This document discusses different academic genres and the structure of a research article. It outlines five common academic genres: research articles, grant proposals, reference letters, conference proposals, and MA dissertations. It then describes the typical sections of a research article, including the introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions. Finally, it presents the CARS model for analyzing introductions to research articles, which identifies three moves: establishing a territory, establishing a niche, and occupying the niche.

1. GENRE IN ACADEMIC WRITING

2. Some academic genres
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Research Articles
Grant Proposals
Reference Letters
Conference Proposals
MA dissertations

3. Sample Format of Research Article
Sections
Rhetorical Function
Introduction
Establish research topic and justify need for more research
Literature
Review
Demonstrate current knowledge of research and develop
research questions
Methods
Describe approach to answering research questions
Results
Describe data gathered via approach
Discussion
Provide answers to research questions based on data gathered
Conclusions
Evaluate research and make deductions for the future

4. Genre Analysis: The CARS Model
(Swales, 1990)
Move and step analysis of introductions to research articles: the
CARS (creating a research space) model.
1.
Move 1: Establishing a territory
•
Step 1: Claiming centrality and/or
•-show that the general research area is and/or
Step 2: Making topic generalizations important, central,
•
Step 3: Reviewing items of previous research
interesting, problematic, or niche in some way.
2.
Move 2: Establishing a relevant
•introduce1a: Counter claiming orprevious research in the area.
Step and review items of
•
Step 1b: Indicating a gap or
•
Step
-indicate 1c: Question-raising or research by raising a question about
a gap in the previous
•
Step 1d: Continuing a tradition
extending previous knowledge in some way.
•it, orStep 2: Presenting positive justification
3.
Move 3: Occupying the niche
•
Step 1a: Outlining purposes or
•
Step 1b: Announcing present research
• - outline purposes or stating the nature of the present research.
Step 2: Announcing principle findings
•
Step 3: Indicating Research article structureRA.
indicate the structure of the
•
Step 4: Evaluating findings

5. Identify the moves in the following introduction
Use Of A Writing Web-Site By Pre-Masters Students On An English for
Academic Purposes Course _ J. Gillett, University of Hertfordshire
Introduction
1During the past 10 years, the availability of computers in educational
institutions has increased dramatically (James, 1999). 2Progress in
computer development has been made to the point that powerful,
inexpensive computers with large capacities are available in many
classrooms and libraries for student use. 3Many students also have
purchased and are purchasing computers for their own use at home. 4Most
studies seem to agree that the microcomputer will continue to hold an
important role in education in the future. 5For example, James (1999) and
Smith (2000) suggest large increases in the numbers of computers both in
educational institutions and the home in the near future. 6As far as
education is concerned, Shaw (2001) identified three main uses of
computers: the object of a course, an administrative tool, and a means of
providing instruction. 7Fish and Cheam (2002) cite four uses of computers
as a means of providing instruction: exercise, tutorial, simulation and
problem solving. 8A wide range of computer programmes are now therefore
available in all these areas for individual and classroom use.
9However, even though many studies have reported an increased use of
computers in education, there has been very little research reported on the
effectiveness of such use. 10The purpose of the present study is therefore
to ascertain the effectiveness of using computer-assisted instruction as
compared to traditional classroom instruction in an EAP writing class.

6. Sentence 1
showing importance
Sentence 2
showing importance
Sentence 3
showing importance
Sentence 4
reviewing literature
Sentence 5
reviewing literature
Sentence 6
reviewing literature
Sentence 7
reviewing literature
Sentence 8
showing importance
Sentence 9
indicating gap
Sentence 10
outlining purpose
CARS model (Swales, 1990)
Move 1
Move 2
Move 3

7. REFERENCES
http://www.uefap.com/writing/genre/introd.htm