wide varity of climates,
vegetation, and human activities.
2. Spine脊梁 of Italy mountain range.
Apennines Mountains. Location of Mt. Vesuvius and Mt. Etna.
3. Mountain range that forms the border between Spain and France?
Pyrenees mountain 庇里牛斯山，欧洲西南部最大山脉
4. Part of Europe that is the focus of intensive, large cities, and major industrial activities?
The North European Lowland
5. How large is Europe compared to the U.S.?
2/3 the area of United States
6. The Mediterranean climate characteristics dry summer and wet winter.
7. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
35. Type of pollution that damaged Lake Baikal.
Pulp纸浆 and paper factories
36. Caucasus Mountains.高加索山脉，俄罗斯南部，在黑海和里海之间
Form Russia's Southern boundaries between Black Sea & Caspian Sea
37. Chernobyl. 切尔诺贝利，乌克兰城市
A major nuclear meltdown on 1986
38. After 1001 what group of people leave the Russian Domain.
39. What is the approximate population of the Russian Domain?
200+ million
40. Characteristics of high latitude climates.

Temperature extremes, continental climate, short growing season
41. Current name of Leningrad.
St. Petersburg
42. Where has Russian Domain dumped nuclear wastes?
Arctic Sea
43. Location of highest population densities in the Russian Domain.
Weatern portion
44. World's largest reserve of freshwater in Russian Domain.
Lake Baikal
45. Effects of climate change on Russia.
A more mild climate that is better for growing crops
46. Most productive agriculture area in Russian Domain.
Ukraine
47. Original founders of Russia?
Slavic people
48. Country Russian emulated. 1900s
European French culture
49. Where did Russification occur the most.
Soviet
50. Architecture used in St. Petersburg.
European style
51. Why did the Russian military invade Chechnya.
Chechnya Republic seeking independence (Russia want them integrated)
○ Russians sent military
Chechnya has metals and oil
52. Where do most people live in Russia? weatern 53. Name of natives of Ukraine
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The First Path Of Formation Of The Kazakh Diaspora
Repression was blown to frightening enormous proportions. Repressions even reached the
"traditional knowledge holders" – Kazakh shamans–"baksi", which J. Assmann calls special carriers
of cultural memory [13].
During this period, the trend of migration had been strengthened, and about a million ethnic
Kazakhs was forced to migrate from their historic homeland to neighboring countries. It was the
first path of formation of the Kazakh Diaspora, but there was also a second way: "creation of state
borders separated part of the kazakh people and made it difficult to communicate with the main
ethnic masses" [14], this process in science is called irredentism [15]. Thus, in the second half of the
XIX century after the establishment of the Russian–Chinese border part of Kazakhs who had been
wintering in the former Qing Empire territory was in the allegiance of China. Subsequently, in 1916
after the suppression of the anti–colonial rebellion in 1932–1934. During dispossession,
collectivisation and famine some Kazakh tribes migrated from Kazakhstan to Xinjiang and took
Chinese citizenship [16]. The main concentration of the Kazakh migrant fell on Russia, Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan, Iran, Turkey, Mongolia and China.
Due to the special historical and political circumstances, one nation was artificially "split" into two
parts "repatriates" and "local", which naturally provoke the break of once united culture in two,
conventionally called "oralman" and "local" culture. Both of these

Similarities And Differences Between The Primordialist And...
Orianne Sagrada
IS 680
Prof. Woldemikael
14 October 2014
Midterm 1
1. Compare and contrast the primordialist with the instrumentalist/circumstantialist approaches that
provide an understanding of the concept of Ethnicity? What is the constructionist perspective?
According to constructionism, how do the elites view ethnicity? (Use Introduction from Hutchinson
and Smith book Ethnicity and the excerpt of chapters from Cornell and Hartmann that will be posted
on blackboard. NB: I used Cornell and Hartmann's book Ethnicity and Race for my class lecture on
approaches to ethnicity.)
In Ethnicity by John Hutchinson and Anthony Smith identify two existing camps of ethnicity:
primordialist and instrumentalist/circumstantialist. The term 'priomordialist' in terms of ethnicity
was fathered by Edward Shils, a notable sociologist. Shils sought to differentiate various social
bonds–personal, primordial, sacred and civil ties and to demonstrate how even in contemporary,
civic societies other types of social bonding existed (Hutchinson and Smith ). After Shils coined the
concept of primordialist, late anthropologist, Clifford Greetz advanced the subject and spoke of the
'overpowering' and ineffable quality attaching to certain kinds of tie, which the participants tended
to see as exterior, coercive, and given. Greetz further emphasized that the catalyst to an effective and
successful modern state is the drive for personal identity–a fundamental basis of primordial ties. By
definition,

Analysis Of Bruce Bairnsfather 's One Of Those Balkan Muddles
Bruce Bairnsfather's cartoon, "One of Those Balkan Muddles," depicts a dejected soldier who is
profoundly confused about his nationality and identity. The man does not seem to possess a clear
ethnicity or home country, thus neither does he possess a true citizenship. He is not specifically tied
to any one people, geographical area, or culture. This caricature reflects a comedized reality for
many people living within the borders of the Austro–Hungarian Empire during and prior to World
War One. The Empire was a confusing, heterogeneous mixture of several ethnicities forced into a
single citizenship and state. As a real–life example, the imperial census of the Austro–Hungarian
Empire in 1910 caused problems when it asked subjects to state their identity. The official criterion
was the language spoken, yet controversy raged when other officials argued for "history, geography,
anthropology and ethnography" as the key criteria. Divisively, "Emperor Franz Joseph, at the head
of a dynasty which was supposed to be supra–national, put himself down firmly as German on the
census form" . Bairnsfather's cartoon soldier is the personification of Empire's lack of clear
collective identity, and thus lack of true citizenship. This issue will eventually lead to the dissolution
of the Empire into several constituent states.
The epoch that the cartoon was drawn in was defined by the emergence of a central force in
geopolitics: The nation–state. The force of nationalism, neither benevolent

Comparison Of Obama 's And Xi 's Speeches
Tianshi Sun
Compare and contrast essay
U.S. – China Relations
July 14, 2015
Compare and Contrast of Clinton's and Xi's Speeches
Decades has passed since U.S. and China established formal diplomatic relations. The two countries
have faced the pressures of economic transformation, social and political standoffs, and now have
moved to a new stage of complex mix of diplomatic issues, differences in values, and increasingly
intertwined economy. If the U.S. and China to improve their achievements made in the past, then the
U.S. – China relation is likely to surpass the contradictions in cultural, political, economic and social
differences, and seek to maximize the mutual benefit for both and work together to shift the focus to
making greater ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite she fact she acknowledges that both countries can gain from cooperation in security, energy,
economic issues; U.S.'s self–interests comes first. As China advocates for more international
involvement, open market policies, territorial assurance from the U.S., the U.S. on the other hand
strives to maintain its position in global leadership and interest because it still considers China as a
threat, trying to seize China to prevent it from gaining excessive international power. In the
following, I will first analyze the similarities and differences between the two speeches, point out
U.S. and China's problematic intentions that cause diplomatic challenges, and argue about why it is
crucial for the U.S. to keep interfere with China's diplomatic situations. To defend my position, I
will examine China and the U.S.'s take on the South China Sea dispute, which has risen up to be a
major flashpoint for conflicts in Asia after the Cold War.
Although Xi acknowledged the 4 areas that the U.S. and China need to make joint efforts in, they
are by no means practical solutions to the contemporary issues that both nations face today. Steadily
increase mutual understanding and strategic trust, build mutual respect of each other's

The Impacts Of European Colonization
The Impacts of European Colonization
The Impacts of European Colonization
Jarrett Levins
Dr. Seela Aladuwaka
Instructor
Geography 206.03
Introduction Cambodia holds an affluent and alluring history. Throughout this paper the writer will
discuss different topics impacting Cambodia's history, positive and negative impact of colonization,
economic, political, cultural and social legacies, and to answer if western countries or colonizer are
responsible to help solve some of the lasting problems of colonization.
History
The Stone Age introduced early humans in Cambodia to hunting and gathering food around 2,300
BC. The Me Kong River delta in located in South Vietnam, history records as the first known
developed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some positive impacts are, Education is free and compulsory for six years of primary school; Health
care has shown improvement in last decade; agriculture has improved the economics; and
Cambodia's tourism industry is developing. Some negatives impacts are, The Khmer Rouge control,
roughly Eighty–percent of the people live in rural areas; lack trained medical personnel, facilities
and medical supplies, a weaken economy, approximately ninety–percent of the population adherents
of Buddhism and various other religion and ethnic minorities were targets of genocide for western
influences; discrimination practices, and decline of conflict caused significant damage to
Cambodia's economy (Aliprandini). Donovan (1993) in 1975, the Khmer Rouge destroyed the
Cambodian legal system. Legislators, prosecutors, judges, lawyers, and law professors were killed
or forced to flee the country. Law books were destroyed and the buildings that had housed to courts
and the law schools were converted to other uses. The situation has improved slightly since then.
The Cambodians have suffered and endured decades of control under a dictatorship form of
government that prohibited currency, marriage, and religious beliefs. The Cambodians have endured
murder of its people and military soldiers, warring countries and the demolishing of cities and
villages, resulting in the mental and physical decomposition of the of the

Rhetorical Analysis Of Russian President V. Putin
In so called "Crimean" speech in March 2014 Russian President V. Putin used such terms as
"divided nation", "national–traitors", "Russian world", justifying and legitimizing Russia taking over
Crimean peninsula. President V. Putin applied mostly to the Russian people concerned by
"protection of compatriots" abroad from discrimination or even repressions and historical "injustice"
needed to be repaired. But does Kremlin really believe in this or it uses this rhetoric just to explain
Russian involvement to the neighbor's inner situation? The right answer on this question will make
us to understand true Russian foreign policy motivation in Ukraine and Baltic states. Knowing what
is Russian Foreign Policy driven by, the recommendations to those

Nationalism Dbq
Nationalism began to take a rise in Europe during the nineteenth century. During this time many
events would take place that would shape Europe into the country it is today. The French Revolution
was a significant event that took place and helped introduce nationalism across Europe. The French
Revolution, which began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s, promoted liberty, fraternity, and
equality within the European countries. This event supported a union of countries for future wars
and promoted the idea that it was no longer just a country or state, but was now a nation bound
together by similar cultures, religion, history, and language. In the nineteenth century, nationalism
was becoming more prominent. The Serbian Revolution was a major event that introduced
nationalism into the nineteenth century. During this revolution Serbia managed to release its ties
from the Ottoman Empire and exist as a sovereign European nation–state. According to the New
World Encyclopedia (2008), Serbs were encouraged by Russia to re–assert their national and ethnic
identity and to find inspiration too in memories of their brief imperial past. Another event that
introduced nationalism in the nineteenth century was the national revolt against Austria led by Lajos
Kossuth in Hungary. This revolt gave nationalism fame, and the following thirty years showed it, as
more than seven new national states were created in Europe. Nationalism had a great influence in
the twentieth century. Nationalism led

Explain Why Did People Colaborate With The Nazis
Why did People Collaborate with the Nazis? Dating back to approximately seventy years ago, the
Nazi party tried to create an alliance to help them dominate Europe. They made a promise that
Slovaks would have their own country, and they moved factories into Slovakia so that the Slovaks
could produce goods that would help the them win the war. When Ukraine was under Soviet rule,
the Soviets intended to annex it to the Soviet Union permanently, confiscated the wealth of
capitalist, and began to create collective farms by taking away the land of individual farmers and
forcing them to join the collectives. Ukrainians believed that the Germans were going to save them
from the Communists who had taken away everything from them. Hungary, the main loser of Paris
treaties system, served as one of the Hitler's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some Slovaks were collaborating with the Nazis because they believed that the Nazis had given
them independence, and the independence would be retained if the Nazis win the war. In other
words, already having their own independent country, some portion of the Slovak population were
encouraged to be in favor of the Nazis and work together with them. There was a parallel situation
to what was going on in Slovakia. Ukraine had been ruled by foreigners for many centuries.
Ukrainians resented the Soviets much more than they resented the Germans because the Soviets
intended to annex to the Soviet Union permanently, confiscated the wealth of capitalist, and began
to create collective farms. In "Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule",
Karel Berkhoff depicted the scene where people welcomed the Germans with flowers, bread, and
water by saying that "In western Volhynia and western Polissia, peasants gave the incoming
Germans the traditional bread–and–salt welcome as well as food and even dinners, to thank them for

African Studies : A Large Part Of The Misconception Of Africa
Stereotypes play a large part of the misconception that the world has on the massive African
continent. Africa is not only one of the biggest continents but has a lot of history behind it, this
makes people misunderstand the true meaning of Africa as well as Africans. In order to fully grasp
the study of Africa, the culture, origins, experiences, environment, etc. of the continent and its
people must be studied and understood. (Azevedo 6). Africa's history is vast and complex continent
when compared to the 1st world countries. This makes it difficult for some to comprehend and
understand when learning about it. Previous studies of Africa done by specialists mostly took a
scientific approach where they try to answer the questions of how, why, who, when, where, and what
(Azevedo 7). The answers to these questions incorporate unforeseen behavior of people, which
cannot rely on scientific methodologies (Azevedo 7). The errors from early African studies have
given generations a misconception of Africa's connection to the outside world. The historical and
current stereotypes have led to a flawed view of African economy, politics, culture, and their people.
Media typically displays horrendous events happening in Africa which gives the world a false sense
of what Africa is and the potential that it has. If that view on Africa is going to change, the western
societies must change how they portray Africa in the media and a composite scholarly framework
must be established.
The

The Social and Political Influences Leading up to the...
The Social and Political Influences Leading up to the First World War Romanticism began in the
closing decades of the Eighteenth Century. Influencing all spheres of life, pervading the populace of
Europe and the first half of the Nineteenth Century with idealistic, yet unreal sentiment.
Contradicting any romantic or idealistic belief were the uniform followers of rationalism and
conservatism, descendents of Puritanism that arose in the Church of England during the early 17th
Century. The German writer E. T. A. Hoffmann quoted in retrospect "infinite longing" was the
essence of romanticism, if this definition is accepted, it may be said that it created in Europe, an
illicit hunt for a "utopian" society. This I theorize is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The southern Germanic states were forced to accept Prussian hegemony, and Germany as it is
known today was formed. Within the space of thirty years, Germany had gone from being a cluster
of insignificant states to the most powerful state in Europe – full of nationalistic sentiment, patriotic
people and militaristic Kaisers. It is easily forgotten that Italy, similar to Germany is only a recently
created state. Little over a century ago Italy was divided into five main groups, all subject to
political arrangements made by their foreign rulers. It took 21 years of resistance in the name of
Irredentism, to oust the puppet Autocratic government. Liberal views were enough, Liberal views
and the invasion of Austria(1848), and for a second time in 1859, the invasions were used in order to
establish the nation, and to expel Austrian emigrants from northern Italy, the theme of "unifying"
ones nation through military action has been exemplified again. In order to determine a nation on
the global stage, an expansionistic foreign policy has been held by both Germany and Italy, and the
result has been successful each time fusing the populace closer together by attaining a sense of
achievement through hardship and therefore a joint heritage and culture. Now

The Territorial Dispute Of China
We must first ask ourselves what is the territorial dispute, that we have today and why is it important
to understand this dispute and learn about it, as political analysts we must learn to look at the
broader picture that is given to us, and take a look at all aspects before formulating a contingency
plan to avoid any unnecessary military actions or starting a war.
Referring to the map we see what China claims as their territory, we see the area defined by the
dashed lines, which stretches hundreds of miles all the way south and east from Chinas most
southern province of Hainan. Now China claims that this territory it claims comes from 2000 years
of history where the small islands of Paracels and Spratlys have been regarded as an integral part of
China. That is because China has a strong sense of irredentism towards the South China Sea.
Irredentism is any movement to reclaim a land that was once theirs, by justifying that the land or
territory they want to reclaim has always been theirs and it is only right to have it back citing either
real or imagined historic events or tying it with an ethnic affiliation. Today the South China Sea has
become more and more of a global issue, with the U.S navy presence the increasing demands of
natural resources is also a key factor as to why a country such as China wants to claim the South
China Sea. China depends heavenly on gas and oil, and the notion of unclaimed land and resources
in the South China Sea is too great of deal to

Terrorism is a Chamaleon
"We live in a world that is simultaneously shrinking and expanding, growing closer and farther
apart.... National borders are increasingly irrelevant. And yet globalism is by no means triumphant.
Tribalism of all kinds flourishes. Irredentism abounds". (Lereche, p.117)
On the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists attacked the United States. People around the
world turned on their televisions and became spectators to one of the most devastating terrorist acts
ever carried out on U.S. soil. The terrorists hijacked four airplanes in midair. Two of the planes flew
into two skyscrapers at the World Trade Center in New York City. Another plane demolished part of
the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The last plane crashed into the ground near Shanksville,
Pennsylvania. The terrorists on board intended to destroy the White House or the U.S. Capitol. The
passengers fought against the terrorists bravely and tried to prevent them from killing or crashing
the plane. Almost 3000 people were killed due to these terrorists' acts on 9/11. Congress passed the
USA PATRIOT ACT forty–five days after the 9/11 terrorist attack. The Patriot Act was created to
prosecute any international terrorists operating on American soil. Al Qaeda practiced an extreme
version of the religion of Islam. The group opposed of the United States and other Western, other
democratic nations. The Taliban loathed the military countries. In the 1980's, Al Qaeda has helped
fund many bombings worldwide.

Mussolini's rise to power
How far do you agree, that the Bienno Rosso was the most important reason for Mussolini and
Fascism's rise to power in Italy, 1919–22?
Mussolini and the fascists managed to rise to power and take control of Italy in 1922. Mussolini's
rise to power took place mainly due to a combination of conditions that characterized the liberal
Italian state, which existed before his take over. The main factors that led to Mussolini's rise to
power were the impact of the First World War, the weaknesses of the Risorgimento, the Biennio
Rosso , the elite's support for the Fascist Party, and the March on Rome. All of these factors
contributed to Mussolini and the fascist's rise to power.
The Biennio Rosso was a vital factor that contributed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main political alignments of the newly unified Italy were the liberalists, socialist and the
Catholic Church supporters and they all had different views and opposed each other. When Giolitti
was in power he tried to win over all the key groups in order for them to accept and support the
liberal state, however he was unable to do so because in trying to please one section he would end
up alienating the other.
During the years of the liberal system the development of industry in the North led to the founding
of trade unions and cooperative organizations, which then resulted in a significant growth of
socialism.
The First World War had started reinforcing nationalism, and a desire of great achievements and
glory for the nation. These sudden nationalist beliefs created among the Italians of the Risorgimento
were made stronger by the fear of a possible socialist revolution. The conditions of growing industry
of the Risorgimento had caused the growth of the socialist movement, which then helped Mussolini
gain power due to his anti communist beliefs.
As a result of how Italy was created but not fully unified, the new Italian state suffered from a
variety of weaknesses which the new liberal state was unable to tackle these. This made Italy
susceptible to the appeal of fascism, and therefore aided Mussolini's rise to power.
Another reason that led to Mussolini's rise to power was the Biennio Rosso which took place in the
years

Research Paper On Al Shabaab
STRATEGIC ESTIMATE
AL SHABAAB INSIDE KENYA 2012 TO PRESENT
PROBLEM
The problem is terrorism being carried out by Al Shabaab, a Somalia based terror group assisted by
their local sympathizers, who are using terrorism as a logic to force our forces out of Somalia. The
Al Shabaab is a terror organization based in the neighboring fragile state of Somalia, which wants to
create a counter state in Somalia based on Sharia laws. It is attacking Kenya, because of our
deployed forces inside Somalia in support of the Nascent western and regionally backed transition
government. Currently they are employing terrorism both as a logic and as a method. On targeted
Westgate shopping mall visited by western population in capital Nairobi to cause fear and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The coming of the Portuguese to the East African coast in the late 1490s marked the start of the long
lasting ties with the West. These ties continued to grow during both the colonial and postcolonial
period. The earliest Muslim to settle in Kenya came from present day Oman, Yemen, and Iran. By
the 8th century they had settled on Pate Island in Coast Province among whom were sayyids,
descendants of the Prophet Mohammad who settled in Lamu (Martin,1976). the the trade in the
Indian ocean expanded so was the population leading to establishing of communities along the
Somali coast, Lamu, Mombasa, Zanzibar, and other coastal areas of East Africa. The settlers on
intermarriage with the locals gave birth to the the Swahili culture with Islam as the core. However,
the Islam practiced among the Swahili culture was greatly influenced by many traditional aspects of
indigenous African religious beliefs with Lamu and Mombasa becoming the primary areas of
Islamic learning and scholarship in Kenya. For centuries Swahili culture and Islam remained largely
confined to the coastal areas which was trading with the middle East and Asia. Thus the Arabs in
Kenya occupying the coastal areas are closely linked to the Arabs in the Middle East as they both
share a common ancestry, religion and language. This has made it quite convenient for terrorist to
blend into the community. (Were and Wilson 1968) Additionally, Kenya?s proximity to the Arabian
Peninsula has allowed for the steady penetration of jihadist ideologies as travel between Kenya and
these areas is relatively

The Case Of Somaliland
The strain between the privilege to outer self–determination and regional respectability in Africa:
Somaliland as a case study
1. Research background : The case of Somaliland
The populace of Somaliland are enduring because of the inconsistencies of self–determination and
regional integrity. On 26 June 1960, Somaliland gained its independence from Britain following 80
years of colonization with the name, the 'British Protectorate of Somaliland.' After 5 days of
independence, Somaliland united with Somalia or the 'Italian Protectorate', which took her
independence from Italy on 1 July 1960.During these 5 days, Somaliland was perceived as a free
state. For reasons clarified beneath, Somaliland involved its sway and united with Somalia with the
condition that the two countries make a more suitable state based on equivalent equity of riches and
power sharing. This did not happen and the ambitions of the people of Somaliland got to be
unbeneficial. A wide range of human rights outrages were submitted in Somaliland by the military
administration that crumpled in 1991. Due to the mal–treatment, which they met because of the
unification with Somalia also, with the disappointment of Somalia ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Accordingly, this study endeavours to investigate the purposes for the no recognition of Somaliland.
It explores the hindrances that keep the international group to concede Somaliland an official
recognition. The study assumes that the greater parts of these hindrances are political more than
legal. Therefore, the political components are blended with lawful contentions. Accordingly, there is
a requirement for elucidation about these issues. The study will be directed with a particular
reference to the standards of self–determination and regional trustworthiness inside of the African

The Kenya Shifta War and Realism
The Kenyan Shifta War (1963 – 1968) and its Realism base and Power Pursuit.
In this essay I am going to discuss the Kenyan war that has emerged in 1963 due to long–lasting
grievances about bad treatment from British colonial isolation and ethnic Somali in Kenya
irredentism drive to unite all other five Somali lands with Kenya into a greater Somalia. The issue of
British colony had otherwise been much less to do with this war, the main reason to war was that of
irredentism by Somalis. This conflict went on as Somalis resisted from being governed by a dark
skinned government of the Prime Minister Jomo Kenyatta while at the same time seek unity. Somali
seek independence at the expense of Kenya. Somalia wanted to be in power to rule a unified ...
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Going to war was the better option they thought of, this is because they are Muslims by religion and
they thought going to war with Kenya was just. Now that's the realists' way of dealing with
uncertainty. In my opinion, Realism was the ruling political system that existed in this conflict.
Great Britain as the father of Kenya due to colonization had to intervene to try and bring about an
end to this war between Kenya and Somalia. The question is, how was it going to do that? The
answer to that question is otherwise simple. It starts with the reason why would Great Britain
colonise Kenya, and that is because Kenya has an abundance of raw materials that Britain was
exploiting. Somalia with their non–profit making legacy of irredentism was to be a bad effects to
how Britain rules Kenya. Britain had to protect its source of profit by helping Kenya defeat Somalia.
Britain then supplied Kenya with arms to fight back Somalia so that the war will come to an early
end so that Britain will continue with the exploitation of raw materials from Kenya. So literally
speaking, Somalia was just an itch that Britain had to scratch off. Britain even took some of
Kenyans and trained them for war so that they will fight Somalis effectively and strategically to lead
to an early end of war. This act by Britain is influenced by the system of realism as it wasn't
interested in

The Cycles of International Conflict
Wars have been waged for decades creating the world we live in today. Charles Tilly observed, "the
state made war and war made the state" (qtd in Sernau, 2009, 147). However, these battles have
been destructive and bloody resulting in the deaths of countless individuals. These grave
consequences lead us to ask the ever problematic question, what could possibly motivate a state to
engage in warfare? Fundamentally, some believe war is linked to a conflict of political and
economic interests rooted in power struggles ranging from territorial and humanitarian to
ideological and ethnic while others argue that war has become ingrained in our societies and
economies resulting in this tenacious cycle of confrontation. Territories are the bases ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these countries include Korea, Vietnam and Cuba (Kent, 2006). An additional factor of
international conflict has to deal with ethnic and cultural disputes. Goldstein and Pevehouse believe
it is the most one of the most important sources of conflicts in today's world (Goldstein and
Pevehouse, 2009, 127). Samuel Huntington is a firm believer that international conflict is becoming
closely linked to ethnicity which he outlines in his clash of civilizations theory. Huntington divides
the world into eight major civilization outlined as Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu,
Slavic–Orthodox, Latin American and African (Huntington, 1993). He then goes on to add that "As
people define their identity in ethnic and religious terms, they are likely to see an "us" versus "them"
relation existing between themselves and people of different ethnicity or religion" which leads to the
clashes of civilizations (Huntington, 1993).
A big factor in ethnic conflict is often territorial and linked to self–determination. As Goldstein and
Pevehouse point out, ethnic groups have strong aspirations and nationalist sentiments for statehood
(Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2009, 127). The Kurds are a relevant and current example of an ethnic
group seeking to establish a homeland, Kurdistan. However, they are

Importance Of National Self-Determination In Africa
In African contexts, an emphasis was given to the fact that national self–determination meant self–
determination of the people against the colonial landlords. The nation didn't oppose so much another
nation as it did the colonial autocratic ruler (xxx, xxx). But what seems more important is the fact
that when the colonial power finally realized the need to prepare their colonies for self–government,
they did so within the framework established by the colonial state (xxx, xxx). The colonial state thus
became equated not only with its physical attributes (territory and population) but also with its
bureaucracy, the nervous center from which stemmed ail decisions affecting the country (xxx, xxx).
National self–determination also found its ultimate expression, not in continental Pan–Africanism or
broader regional units, but in the states, Africans inherited from the colonial powers (xxx, xxx). The
first indications that pan–Africanism had been overruled by the nationalism of individual states
came during the first assembly of African independent states held in Accra in 1958. It was then that
Kwame Nkrumah, who ironically until then had led the movement towards Pan– Africanism,
expressed the need to respect the independence, the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of the
newly created states in the interests of peace (xxx, xxx). When African states finally achieved their
independence in conformity with the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions interpreted as
the

Globalization Is The Increasing Inter Connectedness Of...
1. Globalization is defined in the book as the increasing inter–connectedness of people and places
through converging economic, political, and cultural activities. Cultures and countries are now
linked much more than they used to be in the past as technology continues to grow. It 's becoming
cheaper and easier to set up technology in lesser developed countries as well as that it continues to
grow in more developed countries. Fast food restaurants are now changing and transferring to other
countries and changing the menu to the culture of that country in an attempt to make more money.
These restaurants from America transferring to other countries are causing diets to become
unhealthy much as they have in America. Most American 's don 't go a week without eating at some
fast food restaurant. Western consumerist culture has also transferred. America is absolutely
infatuated with spending to get what they think they need when in actuality they don 't. Most
scholars believe that economic organization is a large part of globalization. It includes global
communications that link all people. It also includes better transportation systems, transnational
business strategies, and promotion of free trade. There are many positives to globalization. One of
which is more money being put into lesser developed countries. This is a plus because this causes
people in those countries to be able to succeed and support themselves. Also governments of
different countries can better work together

Conflict Between India And Pakistan
Conflict in Kashmir has been both devastating and ongoing since the Partition of India and Pakistan
in 1947. The conflicts themselves arose from Partition, stemming from the religious dichotomies
between Hindus and Muslims. The question is, was this religious conflict a result of impending and
inevitable religious tensions in pre–Partition India, or does it stem primarily from British
manipulation, disorganization, and negligence in the withdraw of the British Empire? While there
were pre–existing tensions among religious groups in India, it was not until British occupation that
these tensions were amplified and manipulated. While the conflict cannot be solely attributed to
either preexisting religious tensions or British mishandling of policies, the catalyst for violence can
be attributed to a combination of both factors. In an effective power play, the British yoked the
differences among Indians in an unprecedented manner. This would act as the platform for a legacy
of ongoing violence and discord among people that once lived harmoniously together. To fully
understand the nature of the ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan in Kashmir, it is necessary
to understand the relationship between British manipulation and the differences within the Indian
population. By examining the way in which British power influenced the existing perceptions of
these differences, one can attempt to understand the dividing (rather than coexisting) diversities.
Additionally, the conflicts

Essay on The Civil War in Kenya
In early 1964, less than one month after independence, Kenya found itself in the midst of a civil war.
Riots, attacks on police stations, and assassinations quickly placed the Northern Frontier District
(NFD) under a state of emergency as pre–existent conflicts escalated. British political decisions
from the colonial era played the largest role in dividing the country between the newly formed
Kenyan government and the Somalis of northern Kenya, who desired to unite with the Somali
Republic. In an attempt to marginalize the secessionist movement, President Jomo Kenyatta coined
the term shifta, or "bandit" in Oromo, to classify the military wing of the Northern Province People's
Progressive Party (NPPPP) in charge of anti–government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By the time Britain granted Kenya independence, the government realized that secession of the NFD
would benefit both Kenyans and Somalis. A Pan–Somali movement had been fermenting in the
Horn of Africa as early as 1946, when British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin suggested the creation
of a "Greater Somalia" ("Pursuing Pastoralists"). Kenyan Somalis assumed that independence was
tantamount to secession, but their aspirations were crushed by President Jomo Kenyatta's declaration
that "Kenya will never surrender any inch of her territory to anyone" ("The Somali Dispute: Kenya
Beware"). This statement was made despite the results of a 1962 commission of inquiry, reporting
that over 87% of the NFD population favored secession ("Being Oromo in Kenya"). The Human
Rights Watch reports that the locals were routinely "rounded up and interrogated. Thousands of
Kenyan–Somalis were beaten by the security forces and accused by the acting District
Commissioner of harboring anti–government elements" ("Kenya"). Kenyatta's intransigent policies
and the political separation of Kenyans and Somalis during the colonial era constituted the largest
causal factor of the Shifta War. The groundwork of post–colonial Kenya was further stressed by
radical economic disparities between Kenyans and Somalis. Ethnic Somalis acquired resources
through nomadic pastoralism, and hoped to continue their practices regardless of state

The Significance of the French Revolution and the Ensuing...
Discuss the significance of the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic State on the
formation of nation states in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
The French revolution was an event of epic proportions. At the outset, alike the English Civil Wars,
an autocratic monarch (Louis XVI) summoned Parliament, in France Estates General, in order to
demand funds and prerogatives. The outcome became very similar to the English Civil Wars; the
Third Estate rebelled (in England it was Parliament though), overthrew the monarchy, the King was
executed, a republic was founded and kingship outlawed in the process. Nevertheless, even though
the English Civil Wars and the French Revolution bear resemblances, they are very separate ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The consequences would be devastating in the twentieth century.
Also, the successes in the battlefield would be significant on the spreading of new ideas and forms
of government; the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the metric system, the
introduction of Civil marriage, and the Napoleonic Code. Many of these principles are still in use in
our day.
When Napoleon assumed total control of the French state, he sought to expand French influence.
Indisputably, Napoleon was a gifted commander in chief; France's military was well organised,
adequately equipped and capably led. Unsurprisingly, the French established their military
hegemony in Europe. Napoleon played the role of kingmaker and amended the political landscape
according to his views. He terminated the Holy Roman Empire, redistributed land (for instance
Bavaria greatly benefited and Poland was given independence), Ironically, when Napoleon was
defeated by monarchies fighting to reinstitute the ancien regime in France, the ancien regime was
not fully reinstated. Many states preferred to keep the new administrative and legal frameworks; the
French legacy was maintained as it was more efficient. (Emsley et al, p. 24 – 25, 2011).
The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire reintroduced the concept of elections in the form
of plebiscites for nationwide political affairs; Napoleon himself cleverly used the media and military
bulletins to augment his standing with the French nation. The difference

The Relationship Between Constitutional And Physical Force...
This analysis will look at how historians have attempted to explain the relationship between
constitutional and physical force nationalism/republicanism.
In the book Irish Peasants Violence and Political Unrest 1780 – 1914 editors Samuel Clark and
James S. Donnelly Jr. suggest, in the opening paragraph, that poverty related rebellion in Ireland
became commonplace during the late 18th and early 19th century that led to the ideas of a separatist
republic. These events gave rise to, at first, a constitutional nationalist party called The Society of
United Irishmen that sought parliamentary reform and to make this change they worked through
parliament before later becoming an armed revolutionary group. Focusing on this time period and
going on the writings of Clark and Donnelly it could be argued that the relationship between
constitutional and physical force nationalism was, at this time, a unified one ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Perry Curtis Jr. in his article 'Moral and Physical Force: The Language of Violence in Irish
Nationalism' points out that constitutional and physical force nationalism existed side by side in
Irish politics up until the Anglo – Irish Treaty of 1921. It appears that for a substantial period in
Ireland constitutional nationalism and physical force republicanism stood on equal ground until
people had an opportunity for their own parliament and then the physical force tradition succumb to
constitutional politics. Curtis also alludes to a point made earlier in this piece in how both nationalist
traditions shared similar goals despite having different approaches to the issue of British rule. Curtis
argues that the relationship between constitutional and physical force nationalism became ''bound in
a close and complex'' way that had the effect of increasing both the strength of nationalism and the
difficulties for Britain in dealing with the Irish Question. This relationship in question can be said to
be a bit unusual but worked out to be extremely effective for

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