GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WATER. It contains: the demand for water, water management, case studies: UK, NIGERIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA. Water for agriculture, industrial use, domestic water use, management of water usage in MDEC and LEDC.
AS Level Physical Geography - Rocks and WeatheringArm Punyathorn
The earth's surface is an ever-changing entity. With the forces of weather and climate and tectonic variability, the rocks and minerals that make up the earth are always changing in size, shape and forms - a fascinating, ancient, never-ending process.
AS Level Human Geography - Population DynamicsArm Punyathorn
In this chapter, you will learn about how the human population change over the centuries and why those changes occur. You will also discuss the arguments regarding population and resources - the ideas of Thomas Malthus and Ester Boserup.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.1 DR...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the first subchapter (Drainage Basin Systems) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION. It contains: factors influencing the density and distribution, case studies: Singapore and Sahel.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZON. It contains: tropical rainforests, average rainfall in Brazil, rainforest ecosystems, disadvantages of human intervention, rainforest water cycle, rainforest nutrient cycle, rainforest soils, vegetation layers, fan palms, buttress roots, lianas, strangler figs, case study, humans and the Amazon.
AS Level Physical Geography - Rocks and WeatheringArm Punyathorn
The earth's surface is an ever-changing entity. With the forces of weather and climate and tectonic variability, the rocks and minerals that make up the earth are always changing in size, shape and forms - a fascinating, ancient, never-ending process.
AS Level Human Geography - Population DynamicsArm Punyathorn
In this chapter, you will learn about how the human population change over the centuries and why those changes occur. You will also discuss the arguments regarding population and resources - the ideas of Thomas Malthus and Ester Boserup.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.1 DR...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the first subchapter (Drainage Basin Systems) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION. It contains: factors influencing the density and distribution, case studies: Singapore and Sahel.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZON. It contains: tropical rainforests, average rainfall in Brazil, rainforest ecosystems, disadvantages of human intervention, rainforest water cycle, rainforest nutrient cycle, rainforest soils, vegetation layers, fan palms, buttress roots, lianas, strangler figs, case study, humans and the Amazon.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLIES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 level students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional works and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUFACTURING AND RELATED SERVICE INDUSTRY. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.2 RA...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the second subchapter (Rainfall Discharge Relationships) from the first chapter (Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exams.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key words and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.3 RI...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the third subchapter (River Channel Processes) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLIES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 level students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional works and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUFACTURING AND RELATED SERVICE INDUSTRY. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.2 RA...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the second subchapter (Rainfall Discharge Relationships) from the first chapter (Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exams.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key words and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.3 RI...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the third subchapter (River Channel Processes) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
Presentation given during the kick-off of the TU Delft Climate Institute on March 1st 2012. Sea level rise is one of the reserach topics of the new institute. Dr Bert Vermeersen explained why.
Water footprint-Carolyn McLean, Architect,recently gave this presentation to the Mt Gravatt Rotary club about awareness of water quantities to produce daily items-eg 132 litres of water to produce a 125ml cup of coffee.
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
The period 1924-1929 was a time when the Weimar economy recovered and cultural life in Germany flourished. This dramatic turnabout happened in large part because of the role played by Gustav Stresemann who became Chancellor in August 1923 during the hyperinflation crisis.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
ABYSSINIAN CRISIS. The Abyssinian Crisis was over in 1936. Italy and Mussolini continually ignored the League of Nations and fully annexed Abyssinia on May 9th 1936. The League of Nations was shown to be ineffective. The League had not stood up against one of the strongest members and fulfilled the promise of collective security.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. The amount of water used in the world every day is very
uneven.
MEDCs use more water than LEDCs - households, farming and
industry all demand water.
3. What the water is used for depends on the country.
In general, LEDCs (like Bangladesh and Malawi) will have most of
their water used in agriculture (farming) and little in industry or
domestic use. Bangladesh has farming as a large part of its
economy so a large percentage of their water is used for that
purpose.
MEDCs (like the UK) have a more significant use of water for
domestic reasons. MEDCs also tend to have a higher percentage
for industrial use.
There are exceptions. The USA is an MEDC, but it still has a high
amount of water used for agriculture because there is also lot of
farming across the country.
4. The amount of water used per person in each country changes
dramatically.
The bar chart shows the total amount of water used per person
in selected countries.
5.
6. In MEDCs irrigation is mechanised.
Sprinklers or timed irrigation feeds are used.
Where agriculture is common, vast amounts of water can be
released at the touch of a button.
In LEDCs irrigation channels are prone to losing water through
evaporation.
7.
8. Industries in MEDCs can be on a large scale, and so demand a lot
of water.
The steel industry is an example of an industry which needs a
large water supply for manufacturing purposes.
LEDCs have smaller scale cottage industries.
They demand less water in the production of items.
However as more multinational companies locate in LEDCs there
will be more demand on water.
For example, in India, drinks manufacturers use over a million
litres of water a day to produce drinks.
9. In MEDCs there are a lot of facilities which demand water use.
For example, showers, baths, washing machines and swimming
pools.
In LEDCs many people do not have access to piped water and so
use it more sparingly. Water may be brought to the home from a
well or stream.
As a country becomes more wealthy, there will be an increase in
its demand for water.
Higher levels of industrialisation and more domestic goods such
as washing machines all lead to an increase in demand for water.
With greater wealth there is also more demand for spas, golf
courses and even baths and showers.
10. There are problems in supplying water in MEDCs.
These are:
• the quality of available water
• distribution
• the seasonal changes in supply
• broken pipes when transporting water
Both water supply and the demand for water need to be
managed.
11. In the UK there is a big issue with water supply.
Areas which receive high amounts of rainfall tend to be sparsely
populated.
One third of the UK population live in south-east England.
This is also the driest area in the UK.
12. Ways to manage the water supply include:
• making sure the broken pipes are mended (as water loss from
broken pipes can be as much as 30 per cent)
• using reservoirs and dams in one area to pipe water into large
urban areas
• making sure that the water supply is of good quality - reducing
fertiliser use on farms helps this
In December 2010, over 40,000 people had water supply
problems in Northern Ireland. One reason was because the water
pipes were quite old - some over 60 years old.
This meant that when there was a spell of very cold weather,
many pipes could not cope and the pipelines failed.
13. The demand for domestic water can be monitored. Households
with water meters in the UK use less water in general than those
without. Households can also conserve water.
Ways to do this are:
• having a shower instead of a bath
• collecting rainwater to use on the garden rather than tap water
• recycling bath water to flush the toilets with
• installing more efficient versions of appliances such as washing
machines
Industries can also look to recycle waste water. For example,
when using water for cooling in steel-making, the water can be
recycled again and again in the process. In agriculture, drip-feed
irrigation systems could be used rather than sprinkler systems.
14. Much of Birmingham's tap water comes from over 100 km away.
There are five dams in the Elan Valley which can supply
Birmingham with 160 million litres of water a day.
15.
16. Deep narrow valleys to hold the water in.
Impermeable rock means the water wouldn't leak away.
A high annual rainfall of 1,830 mm.
The area is higher than Birmingham, so the water can flow using
gravity rather than pumps.
17.
18. Future expansion of the scheme raises problems.
The local environment would be damaged.
There would be increased traffic and noise from the construction
of dams to provide extra capacity.
The river flow downstream would be affected, along with the
wildlife.
Also more land would be affected when pipes are run across it.
19. There are problems in supplying water in LEDCs.
These are:
• lack of availability of clean water
• diseases spread via the water supply
• water pollution
20. One in eight people of the world population do not have access
to safe water.
60 million children are born each year in LEDCs who do not have
access to safe water.
In LEDCs using appropriate technology is usually the best way to
manage supply.
21. Women and children collecting
drinking water from an artificial
well in Senegal
22. Wells, dug by hand, are a common way of accessing water, but
the supply can be unreliable and sometimes the well itself can be
a source of disease.
Gravity-fed schemes are used where there is a spring on a
hillside. The water can be piped from the spring down to the
villages.
Boreholes can require more equipment to dig, but can be dug
quickly and usually safely. They require a hand or diesel pump to
bring the water to the surface.
23. In addition to locating new sources of water, some strategies
help to reduce the need for water.
These include:
• harvesting (collecting) rainwater landing on buildings
• recycling waste water to use on crops
• improving irrigation techniques
• growing crops less dependant on a high water supply
• minimising evaporation of water
24. As LEDC cities grow, so does the demand for water.
The problem doesn't end when water supplies have been
improved and pipes put in place.
The water has got to come from somewhere, and the source of
supply may be scarce.
It is LEDCs which have the lowest access to safe water.
25.
26. Without safe water, people cannot lead healthy and productive
lives.
Areas which are in poverty are likely to remain in that way.
One example where non-governmental charities have helped
break this cycle is in Nigeria.
27. In Nigeria only 38% of people have access to sanitation.
A community led total sanitation project (CLTS) was started by
one non-governmental charity. In one year, the project helped
2.5 million people gain access to sanitation.
Areas with poor infrastructure, high rates of illness and poverty
were identified, and the charity worked with the local population
in these areas.
The teams worked with the people and educated them as to how
poor hygiene and sanitation can make people ill. This included
how it can also make others in the community ill.
Toilets were built using local, affordable materials. Key people in
the community led the work.
28. Jakarta in Indonesia has a rapidly growing population and water
companies do not have the resources to supply reliable and safe
water to everyone.
This means that a large proportion of the population are
drinking contaminated water and are vulnerable to disease.
In addition, salt water is also contaminating groundwater, which
is making the problem worse.
This is a particular problem in shanty towns such as Marunda.
29. Like most shanty towns, Marunda lacks basic services such as
water supply, sanitation and electricity.
People there have a poor standard of living and a low quality of
life.
Conditions are crowded and disease spreads easily, contributing
to low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates.
In the past, people have relied on water from tankers or street
sellers who charged high prices.
31. The Jakarta city authorities tried to invest in basic services but
there was a lack of funding.
They then sought investment from abroad.
In 1999, Thames Water began a £60,000 project to bring piped
water to Marunda.
The project involved local people from the early stages to ensure
that their needs would be met appropriately and that the project
was sustainable.
32. By the year 2000, over 1,600 homes in Marunda had piped water.
Water can now be obtained more cheaply, allowing money to be
spent on food, clothes and education which is vital for the
country's long-term prospects.
There have also been health benefits because the risk of disease
from contaminated water has been reduced.
33. This scheme was a success as it was sustainable and worked with
the people to meet their needs.
Not all schemes have been as successful as this one.
The Pergau Dam in Malaysia, for example, was constructed in
partnership with the British government with the aim of
providing safe and reliable water and electricity.
But it did not meet the needs of the poorest people and the
scheme was an example of tied aid (this means that conditions
were attached which did not benefit Malaysia's population).
35. appropriate technology
Simple equipment and technology that the local people are able
to use easily and without much cost.
evaporation
The process in which a liquid changes state and turns into a gas.
irrigation
When crops are artificially watered by sprinklers and irrigation
canals due to a lack of rainfall.
sparse
Settled at widely-spaced intervals.