GEOG8260.11, Preparing For Pecha Kucha
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The document provides instructions for students to have draft versions of their Pecha Kucha presentations ready for practice runs to deliver to an audience of one or two partners by April 20th. It also asks students to bring 3 questions they might like to ask Dr. Rosling for group discussion on the same date. The document includes a quote about how statistics can help take control of lives, hold rulers accountable, and see the real world.
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GEOG3839.15, The North American Drought Atlas
Denver Water's key concern regarding its water supply was vulnerability to drought and a need to better understand long-term drought variability, causes, and impacts. To assess tree rings as estimators of river flow, Denver Water used empirical comparisons of tree-ring data to recorded streamflow in the Colorado River. These comparisons demonstrated a strong correspondence between tree growth and measured river flow, indicating tree rings were a skillful proxy for estimating past river conditions.
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In this seminar course, we will examine these questions through the lens of paleoclimatology, which uses physical and cultural evidence to make inferences about climates of the past. We will review the processes that govern our modern climate and explore what paleoclimate records tell us about how these systems respond to (and express) climate change.
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2) Measuring tree rings from multiple trees and radii allows researchers to maximize the common environmental signal while minimizing non-climatic noise.
3) Standardization techniques aim to remove the influence of tree aging on ring widths to isolate the climatic signal of interest.
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This document provides two options for developing a presentation on research: the Pecha Kucha style or following AGU guidelines. It then discusses brainstorming ideas for the presentation by going off the grid to find inspiration, identifying the core message, consolidating and editing ideas, sketching visuals, and creating a blueprint using the provided slide template. The overall message is that an effective presentation involves brainstorming away from distractions, distilling the key points, and outlining the visual structure.
Prairie megadroughts: drought, proxies and decadal climate variability in the...
Slides supporting a presentation at the University of Stockholm's Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology.
Canada is rightly considered a water-rich nation, but persistent drought is still a leading source of risk to agriculture and energy production, particularly in the dry western interior. During the 20th century, the Canadian Prairies were less affected by decadal-scale shifts in hydroclimate than other places in North America, but the relative brevity of instrumental records makes it difficult to evaluate the potential duration and geographic scope of severe drought. Tree-ring and other proxy records show that that parts of the the Canadian Prairies experienced, relatively recently, summer droughts that were more intense and more long lasting than those observed in instrumental records. These past droughts serve as alternative worst-case scenarios that water managers can use to evaluate the resilience of their systems to conditions outside their personal or institutional experience. Comparing regional tree-ring records against the broader North American network also indicates that studies investigating the patterns and mechanisms of past drought across the continent need to consider the potential effects of seasonality biases in paleoclimate proxies.
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How has our climate changed in the past? What caused those changes, and can understanding the Earth’s climate history help us better predict the future? Does the past really matter?
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This document provides tips and guidelines for creating effective presentations. It recommends using simple fonts like Times New Roman, Georgia, or Helvetica and shows examples of serif and sans-serif fonts. The document discusses using restraint, being thoughtful, consistent and deliberate when designing slides. It provides examples of effective typography and principles of design like contrast, repetition and alignment. Graphs and photographs are included as examples of visual elements to include. The overall message is to choose fonts carefully and focus on clear communication through thoughtful slide design.
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The document provides tips for getting an audience's attention in order to convey a message. It advises using a "hook" at the beginning to grab interest in the topic before moving to more substantive points. A hook should connect to something the audience already cares about. It also recommends explaining one's work or qualifications in layman's terms that a non-expert could understand. The goal is to understand the audience and address what is important to them or preconceptions that need addressing.
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1. Tree ring records from across the Northern Hemisphere provide a powerful tool to study past climate, though the information that can be recovered varies regionally depending on climate influences on individual tree species.
2. The large global tree ring network allows understanding of tree-climate relationships without being influenced by decisions to include or exclude certain records, improving the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions.
3. Tree ring records have been used to generate reconstructions of large-scale climate drivers like the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation, though conclusions depend on the choice of reconstruction method and data.
GEOG5839.11, Dendroarcheology (courtesy Max Torbenson)
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GEOG5839.19, Dendroclimatology
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Class 2, What are tree rings?
Tree rings are growth rings visible in the cross-section of tree trunks and branches. They result from the tree's growth pattern, which is influenced by environmental factors. The document defines trees and their basic anatomy, including key tissues like heartwood, sapwood, cambium and bark. It describes tree ring patterns in conifers like pine and hemlock versus hardwoods like oak, and key cell types seen in rings. Some trees like mangroves may not exhibit clear annual growth rings.
Introduction to Biogeography of the Global Garden
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Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Background/Question/Methods
Under environmental stress, boreal and temperate trees will occasionally form a discontinuous layer of wood about their stem, a condition described as a locally-absent (or “missing”) growth ring. Absent rings can potentially cause errors in tree-ring dates and dendroclimatic reconstructions but the frequency, distribution and controls of these features are not well understood at large spatial scales. Furthermore, the recent claim that the Northern Hemisphere tree-ring network contains multiple chronological errors caused by widespread but unrecognized locally-absent rings has been difficult to evaluate because it is not known where or when absent rings have occurred across boreal and temperate forests or what environmental factors cause the development of spatially-extensive absent rings. Here we present a synthesis of locally-absent rings across the Northern Hemisphere during the last millennium based on 2,359 publicly-available tree ring-width records.
Results/Conclusions
Over the entire dataset, one locally-absent ring was observed for every 240 visible rings. More than half of all records (1,296 of 2,359) did not contain a single absent ring. Absent rings were extremely uncommon at high latitudes; poleward of 50°N, the absent:visible ratio increased from 1:240 to 1:2,500. Absent rings were not widespread during the growing seasons that followed the four largest stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection events of the last millennium, including A.D. 1259 and the “Year Without a Summer” in A.D. 1816 or during the coldest year in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 1,500 years. Because these features have occurred so rarely in high-latitude and high-elevation tree ring-width records, the argument that paleotemperature estimates based on these data contain chronological errors due to unrecognized absent rings is not consistent with field observations. If however the rate of absent-ring formation were to increase in forests outside of the American Southwest, that behavior would represent a response to environmental stress that is without precedent over the last millennium.
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Much of what we know regarding variations in Earth's climate during the past millennium comes from tree rings. But tree rings, like other proxies, attenuate some climate signals but amplify others, and their fidelity at longer timescales is difficult to gage. Even though dendroclimatology is well-established, questions remain about the climate clues encoded in tree rings — particularly at decadal-to-centennial timescales.
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How long do we need to watch a river before its behavior holds no more surprises? In this country, instrumental measurements of river stage and discharge stretch back a century or more, but this observed history still provides only a rough guide to the risks of future extreme floods. In this lecture, I’ll outline how paleoflood hydrology expands our perspective on river history by combining historical, botanical, and geological evidence of earlier (and ofttimes unknown) floods. And I’ll explain how we can interpret those physical clues left behind by ancient floods to improve hazard assessments for at-risk communities, support decisions about flood infrastructure, and investigate the long-term effects of climate or land-use changes on flooding. Because what has happened before can happen again, most everyone near a river would profit by keeping a longer memory of old floods.
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In low-gradient, low energy rivers, forms of tree-ring evidence such as impact scars or stem deformation do not provide useful evidence of past floods. In this talk, I explain the strengths and limitations of wood anatomy as tools in in paleoflood hydrology.
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Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
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GEOG8260.4, How constraints stimulate creativity
The document provides tips for getting an audience's attention in order to convey a message. It advises using a "hook" at the beginning to grab interest in the topic before moving to more substantive points. A hook should connect to something the audience already cares about. It also recommends explaining one's work or qualifications in layman's terms that a non-expert could understand. The goal is to understand the audience and address what is important to them or preconceptions that need addressing.
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Tree rings have been used to reconstruct streamflow in the Colorado River basin over centuries. This revealed that severe multi-year droughts were more common than shown in the instrumental record. A 1,000-year drought reconstruction for western North America also indicated droughts could last decades. Tree rings have additionally helped develop the North American Drought Atlas which provides drought context for historical events and shows Asian monsoon variability over centuries.
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1) The document discusses how earth science provides insights into climate change impacts by examining changes over long time periods and large geographic areas.
2) It highlights examples of climate change impacts such as warming temperatures, rising sea levels, thawing permafrost, shrinking glaciers and changing wind patterns that earth science helps understand.
3) Earth science research works with communities, industry and government partners to address risks from climate change impacts and inform adaptation planning.
Seeing the Forest for the Tree(Ring)s
1. Tree ring records from across the Northern Hemisphere provide a powerful tool to study past climate, though the information that can be recovered varies regionally depending on climate influences on individual tree species.
2. The large global tree ring network allows understanding of tree-climate relationships without being influenced by decisions to include or exclude certain records, improving the accuracy of paleoclimate reconstructions.
3. Tree ring records have been used to generate reconstructions of large-scale climate drivers like the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation, though conclusions depend on the choice of reconstruction method and data.
GEOG5839.11, Dendroarcheology (courtesy Max Torbenson)
This document provides an overview of dendroarchaeology, which is the scientific technique of dating wood samples from archaeological sites to determine chronologies. It includes examples of dendrochronological sampling and analysis from sites in Ireland, Denmark, Canada, England, and Belgium. It also discusses challenges with dendrochronological dating, such as only being able to date the felling or death of wood rather than its use in construction, and the importance of accounting for sapwood in establishing accurate dates.
GEOG3839.16, Dendroecology
Dendroecology is the use of tree-ring dating and analyses to investigate events and processes involving the interactions of organisms with their environment. It provides a longer temporal perspective than other records through tree-ring evidence that has high precision. Chronological control allows comparison of multiple lines of evidence. However, tree-ring records can be irregular and some processes may be unknown. Past conditions may have no modern analog, complicating interpretation. Dendroecology is used to study forest demography, growth dynamics, and disturbance ecology like insect outbreaks and fire history.
GEOG5839.19, Dendroclimatology
This document discusses tree ring dendroclimatology and how tree ring records can be used to understand past climates. Tree ring growth is influenced by climate factors like temperature and precipitation. Multiple tree ring records from a region can be combined and correlated with observed climate data to develop climate reconstructions spanning centuries. However, tree ring growth can be affected by non-climatic factors as well, and some recent studies have found a divergence or weakening correlation between tree growth and temperatures in some northern sites. Overall, tree ring records are a valuable but imperfect proxy for understanding past climate variability over centuries to millennia when used carefully.
Class 2, What are tree rings?
Tree rings are growth rings visible in the cross-section of tree trunks and branches. They result from the tree's growth pattern, which is influenced by environmental factors. The document defines trees and their basic anatomy, including key tissues like heartwood, sapwood, cambium and bark. It describes tree ring patterns in conifers like pine and hemlock versus hardwoods like oak, and key cell types seen in rings. Some trees like mangroves may not exhibit clear annual growth rings.
Introduction to Biogeography of the Global Garden
Biogeography uses ideas from biology, geography and history to explain the panorama of life on Earth. This course provides students with a broad introduction to important concepts and issues in ecology and environmental science. Over the semester, we’ll investigate how weather and climate affects the distribution of species, how individuals interact with their own species and others, and discuss why species expand or go extinct. Within this framework, we’ll also examine the many ways humans, either as individuals or in groups, act as agents of biotic change.
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Background/Question/Methods
Under environmental stress, boreal and temperate trees will occasionally form a discontinuous layer of wood about their stem, a condition described as a locally-absent (or “missing”) growth ring. Absent rings can potentially cause errors in tree-ring dates and dendroclimatic reconstructions but the frequency, distribution and controls of these features are not well understood at large spatial scales. Furthermore, the recent claim that the Northern Hemisphere tree-ring network contains multiple chronological errors caused by widespread but unrecognized locally-absent rings has been difficult to evaluate because it is not known where or when absent rings have occurred across boreal and temperate forests or what environmental factors cause the development of spatially-extensive absent rings. Here we present a synthesis of locally-absent rings across the Northern Hemisphere during the last millennium based on 2,359 publicly-available tree ring-width records.
Results/Conclusions
Over the entire dataset, one locally-absent ring was observed for every 240 visible rings. More than half of all records (1,296 of 2,359) did not contain a single absent ring. Absent rings were extremely uncommon at high latitudes; poleward of 50°N, the absent:visible ratio increased from 1:240 to 1:2,500. Absent rings were not widespread during the growing seasons that followed the four largest stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection events of the last millennium, including A.D. 1259 and the “Year Without a Summer” in A.D. 1816 or during the coldest year in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 1,500 years. Because these features have occurred so rarely in high-latitude and high-elevation tree ring-width records, the argument that paleotemperature estimates based on these data contain chronological errors due to unrecognized absent rings is not consistent with field observations. If however the rate of absent-ring formation were to increase in forests outside of the American Southwest, that behavior would represent a response to environmental stress that is without precedent over the last millennium.
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GEOG5839.11, Dendroarcheology (courtesy Max Torbenson)
GEOG5839.11, Dendroarcheology (courtesy Max Torbenson)
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
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Boosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific Talks
A good talk can open the doors to new collaborations, increase your chances of funding success, and make it more likely other people will respond to your ideas. But scientific presentations are too often confusing, boring, and overstuffed. Here are some suggestions, based on our experience as speakers, audience members, and presentation trainers, that we hope will make your next conference talk or seminar more enjoyable, engaging and effective.
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
Tree rings and other natural archives empower us to extend our perspective on environmental change, resources, and hazards. But many contemporary applications of paleoclimatology and paleohydrology are useful because of the lasting disruption to our collective environmental memory caused by colonization.
How long do trees remember?
Much of what we know regarding variations in Earth's climate during the past millennium comes from tree rings. But tree rings, like other proxies, attenuate some climate signals but amplify others, and their fidelity at longer timescales is difficult to gage. Even though dendroclimatology is well-established, questions remain about the climate clues encoded in tree rings — particularly at decadal-to-centennial timescales.
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
How long do we need to watch a river before its behavior holds no more surprises? In this country, instrumental measurements of river stage and discharge stretch back a century or more, but this observed history still provides only a rough guide to the risks of future extreme floods. In this lecture, I’ll outline how paleoflood hydrology expands our perspective on river history by combining historical, botanical, and geological evidence of earlier (and ofttimes unknown) floods. And I’ll explain how we can interpret those physical clues left behind by ancient floods to improve hazard assessments for at-risk communities, support decisions about flood infrastructure, and investigate the long-term effects of climate or land-use changes on flooding. Because what has happened before can happen again, most everyone near a river would profit by keeping a longer memory of old floods.
Flood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomy
In low-gradient, low energy rivers, forms of tree-ring evidence such as impact scars or stem deformation do not provide useful evidence of past floods. In this talk, I explain the strengths and limitations of wood anatomy as tools in in paleoflood hydrology.
Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
Here I explain how Canadian and American communities along the Red River of the North have developed fundamentally different responses to the threat of flooding, and argue that these differences in flood mitigation reflect disparate experiences with particular floods during the past two hundred years.
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
Even after more than a century of coordinated monitoring, instrumental weather observations are still too short to adequately constrain decadal or multidecadal behavior in the Earth’s climate system. Leading climatologists and climate modelers have called for the wider application of high-resolution proxy records to decadal variability and prediction studies, and our community has responded by producing new paleoclimate products that specifically target this type of ‘intermediate-term’ behavior. But we now also know our medium changes that message: the biological and geological systems that encode climate information into natural archives often also alter the original ‘input’, usually due to either seasonal filtering or non-climatic persistence. In this talk, we’ll discuss some of the challenges inherent to the use of high-resolution proxies to study decadal or multi-decadal climate variability, and suggest strategies that might clarify how climate acts on those timescales. And we’ll also present a new theoretical framework that could help paleo-scientists evaluate competing ideas about the causes of decadal- or multi-decadal events known to have occurred during the past one or two millennia.
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
We know from tree rings and other natural drought records that the western United States has been affected by several 'megadroughts' during the past millennium. But are these exceptionally long-lasting droughts due to unusual external forcings, or are they inevitable given a sufficiently long period of time? Here we present a statistical model that combines sea surface temperature records and drought severity statistics from the western USA, and use that tool to set out an expectation for megadrought, given no other changes in the climate system. Even though this model was trained using only modern climate data (and incorporates no information from tree rings or other proxies), it still produced megadroughts. Moreover, those simulated megadroughts were just as long-lasting, covered as large an area, and were just as severe as real megadroughts estimated from tree rings. That result means that megadroughts can occur in the western United States even if nothing else changes in the climate -- they really are just a matter of time. On the other hand, the only aspect of real-world megadroughts that the model cannot duplicate was the high number of these events during the so-called Medieval Climate Anomaly (800 to 1300 CE). So that cluster of megadroughts may have been caused by some sort of unusual climate circumstances that have not been observed by us during the past few decades. The proxy record tells us that many different kinds of exceptional or unusual climate events happened in the past. But it is often difficult to determine what caused those exceptional events because even, within a period of a thousand years, we still have very few cases. So besides being an aid to understand the causes of past megadroughts, we hope this approach can be applied to other paleoclimate records to distinguish between real interrelations between separate components of the climate system and simple coincidences.
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
This document summarizes an interdisciplinary tree-ring research conference. It discusses the need for new theory in dendroclimatology, presentations on temperature and river flow reconstructions from tree rings, and principles of tree ring research site selection and replication. It also questions how to evaluate rare signals in tree growth and climate relationships and where remote teleconnections may be most evident in tree rings.
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
1) Shared knowledge of past natural disasters has a major impact on preparation for future hazards. The document discusses the historical floods along the Red River in Manitoba, Canada.
2) Winnipeg built a large flood diversion channel in the 1960s after experiencing major floods, including in 1826 and 1950, to protect the city from future flooding of the Red River.
3) American communities like Grand Forks and Fargo were more vulnerable to Red River flooding until recently because they did not have the same long historical memory of floods that informed Winnipeg's early investment in flood protection infrastructure.
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
In their study of tree rings from the Chemnitz Fossil Forest (Germany), Luthardt and Rößler (2017) claim to identify a regular near-11-yr cyclicity in growth, and present that pattern as evidence of the influence of the Schwabe solar cycle (Usokin and Mursula, 2003) on climate and forest productivity during the early Permian. If correctly interpreted, these fossil tree rings would indicate the sunspot cycle was the dominant influence on interannual variability in Earth’s climate during this period and that it has been a consistent aspect of our Sun’s behavior for at least the past 300 m.y. We argue the fossil tree-ring record from Chemnitz does not constitute reliable evidence of solar activity during the Permian because the individual tree-ring sequences are not correctly aligned (dendrochronologically dated) and, as a result, the mean ring-width composite is not a meaningful estimate of year-to-year variations in tree growth in this ancient forest.
Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...
In the Biblical story of Joseph, following seven years of abundance, the Kingdom of Egypt was confronted by seven years of drought and famine. In the parlance of modern climate science, intervals with several consecutive extremely dry years are described as ‘“megadroughts”. In this short talk, I’ll describe how climate scientists combine clues from natural weather archives (including corals, tree rings, lake sediments, and many other sources) to reveal the history of ancient megadroughts across our planet. And I’ll highlight new research that combines these surrogate drought records with simulations from state-of-the-art climate models to help us better anticipate the risks of unusually persistent droughts during the coming century.
Expecting the unexpected: The relevance of old floods to modern hydrology
This document discusses the importance of understanding past floods to properly assess modern flood risks. It provides examples of paleoflood research along rivers like the Red River of the North, which uncovered major floods in 1826 and around 700 years ago that exceeded any floods measured by modern instrumentation. Understanding a river's full history through both recorded data and geological evidence of past floods is essential for floodplain management, development planning, and infrastructure design to mitigate future flood risks.
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
Climate simulations were run for 1000 years, with 1000 total simulations conducted. The simulations modeled climate changes over long time periods. The large number of long-term simulations provided insights into potential climate variations and outcomes.
Decadal variability in tree rings
Strong variance at decadal and multidecadal timescales is a common feature of most tree-ring width records. But does this aspect of tree growth exhibit such long-memory behavior due to biology, climate, or some combination of the two factors? Understanding the origins of this behavior is crucial for efforts to evaluate the causes of decadal variability in the climate system.
Presentation at Johann Gutenburg University (Mainz) on February 16, 2017.
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The ability to deliver effective and engaging oral presentations is a critical skill for all researchers. Unfortunately, despite the importance of clear communication, too many scientific presentations at conferences and workshops are confusing, abstract, and boring. In this short workshop, participants learn several key strategies and tips that will make their professional presentations just a little bit better than the rest. We discuss strategies for presentation planning, show how basic design principles can create more memorable slides, and point towards an outstanding set online tools and resources. Become a presentation superstar!
Scott St. George is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, Environment and Society at the University of Minnesota and a Resident Fellow at UMN's Institute on the Environment. Prior to joining the faculty at Minnesota, he was a research scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada. Scott shares some of his experiences ‘doing presentations differently’ at conferences, outreach opportunities, and the classroom.
Trees as flood sensors
In many settings, trees growing on floodplains provide an important source of indirect evidence that may be used to infer the occurrence, extent, and magnitude of floods prior to direct observations. That evidence may take several forms, including external scars caused by abrasion or impact from floating debris, anatomical changes within the annual growth increment following prolonged stem or root inundation, or tilting or uprooting due to the hydraulic pressure of floodwaters. Likely the most useful characteristic of paleoflood studies based on floodplain trees is their relatively high temporal resolution and dating accuracy compared to most other methods. Dendrochronological methods can routinely date past floods to the year of their occurrence and, in rare cases, can estimate the timing of floods that occur during the growing season to within two weeks. This high degree of chronological control, which is surpassed only by that provided by direct observation or instrumentation, can be used to determine whether floods in separate watersheds were synchronous or offset by several years and test hypotheses that suppose linkages between extreme floods and specific forcing mechanisms. Furthermore, the wide geographic distribution of tree species with dateable rings combined with the broad suite of methods available to examine interconnections between floods and tree growth allow this style of paleoflood hydrology to be applied to many settings that are not suitable for techniques that depend on geological evidence. Future paleoflood research involving tree rings will need to strike a balance between improving our understanding of the biological and fluvial processes that link tree growth to past events, and providing answers to questions about flood dynamics and hazards that are needed to safeguard people and property from future floods.
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
Nearly all decisions about water in Minnesota relate either directly or indirectly to data collected by the state’s hydrological observing network. Because most gauges were installed in early 20th century, as a whole the network provides us with roughly a 100-year ‘window’ to estimate flood risks, develop worst-case scenarios for drought, and set maximum allowable withdrawals for aquifers. But when we rely exclusively on observations made during this relatively brief interval, we may inadvertently increase our exposure to hydrological ‘surprises’. In order to make sound decisions about water in Minnesota, we need to expand this window: into the past, drawing upon historical accounts and natural archives; and into the future, via projections from climate and hydrological models. By cultivating a broader perspective on hydrological variability and extremes across the state, we will be better prepared to ensure adequate water supplies and mitigate the impacts of future floods and droughts.
Making Climate Data Sing
These visuals were prepared to support a string quartet performance and panel on climate change at Northwestern University in February 2106.
A well-designed graphic can help audiences to quickly understand the main message embedded within a complex set of climate data and to retain those ideas longer than they would have if they were conveyed by words alone. But the visual aids used regularly by climate scientists also have their limitations: they are most easily understood by people who are already fluent in technical illustrations; they're usually static and sometimes do not tell an obvious story; and for many, they don't elicit a strong emotional response.
Music, by contrast, is inherently narrative and is known to exert a powerful influence on human emotions. Because of this, sonification — the transformation of data into acoustic signals — may have considerable promise as a tool to enhance the communication of climate science.
Daniel Crawford and Scott St. George report on a collaboration between scientists and artists that uses music to transmit the evidence of climate change in an engaging and visceral way.
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variability
Large-scale low-frequency variability has emerged as a priority for climate research, but instrumental observations are not long enough to characterize this behavior or gage its impacts on dependent geophysical or ecological systems. As the leading source of high-resolution paleoclimate information in the middle- and high-latitudes, tree rings are essential to understand low-frequency variability prior to the instrumental period. But even though tree rings possess several advantages as climate proxies, like other natural archives they also have their own particular impediments. In this lecture, Dr. St. George will describe the structure and characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere tree-ring width network, and outline how the fingerprint of decadal and multidecadal climate variability encoded within ancient trees varies across the hemisphere.
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Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
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Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
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The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
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The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
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Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
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Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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