Class 2, What are tree rings?
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Tree rings are growth rings visible in the cross-section of tree trunks and branches. They result from the tree's growth pattern, which is influenced by environmental factors. The document defines trees and their basic anatomy, including key tissues like heartwood, sapwood, cambium and bark. It describes tree ring patterns in conifers like pine and hemlock versus hardwoods like oak, and key cell types seen in rings. Some trees like mangroves may not exhibit clear annual growth rings.
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Class 2, What are tree rings?
- 1. W H AT A R E T R E E R I N G S ?
- 2. slides
- 8. Lecture 2 - What are tree rings?
- 9. Lecture 2 - What are tree rings? Definition of trees
- 10. Lecture 2 - What are tree rings? Tree anatomy
- 11. Lecture 2 - What are tree rings? Tree-ring terminology
- 12. Lecture 2 - What are tree rings? Trees without rings
- 14. What are trees?
- 15. Trees are not limited to a single order or even division of plants. “Tree-ness” is defined by a specific growth form.
- 16. Trees are woody plants (a category that also includes shrubs and some vines).
- 17. Trees are perennial plants, which are plants that live for more than two years. Photograph: Sco Butner
- 18. Trees have a single main stem (or trunk).
- 19. Shrubs have multiple stems (and are not trees). Photograph: daryl_mitchell
- 20. Plants are often required to attain a minimum height at maturity to qualify as trees (usually between 3 and 6 meters tall). Photograph: Chris Mullins
- 21. secondary thickening Woody plants are capable of secondary thickening, adding new yearly growth layers of cells onto the accumulated growth of previous years.
- 24. Heartwood Sapwood Cambium Bark
- 25. tissue containing plant ‘stem’ cells vascular cambium 1 a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants. 2 the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and located between these tissues in the stem and root.
- 27. Photograph: Crossroads Foundation Photos
- 28. Most recent growth Oldest wood
- 29. Cross-sectional (or transverse) plane Source: Hoadley, Identifying Wood
- 30. Radial plane Source: Hoadley, Identifying Wood
- 31. Tangential plane Source: Hoadley, Identifying Wood
- 35. Bark Pith Cambium
- 36. pith 1 the small core of so spongey tissue that forms the central longitudinal axis of a tree stem, branch or twig. 2 the center of the tree.
- 37. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 38. Common beech Fagus sylvestris Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 40. Heartwood Sapwood
- 46. Gymnosperms have encapsulated seeds. Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii
- 50. Earlywood Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis
- 51. Latewood Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis
- 52. Total ring-width Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis
- 53. Tracheids Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 54. tracheids 1 elongated cells that function in food conduction and structural support. 2 most common type of cell in conifers. Much less frequent in deciduous trees.
- 56. large cells thin cell walls small cells thick cell walls Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 57. Ray Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 58. rays 1 fla ened bands of tissue that extend horizontally in a radial plane through the tree stem. 2 transport sap and wastes produced by photosynthesis.
- 60. Angiosperms (like oak) have exposed seeds.
- 62. Palm Cocos spp. Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 63. White oak Quercus alba Photograph: Tie Guy II
- 65. English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 66. Earlywood vessels English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 67. English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 68. Latewood vessels English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 69. vessel element 1 a type of hardwood cell that has a relatively large diameter, thick cell wall and perforate (open) ends. 2 combines to form ‘vessels’, long passageways used to conduct water and soluble nutrients.
- 70. ring porous a hardwood with (1) relatively large vessels in the earlywood and (2) distinctly smaller pores in the latewood.
- 71. Fibre English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 72. fibre an elongated hardwood cell with thick walls that contributes greatly to the material strength of wood.
- 73. Ray English oak Quercus robur Photograph: Fri sSchweingruber Fritz Schweingruber
- 74. American elm Ulmus americana Photograph: daryl_mitchell
- 75. diffuse porous a hardwood with vessels that are approximately the same size and distributed (fairly) evenly throughout the growth ring.
- 76. Sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 77. European beech Fagus sylvatica Photograph: Fritz Schweingruber
- 81. Trees without rings (approximate)
- 82. Mangrove spp. Photograph: Kevin Hutchinson
- 83. Mangrove spp.
- 84. Mangrove spp.
- 86. Longleaf pine Pinus palustris Photograph: tinkerbrad
- 87. Species range for longleaf pine