GEOG5839.11, Dendroarcheology (courtesy Max Torbenson)
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This document provides an overview of dendroarchaeology, which is the scientific technique of dating wood samples from archaeological sites to determine chronologies. It includes examples of dendrochronological sampling and analysis from sites in Ireland, Denmark, Canada, England, and Belgium. It also discusses challenges with dendrochronological dating, such as only being able to date the felling or death of wood rather than its use in construction, and the importance of accounting for sapwood in establishing accurate dates.
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2) Winnipeg built a large flood diversion channel in the 1960s after experiencing major floods, including in 1826 and 1950, to protect the city from future flooding of the Red River.
3) American communities like Grand Forks and Fargo were more vulnerable to Red River flooding until recently because they did not have the same long historical memory of floods that informed Winnipeg's early investment in flood protection infrastructure.
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In low-gradient, low energy rivers, forms of tree-ring evidence such as impact scars or stem deformation do not provide useful evidence of past floods. In this talk, I explain the strengths and limitations of wood anatomy as tools in in paleoflood hydrology.
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Here I explain how Canadian and American communities along the Red River of the North have developed fundamentally different responses to the threat of flooding, and argue that these differences in flood mitigation reflect disparate experiences with particular floods during the past two hundred years.
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We know from tree rings and other natural drought records that the western United States has been affected by several 'megadroughts' during the past millennium. But are these exceptionally long-lasting droughts due to unusual external forcings, or are they inevitable given a sufficiently long period of time? Here we present a statistical model that combines sea surface temperature records and drought severity statistics from the western USA, and use that tool to set out an expectation for megadrought, given no other changes in the climate system. Even though this model was trained using only modern climate data (and incorporates no information from tree rings or other proxies), it still produced megadroughts. Moreover, those simulated megadroughts were just as long-lasting, covered as large an area, and were just as severe as real megadroughts estimated from tree rings. That result means that megadroughts can occur in the western United States even if nothing else changes in the climate -- they really are just a matter of time. On the other hand, the only aspect of real-world megadroughts that the model cannot duplicate was the high number of these events during the so-called Medieval Climate Anomaly (800 to 1300 CE). So that cluster of megadroughts may have been caused by some sort of unusual climate circumstances that have not been observed by us during the past few decades. The proxy record tells us that many different kinds of exceptional or unusual climate events happened in the past. But it is often difficult to determine what caused those exceptional events because even, within a period of a thousand years, we still have very few cases. So besides being an aid to understand the causes of past megadroughts, we hope this approach can be applied to other paleoclimate records to distinguish between real interrelations between separate components of the climate system and simple coincidences.
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Presentation at Johann Gutenburg University (Mainz) on February 16, 2017.
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Scott St. George is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, Environment and Society at the University of Minnesota and a Resident Fellow at UMN's Institute on the Environment. Prior to joining the faculty at Minnesota, he was a research scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada. Scott shares some of his experiences ‘doing presentations differently’ at conferences, outreach opportunities, and the classroom.
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In many settings, trees growing on floodplains provide an important source of indirect evidence that may be used to infer the occurrence, extent, and magnitude of floods prior to direct observations. That evidence may take several forms, including external scars caused by abrasion or impact from floating debris, anatomical changes within the annual growth increment following prolonged stem or root inundation, or tilting or uprooting due to the hydraulic pressure of floodwaters. Likely the most useful characteristic of paleoflood studies based on floodplain trees is their relatively high temporal resolution and dating accuracy compared to most other methods. Dendrochronological methods can routinely date past floods to the year of their occurrence and, in rare cases, can estimate the timing of floods that occur during the growing season to within two weeks. This high degree of chronological control, which is surpassed only by that provided by direct observation or instrumentation, can be used to determine whether floods in separate watersheds were synchronous or offset by several years and test hypotheses that suppose linkages between extreme floods and specific forcing mechanisms. Furthermore, the wide geographic distribution of tree species with dateable rings combined with the broad suite of methods available to examine interconnections between floods and tree growth allow this style of paleoflood hydrology to be applied to many settings that are not suitable for techniques that depend on geological evidence. Future paleoflood research involving tree rings will need to strike a balance between improving our understanding of the biological and fluvial processes that link tree growth to past events, and providing answers to questions about flood dynamics and hazards that are needed to safeguard people and property from future floods.
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
Nearly all decisions about water in Minnesota relate either directly or indirectly to data collected by the state’s hydrological observing network. Because most gauges were installed in early 20th century, as a whole the network provides us with roughly a 100-year ‘window’ to estimate flood risks, develop worst-case scenarios for drought, and set maximum allowable withdrawals for aquifers. But when we rely exclusively on observations made during this relatively brief interval, we may inadvertently increase our exposure to hydrological ‘surprises’. In order to make sound decisions about water in Minnesota, we need to expand this window: into the past, drawing upon historical accounts and natural archives; and into the future, via projections from climate and hydrological models. By cultivating a broader perspective on hydrological variability and extremes across the state, we will be better prepared to ensure adequate water supplies and mitigate the impacts of future floods and droughts.
Making Climate Data Sing
These visuals were prepared to support a string quartet performance and panel on climate change at Northwestern University in February 2106.
A well-designed graphic can help audiences to quickly understand the main message embedded within a complex set of climate data and to retain those ideas longer than they would have if they were conveyed by words alone. But the visual aids used regularly by climate scientists also have their limitations: they are most easily understood by people who are already fluent in technical illustrations; they're usually static and sometimes do not tell an obvious story; and for many, they don't elicit a strong emotional response.
Music, by contrast, is inherently narrative and is known to exert a powerful influence on human emotions. Because of this, sonification — the transformation of data into acoustic signals — may have considerable promise as a tool to enhance the communication of climate science.
Daniel Crawford and Scott St. George report on a collaboration between scientists and artists that uses music to transmit the evidence of climate change in an engaging and visceral way.
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variability
Large-scale low-frequency variability has emerged as a priority for climate research, but instrumental observations are not long enough to characterize this behavior or gage its impacts on dependent geophysical or ecological systems. As the leading source of high-resolution paleoclimate information in the middle- and high-latitudes, tree rings are essential to understand low-frequency variability prior to the instrumental period. But even though tree rings possess several advantages as climate proxies, like other natural archives they also have their own particular impediments. In this lecture, Dr. St. George will describe the structure and characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere tree-ring width network, and outline how the fingerprint of decadal and multidecadal climate variability encoded within ancient trees varies across the hemisphere.
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GEOG5839.11, Dendroarcheology (courtesy Max Torbenson)
- 1. DENDROARCHAEOLOGY GEOG5839
- 2. Dunluce Castle, Co. Antrim, Ulster.
- 3. Green ash tree being cored on the Sheyenne River, North Dakota.
- 4. Baillie 1995 Schematic of dendrochronological dating.
- 5. Baillie 1995 Schematic of dendrochronological dating.
- 6. Baillie 1982 Same ring width pattern from three different trees.
- 7. David Brown Bog oak, Ulster.
- 8. What does the date represent?
- 9. Felling or death, not construction!
- 10. Sapwood exposed as bark disintegrates, Lassen, California.
- 11. Anthropogenic modifications of wood.
- 12. David Brown Corlea Trackway (1), Co. Longford, RoI.
- 13. Boundary between heartwood and sapwood.
- 14. Examples of different sample types.
- 15. Baillie 1982 Estimating missing sapwood.
- 16. Dating of Glasgow Cathedral, Scotland.
- 17. South Dublin Libraries Rathfarnham Castle, Dublin, RoI.
- 18. Dates of timber from Rathfarnham Castle.
- 19. Mike Baillie Killoteran vertical watermill, Co. Waterford, RoI.
- 20. Haneca and Debonne 2012 Roof-timber of in medieval church, Damme, Belgium.
- 23. Correlations of the Skuldelev timbers with British chronologies.
- 24. Sir John Rogerson Quay, Dublin, RoI.
- 25. Example of a medieval type cog, as found near Vejby, Denmark.
- 26. General pattern of wood movement identified by tree rings.
- 27. Problems on the horizon..
- 28. Pickard et al. 2011 Marsden et al. 1989 Satchell 2010 Dug-out canoes, Canada and England.
- 29. The Uluburun shipwreck, southern Turkey.
- 30. “Caution should be exercised concerning a previously stated date derived from just two poorly preserved pieces of cargo/dunnage wood from the famous Uluburun shipwreck. The quality and security of the dendrochronological placements of these samples versus the Bronze- Iron age chronology are not especially strong.” Manning et al. 2001
- 31. Grissino-Mayer et al. 2004 Rings from the „Messiah‟ violin.
- 32. Frequency of constructed buildings.
- 34. Many caveats
- 35. Not just dating