This document provides an overview of 4 lessons on electricity and magnetism:
Lesson 1 introduces electric charge and static electricity, including how objects become charged through friction or conduction.
Lesson 2 explains Coulomb's Law, which describes the electric force between two point charges.
Lesson 3 defines electric fields as physical fields that exert forces on charged particles. It discusses electric field lines and how they indicate the direction and strength of electric fields.
Lesson 4 introduces electric potential and electric potential energy, including how more energy is required to move a charge through a stronger electric field or further in an electric field.
Electric Charge and Electric Field LectureFroyd Wess
More: http://www.pinoybix.org
Lesson Objectives:
Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
Electric Charge in the Atom
Insulators and Conductors
Induced Charge; the Electroscope
Coulomb’s Law
Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s Law and Vectors
The Electric Field
Field Lines
Electric Fields and Conductors
Gauss’s Law
Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication
Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics
This is first PPT in the electrostatics series. This PPT presents idea of charge , its various methods of production like through conduction, friction, induction. It also describes working of electroscope & concept of grounding of an insulator.
Electric Charge and Electric Field LectureFroyd Wess
More: http://www.pinoybix.org
Lesson Objectives:
Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
Electric Charge in the Atom
Insulators and Conductors
Induced Charge; the Electroscope
Coulomb’s Law
Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s Law and Vectors
The Electric Field
Field Lines
Electric Fields and Conductors
Gauss’s Law
Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication
Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics
This is first PPT in the electrostatics series. This PPT presents idea of charge , its various methods of production like through conduction, friction, induction. It also describes working of electroscope & concept of grounding of an insulator.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. Unit Topic: Electricity and Magnetism: The Art of
Conserving Electricity
Lesson 1: Electric Charge and Static Electricity
Lesson 2: Coulomb’s Law
Lesson 3: Electric Field
Lesson 4: Electric Potential
5. 5
Atoms & Electricity
• All matter is made of atoms, which contain electrons,
protons, and neutrons.
• Objects normally contain equal numbers of electrons and
protons: such objects are called neutral.
• When an object has an imbalance in the number of
electrons and protons, it is electrically charged.
• Neutrons are not involved in electric interactions.
6. 6
Electric Charge
• An object with more electrons than protons is said to carry a
negative charge.
• An object with more protons than electrons is said to carry a
positive charge.
• The imbalance between p+ and e– in a charged object is
proportionally very small…
• The difference may be only 1012 particles out of a total of
• 1025; i.e. an imbalance of 1 per 10 trillion!
7. 7
Electric Charge
• Like energy and momentum, electric charge is a conserved
quantity:
Charge cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be
transferred between objects.
• Charged objects exert electric forces on each other:
Opposite charges attract; Like charges
repel.
11. Charging by Conduction
• Charging by Conduction occurs when a
neutral object is placed in contact with an
already-charged object.
• If the object is –, electric repulsion will push
some of the excess electrons from the charged
to the neutral object.
1
1
12. Charging by Conduction
• If the objects are spheres of the same size, and
are made out of conductive material, they will
have the equal amounts of charge after
contact.
• The charge is located on the surface (not the
interior) because the electrons repel each
other.
1
2
13. Charging by Conduction
• In solids, protons are usually not mobile; only
electrons are able to move.
• If the object is +, electric attraction will pull
some electrons from the neutral object to the
charged one.
1
3
14. Charging by Induction
• Charging by Induction uses a similar
mechanism to polarization.
• A charged object (“A”) is brought close to
(but not touching) the object (“B”) to be
charged. This object is in connected to a
more distant object (“C”) such as Earth.
1
4
15. Charging by Induction
• “A” produces electric force, causing electrons
to flow between “B” and “C”.
• When “B” and “C” are separated, “B” has a
charge of the opposite sign compared to “A”.
• “C” has a charge of the same sign as “A”.
1
5
19. Coulomb’s Law – Gives the electric force between
two point charges.
2
2
1
r
q
q
k
F
k = Coulomb’s Constant =
9.0x109 Nm2/C2
q1 = charge on mass 1
q2 = charge on mass 2
r = the distance between the
two charges
20.
21.
22. Example 2
Two 40 gram masses each with a charge of 3μC are placed
50cm apart. What is the electrical force acting on the charges?
3μC
40g
50cm
3μC
40g
Charge
(microcoulomb)
Charge
(coulomb)
1 μC 0.000001 C
25. Find the force between charges of +10.0 µC and -50.0 µC located
20.0 cm apart.
26. 1. Two equal charges of magnitude 1.1 x 107 C experience an
electrostatic force of 4.2 x 104 N. How far apart are the centers of
the two charges?
2. What is the magnitude of the force a 1.5 x 106 C charge exerts
on a 3.2 x 104 C charge located 1.5 m away?
3. A negative charge of - 2.0 C and a positive charge of 3.0 C are
separated by 80 m. What is the force between the two charges?
4. A negative charge of - 0.0005 C exerts an attractive force of 9.0
N on a second charge that is 10 m away. What is the magnitude
of the second charge?
28. • An electric field is the physical field that surrounds electrically
charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the
field, either attracting or repelling them.
• The electric field can be visualized with a set of lines whose direction
at each point is the same as the field's, a concept introduced
by Michael Faraday, whose term 'lines of force' is still sometimes
used.
29. Electric Field Strength
• The magnitude of the electric field
is simply defined as the force per
charge on the test charge.
Units of
N/C
30. Equations -
Summary
• Coulomb’s Law
– units: N
• Electric Field Strength
– units: N/C
• Electric Field Strength
(a second equation)
35. • Electric field lines never cross one
another.
• Field lines show both the direction of an
electric field and the relative strength
due to a given charge.
• More lines are drawn for greater
charges to indicate greater force.
36. Direction of Electric Fields
• By convention, the test charge is assumed positive when assigning direction
arrows to field lines.
• Since like charges repel and opposites attract, electric field vectors will always
point
– away from positive source charges
– toward negative source charges
• Electric Field lines do not cross
• The electric field is stronger when the lines are located closer to one another.
43. Chapter II: Electric Potential and Electric
Potential Energy
• Electrical energy is very important in our daily life. It is a
basic necessity.
• We are aware that electricity is produced in electrical
generating plants. These plants send out electrical power
along high-voltage transmission lines and deliver it to
electrical substations. In these substations, the high- voltage
power transmitted is converted into lower voltage that can
be distributed to the users.
44. Two of the most familiar aspects of electricity are its
energy and voltage.
45. Electric potential energy is
the energy that is needed to move
a charge against an electric field.
You need more energy to move a
charge further in the electric field,
but also more energy to move it
through a stronger electric field
46.
47. 1. An incandescent light bulb that is turned off.
2. Your car's headlights before they are turned on.
3. A radio tower that is not working.
48. A point charge of +0.80 μC is located at the origin, and a second point
charge of −4 μC is at x = 40 cm. What is the electric potential energy
stored in the two charge system?
When the Van de Graaff generator starts charging, it transfers the charge to the person who is touching it. Since the person's hair follicles are getting charged to the same potential, they try to repel each other. This is why the hair actually stands up.
