The document provides definitions and explanations of key genetics vocabulary terms like genes, alleles, dominant, recessive, genotypes, phenotypes, Punnett squares, and more. It discusses Gregor Mendel's pioneering experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations of modern genetics, including his conclusions that heredity factors are individual units (genes) that segregate and assort independently. Sample genetics problems are also presented.
Concept of quantitative inheritance, Difference between qualitative and quantitative
Traits, Inheritance of quantitative trait in Maize (Cob length),
Cytoplasmic inheritance: Definition and concept, Chloroplast- Variation in Four O’clock plants,
Mitochondria- Petite mutants in yeast
Concept of quantitative inheritance, Difference between qualitative and quantitative
Traits, Inheritance of quantitative trait in Maize (Cob length),
Cytoplasmic inheritance: Definition and concept, Chloroplast- Variation in Four O’clock plants,
Mitochondria- Petite mutants in yeast
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(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derivekendalfarrier
(no word count)Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time.
Discuss at least two of his principles in detail, providing examples.
Describe how each principle contributes to genetic variability.
Discuss the significance of Mendel’s discoveries to modern biology.
part 2
respond to post 1 and 2 with 150 words.
post 1
Gregor Mendel is an Augustan monk. He lived and worked in a abbey in Brunn, Astria. In the 1860's he begin his study of genetics and heredity by breeding garden peas.
The first principle I will like to discuss is the law of segregation. During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate (separate) from each other so that each gene carries only one allele for each gene. The example..
Round seeds segregation R
R
Wrinkled Seeds r
r (gametes)
The other I will discuss is the law of dominance. Its stated as, "In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype. You have a tall plant having the gene TT and a short plant having the gene tt.
Tall pea plant
T T
Short Pea plant t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
This Punnet square shoes that if we cross a tall pea plant with genotype TT and a short pea plant with genotype tt. All offsprings will be tall with the genotype Tt. During gamete production, each egg and sperm cell receives just one of the two gene copies present in the organism, and the copy allocated to each gamete is random (law of segregation). In the law of dominance, an offspring receives a pair of alleles for a trait by inheriting homologous chromosomes from the parent organisms; one allele for each trait from each parent. Each parent contributes a single gamete, and a single randomly successful allele copy to their offspring and fertilization. Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
POST2
Gregory Mendel, who was a monk and known as the father of genetics, discovered two laws that have contributed to Modern Biology. One of them was the law of inheritance. When he discovere ...
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3. Genetics Vocabulary Self-Pollination- When ______________ from a plant ______________________ an egg from the same plant (this is how pea plants normally reproduce.)
4. Genetics Vocabulary Cross-pollination- produces _______________ that are the offspring of two different plants . Pollen from one plant is dusted onto the ____________ of another. This allow scientists to manipulate which plants reproduce together.
5. Genetics Vocabulary True-breeding- if allowed to self- pollination ______________ peas would produce offspring ______________ to themselves. Tall pea plants only reproduce with tall for many generations
7. Genetics Vocabulary Hybrids – organisms produced by __________________ parents with different _____________________ Example- crossing a tall pea plant with a short pea plant.
8. Genetics Vocabulary Genes – The factors that ____________________ traits. Today we know these genes are located on specific sections of DNA.
20. The First Generation Cross (f 1 ) Mendel Crossed a purebred tall with a purebred short plant and got all tall plants! Step one = Define the Parents Genotype and Phenotype X Tall Short Phenotype = Genotype = TT X tt
21. The First Generation Cross (f 1 ) Step two = Set up the punnett square T T t t Mendel Crossed a purebred tall with a purebred short plant and got all tall plants! Phenotype = Genotype = Short X Tall Phenotype Genotype TT X tt
22. The Second Generation Cross (f 2 ) Mendel Crossed a two heterozygous Tall pea plants Step one = Define the Parents Genotype and Phenotype X Tall Tall Phenotype = Genotype = Tt X Tt
23. The Second Generation Cross (f 2 ) Step two = Set up the punnett square T t T t Mendel Crossed a purebred tall with a purebred short plant and got all tall plants! Phenotype = Genotype = Tall X Tall Phenotype Genotype Tt X Tt
24.
25.
26. Sample Problem #1 A yellow pod plant is crossed with a heterozygous pod plant. What is the genotype and phenotype of the offspring?
27.
28. Sample Problem #2 A white flower pea plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive flower plant. What are the genotype and phenotypes of the offspring?
29.
30. Sample Problem #3 A heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant. What is the genotype and phenotypes of the offspring.
31.
32. Sample Problem #4 A color point cat is crossed with a heterozygous normal cat. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?
33.
34. Sample Problem #5 A homozygous tabby cat is crossed with a stripeless cat. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?
35.
36. Sample Problem #6 A heterozygous short haired cat is crossed with another heterozyogous cat cat. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?
37.
38. Trait Number of Students Demonstrat- ing Dominant Phenotype Number of Students Demonstrat- ing Recessive Phenotype Percentage Demonstrat- ing Dominant Phenotype Percentage Demonstrat- ing Recessive Phenotype Dominant Recessive Tongue Roller ( R ) Nonroller ( r ) Taster ( T ) Non-Taster ( t ) Free Earlobes ( E ) Attached Earlobes ( e ) Dimples ( D ) No Dimples ( d ) No 2 nd joint finger hair ( F ) 2 nd joint finger Hair ( f )
39. Two Trait Cross Mendel determined that alleles assort independently from each other, even when multiple traits are studied. Phenotype= 9:3:3:1 Genotype = 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
40. The British Royal Family Human traits are difficult to study for several reasons. Unlike some organisms, which produce slowly and only a few offspring at one time. Thus human traits must be studied through population sampling and pedigree analysis. A pedigree is a diagram that shows the phenotype of different generations. Royal family tree