The document summarizes key concepts about electric fields, including:
1) Electric fields are defined as the electric force per unit charge exerted by a charged object. An electric field exists in the region around a charged object and any other charges placed in that region will experience a force.
2) The electric field due to a point charge can be calculated using Coulomb's law and decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the charge. The electric field points away from positive charges and toward negative charges.
3) The total electric field at a point due to multiple charges is calculated as the vector sum of the individual electric fields. Continuous charge distributions are treated by dividing the charge into infinitesimal elements.
The document discusses electric current and resistance. It covers topics like:
1) Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a region of space. Current is measured in amperes and its direction is defined as the flow of positive charges.
2) Resistance arises due to collisions between electrons carrying current and fixed atoms in a conductor. Resistance depends on a material's resistivity and geometry.
3) Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it. Materials that obey this relationship are called ohmic.
1) Electric potential is a scalar quantity that represents the electric potential energy per unit charge. It is defined as the work required to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to its current location without accelerating the charge.
2) Equipotential surfaces represent locations in space where the electric potential is the same. They are always perpendicular to electric field lines.
3) For a point charge, the electric potential decreases with 1/r. For multiple point charges, the total potential is the algebraic sum of the individual potentials using the superposition principle.
This document provides an overview of circuits and discusses single-loop circuits. Some key points:
- An emf device, like a battery, maintains a potential difference between its terminals by doing work on charge carriers as they flow from the negative to positive terminal.
- In a single-loop circuit with a battery and resistor, the battery drives current through the resistor from high to low potential.
- Using the energy method, the work done by the battery equals the thermal energy dissipated in the resistor, allowing the current to be calculated.
- Using the potential method and Kirchhoff's loop rule, the sum of potential differences around any complete loop must be zero, also allowing the
- Early experiments in magnetism date back to ancient Greeks and Chinese who observed magnetic properties.
- In the 13th century, Pierre de Maricourt discovered magnetic field lines and the existence of magnetic poles.
- In the 1820s, experiments by Faraday, Henry and others established the connection between electricity and magnetism.
- A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges or magnetic materials. It exerts a force on moving charges perpendicular to both the field and velocity vectors.
- The motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field follows a circular or helical path depending on its orientation to the field.
1) Kirchhoff's rules, based on conservation of energy and charge, can be used to analyze more complex circuits that cannot be reduced to a single equivalent resistor. The junction rule states that the sum of currents at a junction is zero, while the loop rule states that the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero.
2) To solve circuit problems using Kirchhoff's rules, the problem solver draws the circuit, assigns variables to unknowns, chooses current directions, writes equations using the junction and loop rules, and solves the equations simultaneously.
3) Circuits containing capacitors require analysis of how the current changes over time as the capacitor charges and discharges.
This document provides a summary of Lecture 2 on electrostatics. It introduces fundamental concepts such as electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric field, electric potential, and the relationship between electric field and electric potential. Continuous distributions of charge such as volume, surface, and line charges are also discussed. Key equations for calculating electric fields and potentials from these various charge distributions are presented.
1) The document discusses the history of electricity and magnetism from ancient civilizations through the 19th century, including key discoveries by William Gilbert, Charles Coulomb, Hans Oersted, Michael Faraday, and James Clerk Maxwell.
2) It introduces the concepts of electric charges, including that there are two types (positive and negative), how like charges repel and opposite charges attract, and the quantization of electric charge.
3) Key concepts of electric fields are defined, including that an electric field is the electric force per unit charge exerted by a charged object on a test charge and that electric field lines depict the direction and strength of the electric field.
This document contains lecture notes on electromagnetic fields and electrostatics. It begins with introductions to electromagnetic fields, their sources and effects. It then covers topics like coordinate systems, divergence and curl operations, and theorems. The document focuses on electrostatics, defining concepts like the electric field, Coulomb's law, electric potential and capacitance. It provides equations and examples for calculating fields and potentials from different charge distributions. The summary concludes with overviews of conservative fields and the relationship between potential differences and work.
The document discusses electric current and resistance. It covers topics like:
1) Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a region of space. Current is measured in amperes and its direction is defined as the flow of positive charges.
2) Resistance arises due to collisions between electrons carrying current and fixed atoms in a conductor. Resistance depends on a material's resistivity and geometry.
3) Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it. Materials that obey this relationship are called ohmic.
1) Electric potential is a scalar quantity that represents the electric potential energy per unit charge. It is defined as the work required to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to its current location without accelerating the charge.
2) Equipotential surfaces represent locations in space where the electric potential is the same. They are always perpendicular to electric field lines.
3) For a point charge, the electric potential decreases with 1/r. For multiple point charges, the total potential is the algebraic sum of the individual potentials using the superposition principle.
This document provides an overview of circuits and discusses single-loop circuits. Some key points:
- An emf device, like a battery, maintains a potential difference between its terminals by doing work on charge carriers as they flow from the negative to positive terminal.
- In a single-loop circuit with a battery and resistor, the battery drives current through the resistor from high to low potential.
- Using the energy method, the work done by the battery equals the thermal energy dissipated in the resistor, allowing the current to be calculated.
- Using the potential method and Kirchhoff's loop rule, the sum of potential differences around any complete loop must be zero, also allowing the
- Early experiments in magnetism date back to ancient Greeks and Chinese who observed magnetic properties.
- In the 13th century, Pierre de Maricourt discovered magnetic field lines and the existence of magnetic poles.
- In the 1820s, experiments by Faraday, Henry and others established the connection between electricity and magnetism.
- A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges or magnetic materials. It exerts a force on moving charges perpendicular to both the field and velocity vectors.
- The motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field follows a circular or helical path depending on its orientation to the field.
1) Kirchhoff's rules, based on conservation of energy and charge, can be used to analyze more complex circuits that cannot be reduced to a single equivalent resistor. The junction rule states that the sum of currents at a junction is zero, while the loop rule states that the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero.
2) To solve circuit problems using Kirchhoff's rules, the problem solver draws the circuit, assigns variables to unknowns, chooses current directions, writes equations using the junction and loop rules, and solves the equations simultaneously.
3) Circuits containing capacitors require analysis of how the current changes over time as the capacitor charges and discharges.
This document provides a summary of Lecture 2 on electrostatics. It introduces fundamental concepts such as electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric field, electric potential, and the relationship between electric field and electric potential. Continuous distributions of charge such as volume, surface, and line charges are also discussed. Key equations for calculating electric fields and potentials from these various charge distributions are presented.
1) The document discusses the history of electricity and magnetism from ancient civilizations through the 19th century, including key discoveries by William Gilbert, Charles Coulomb, Hans Oersted, Michael Faraday, and James Clerk Maxwell.
2) It introduces the concepts of electric charges, including that there are two types (positive and negative), how like charges repel and opposite charges attract, and the quantization of electric charge.
3) Key concepts of electric fields are defined, including that an electric field is the electric force per unit charge exerted by a charged object on a test charge and that electric field lines depict the direction and strength of the electric field.
This document contains lecture notes on electromagnetic fields and electrostatics. It begins with introductions to electromagnetic fields, their sources and effects. It then covers topics like coordinate systems, divergence and curl operations, and theorems. The document focuses on electrostatics, defining concepts like the electric field, Coulomb's law, electric potential and capacitance. It provides equations and examples for calculating fields and potentials from different charge distributions. The summary concludes with overviews of conservative fields and the relationship between potential differences and work.
Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a nearby conductor. Michael Faraday discovered this phenomenon through experiments in 1831. Specifically, he found that moving a magnet toward or away from a coil of wire induces a temporary current in the coil. This led to the development of Faraday's law, which describes the relationship between the induced emf and the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a circuit. Applications of Faraday's law include electric generators, motors, and eddy current brakes.
1) The document discusses various concepts related to electrostatics including capacitance, capacitors, and dielectrics. It defines capacitance as the ability of a conductor to store charge and explains the factors that affect capacitance such as area and distance of separation for a parallel plate capacitor.
2) Energy storage in capacitors is also covered, explaining that work must be done to charge a capacitor and this work is stored as electrostatic potential energy. Expressions are given for calculating energy stored in series and parallel combinations of capacitors.
3) The document introduces the concept of dielectrics, noting that polar molecules can have their dipole moments aligned by an electric field to induce polarization while non-polar
Learning Objectives
Define electric charge, and describe how the two types of charge interact.
Desribe three common situations that generate static electricity. State the law of conservation of charge.
Describe three methods for charging an object.
State Coulomb’s law
Describe an electric field diagram of a positive point charge; of a negative point charge with twice the magnitude of positive charge
Draw the electric field lines between two points of the same charge; between two points of opposite charge.
Thank you So much
The document provides information about electrical energy, potential difference, capacitance, current, resistance, and power. It defines key concepts such as volts, capacitance, resistance, Ohm's Law, electric current, direct current, alternating current, and electric power. It also includes examples of calculating charge, energy, current, resistance, and power using given values and equations.
- The document discusses electromagnetic induction and time-varying magnetic fields.
- If a magnetic field is changing with time, it will induce an electric field. The direction of the induced electric field is such that it opposes the change producing it.
- Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced current/electric field in terms of trying to oppose the change in magnetic flux that caused it.
The document discusses concepts related to electric charge, electric fields, and electric circuits. Some key points covered include:
- Charged objects exert forces on each other via an electric field according to Coulomb's law. The electric field is defined as the force per unit charge.
- Conductors allow free flow of electric charge while insulators do not. Resistors in circuits control current flow according to Ohm's law.
- Electric potential energy and voltage difference can be defined from the work done in electric fields. Equipotential surfaces exist where electric potential is constant.
- Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a cross-sectional area of a conductor. Current, voltage, and resistance
The document summarizes key concepts from electromagnetism:
(1) It discusses Faraday's law of induction, which states that a changing magnetic field induces a circulating electric field.
(2) It explains Maxwell's modification of Ampere's law to include displacement current, which resolved inconsistencies between Ampere's law and the continuity equation. This led to the prediction of electromagnetic waves.
(3) It compares conduction and displacement currents, noting that displacement current dominates at high frequencies in good insulators, allowing electromagnetic waves to propagate through space.
This document provides instructions for viewing a presentation as a slideshow and navigating between its slides and sections. It can be viewed as a slideshow by selecting "View" and "Slide Show" from the menu bar. Clicking the right arrow or space bar advances the slides. Clicking on resources from the resources slide or lessons from the Chapter menu screen goes directly to those sections. The Esc key exits the slideshow.
Okay, let's break this down step-by-step:
1) The electric field E is uniform, so E has a constant magnitude and direction.
2) The path icf consists of two segments: ic and cf.
3) For ic, the displacement is at a 90° angle to E so no work is done along that segment.
4) For cf, the displacement forms a 45° angle with E.
So the key is to integrate E×ds along just the cf segment.
The document discusses electricity and circuits. It will cover circuits, Ohm's law, resistance, electrical energy and power, electromagnetism and electronic components. Key terms include electrons, conductors, insulators, charge, and current. By the end of the unit, students will be able to describe electrical current in terms of the movement of charges, distinguish between conductors and insulators, and perform calculations involving charge, current, and time.
The document provides instructions for viewing a presentation in slideshow mode using a computer. It explains how to advance slides, access resources and lessons from the menu, and exit the slideshow. The table of contents lists the sections and objectives covered in an electric forces and fields chapter.
1) The document discusses electric force and field, explaining that an electric field exists in the space surrounding charged objects and is a property of those charged sources.
2) It provides examples of the magnitude of electric fields in different situations, from household circuits to inside atoms.
3) The electric field due to a point charge is illustrated as radiating uniformly outward or inward from the charge, depending on its sign.
Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields by observing that a compass needle deflected when placed near a wire with a current. He established that a moving electric charge produces a circular magnetic field around the conductor. The right-hand rule determines the direction of this magnetic field based on the direction of current flow. Oersted's findings led to new technologies like motors and generators by demonstrating the control of magnetic fields using electricity.
This document provides a summary of Chapter 18 from an electricity and electromagnetism textbook. It discusses the origin of electricity from atomic structure and how objects can acquire net electric charges by gaining or losing electrons. It also describes Coulomb's law governing the electrostatic force between two point charges and how concepts like electric fields, field lines, conductors and insulators relate to this fundamental force. Examples are provided for calculating forces and fields from various charge configurations. The chapter concludes with an introduction to Gauss's law relating electric flux to enclosed charge.
The document discusses electric fields and electrostatics. It explains that when objects are rubbed together, electrons are transferred causing objects to become charged. It then discusses Coulomb's law which states that the force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. It provides equations for calculating electric field strength, potential, and force experienced by charges in fields.
1. The document discusses various topics in electrostatics including line integrals of electric fields, electric potential and potential differences, Gauss's theorem, and applications of Gauss's theorem.
2. Key concepts covered are the definitions of electric potential and potential difference, the relationship between electric field and potential via line integrals, and Gauss's theorem that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity of free space.
3. Examples are given of using Gauss's theorem to calculate electric fields, such as for an infinite line charge, planar sheet of charge, and spherical shell of charge.
This document provides an overview of electrostatics and electric fields. It discusses frictional electricity, properties of electric charges, Coulomb's law, units of charge, and continuous charge distributions. It also covers electric fields, electric field intensity due to point charges, the superposition principle, electric field lines, electric dipoles, and properties of electric field lines. The key topics covered in 3 sentences or less are: Electrostatic forces arise from the transfer of electrons when two materials are rubbed together. Coulomb's law describes the electrostatic force between point charges, which depends on the product of the charges and inversely on the square of the distance between them. Electric field lines represent the direction and strength of the electric field and eman
The document discusses Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and how they describe electromagnetic waves. It explains how Maxwell realized electromagnetic waves could exist by modifying Ampere's law to include displacement current. The equations show that changing electric fields induce magnetic fields and vice versa, allowing electromagnetic waves to propagate. Plane electromagnetic waves are described that satisfy the wave equation with the electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is calculated from the equations to be the speed of light.
This document provides an overview of electrostatics and related concepts:
1) It describes how charges can be imparted through induction, friction, and contact. Coulomb's law states the force between charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) The electric potential difference between two points is defined as the work required to move a charge between those points. Equipotential surfaces have the same electric potential at every point.
3) An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. The dipole moment is a measure of the dipole's strength and depends on the charge magnitude and distance between charges
1) An electric field exists around charged objects and is defined as the electric force experienced by a small test charge placed in that region divided by the test charge.
2) The direction of the electric field is the direction the test charge would experience a force. A positive test charge would feel a force in the direction of the field.
3) If the test charge is replaced with an equal but opposite charge, the direction of the force on the test charge would reverse but the magnitude of the electric field would remain the same.
- Coulomb's law describes the electric force between two point charges. It states that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- The document discusses various methods of charging objects, including rubbing, conduction, and induction. It also describes the properties of conductors and insulators.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use Coulomb's law to calculate the electric force between charges, including resolving forces into components. Equilibrium situations involving electric forces and other forces are also analyzed.
The following presentation explain about electric charge ,its properties and methods of charging a body .the presentation also explain electrostatic force
Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a nearby conductor. Michael Faraday discovered this phenomenon through experiments in 1831. Specifically, he found that moving a magnet toward or away from a coil of wire induces a temporary current in the coil. This led to the development of Faraday's law, which describes the relationship between the induced emf and the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a circuit. Applications of Faraday's law include electric generators, motors, and eddy current brakes.
1) The document discusses various concepts related to electrostatics including capacitance, capacitors, and dielectrics. It defines capacitance as the ability of a conductor to store charge and explains the factors that affect capacitance such as area and distance of separation for a parallel plate capacitor.
2) Energy storage in capacitors is also covered, explaining that work must be done to charge a capacitor and this work is stored as electrostatic potential energy. Expressions are given for calculating energy stored in series and parallel combinations of capacitors.
3) The document introduces the concept of dielectrics, noting that polar molecules can have their dipole moments aligned by an electric field to induce polarization while non-polar
Learning Objectives
Define electric charge, and describe how the two types of charge interact.
Desribe three common situations that generate static electricity. State the law of conservation of charge.
Describe three methods for charging an object.
State Coulomb’s law
Describe an electric field diagram of a positive point charge; of a negative point charge with twice the magnitude of positive charge
Draw the electric field lines between two points of the same charge; between two points of opposite charge.
Thank you So much
The document provides information about electrical energy, potential difference, capacitance, current, resistance, and power. It defines key concepts such as volts, capacitance, resistance, Ohm's Law, electric current, direct current, alternating current, and electric power. It also includes examples of calculating charge, energy, current, resistance, and power using given values and equations.
- The document discusses electromagnetic induction and time-varying magnetic fields.
- If a magnetic field is changing with time, it will induce an electric field. The direction of the induced electric field is such that it opposes the change producing it.
- Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced current/electric field in terms of trying to oppose the change in magnetic flux that caused it.
The document discusses concepts related to electric charge, electric fields, and electric circuits. Some key points covered include:
- Charged objects exert forces on each other via an electric field according to Coulomb's law. The electric field is defined as the force per unit charge.
- Conductors allow free flow of electric charge while insulators do not. Resistors in circuits control current flow according to Ohm's law.
- Electric potential energy and voltage difference can be defined from the work done in electric fields. Equipotential surfaces exist where electric potential is constant.
- Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a cross-sectional area of a conductor. Current, voltage, and resistance
The document summarizes key concepts from electromagnetism:
(1) It discusses Faraday's law of induction, which states that a changing magnetic field induces a circulating electric field.
(2) It explains Maxwell's modification of Ampere's law to include displacement current, which resolved inconsistencies between Ampere's law and the continuity equation. This led to the prediction of electromagnetic waves.
(3) It compares conduction and displacement currents, noting that displacement current dominates at high frequencies in good insulators, allowing electromagnetic waves to propagate through space.
This document provides instructions for viewing a presentation as a slideshow and navigating between its slides and sections. It can be viewed as a slideshow by selecting "View" and "Slide Show" from the menu bar. Clicking the right arrow or space bar advances the slides. Clicking on resources from the resources slide or lessons from the Chapter menu screen goes directly to those sections. The Esc key exits the slideshow.
Okay, let's break this down step-by-step:
1) The electric field E is uniform, so E has a constant magnitude and direction.
2) The path icf consists of two segments: ic and cf.
3) For ic, the displacement is at a 90° angle to E so no work is done along that segment.
4) For cf, the displacement forms a 45° angle with E.
So the key is to integrate E×ds along just the cf segment.
The document discusses electricity and circuits. It will cover circuits, Ohm's law, resistance, electrical energy and power, electromagnetism and electronic components. Key terms include electrons, conductors, insulators, charge, and current. By the end of the unit, students will be able to describe electrical current in terms of the movement of charges, distinguish between conductors and insulators, and perform calculations involving charge, current, and time.
The document provides instructions for viewing a presentation in slideshow mode using a computer. It explains how to advance slides, access resources and lessons from the menu, and exit the slideshow. The table of contents lists the sections and objectives covered in an electric forces and fields chapter.
1) The document discusses electric force and field, explaining that an electric field exists in the space surrounding charged objects and is a property of those charged sources.
2) It provides examples of the magnitude of electric fields in different situations, from household circuits to inside atoms.
3) The electric field due to a point charge is illustrated as radiating uniformly outward or inward from the charge, depending on its sign.
Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields by observing that a compass needle deflected when placed near a wire with a current. He established that a moving electric charge produces a circular magnetic field around the conductor. The right-hand rule determines the direction of this magnetic field based on the direction of current flow. Oersted's findings led to new technologies like motors and generators by demonstrating the control of magnetic fields using electricity.
This document provides a summary of Chapter 18 from an electricity and electromagnetism textbook. It discusses the origin of electricity from atomic structure and how objects can acquire net electric charges by gaining or losing electrons. It also describes Coulomb's law governing the electrostatic force between two point charges and how concepts like electric fields, field lines, conductors and insulators relate to this fundamental force. Examples are provided for calculating forces and fields from various charge configurations. The chapter concludes with an introduction to Gauss's law relating electric flux to enclosed charge.
The document discusses electric fields and electrostatics. It explains that when objects are rubbed together, electrons are transferred causing objects to become charged. It then discusses Coulomb's law which states that the force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. It provides equations for calculating electric field strength, potential, and force experienced by charges in fields.
1. The document discusses various topics in electrostatics including line integrals of electric fields, electric potential and potential differences, Gauss's theorem, and applications of Gauss's theorem.
2. Key concepts covered are the definitions of electric potential and potential difference, the relationship between electric field and potential via line integrals, and Gauss's theorem that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity of free space.
3. Examples are given of using Gauss's theorem to calculate electric fields, such as for an infinite line charge, planar sheet of charge, and spherical shell of charge.
This document provides an overview of electrostatics and electric fields. It discusses frictional electricity, properties of electric charges, Coulomb's law, units of charge, and continuous charge distributions. It also covers electric fields, electric field intensity due to point charges, the superposition principle, electric field lines, electric dipoles, and properties of electric field lines. The key topics covered in 3 sentences or less are: Electrostatic forces arise from the transfer of electrons when two materials are rubbed together. Coulomb's law describes the electrostatic force between point charges, which depends on the product of the charges and inversely on the square of the distance between them. Electric field lines represent the direction and strength of the electric field and eman
The document discusses Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and how they describe electromagnetic waves. It explains how Maxwell realized electromagnetic waves could exist by modifying Ampere's law to include displacement current. The equations show that changing electric fields induce magnetic fields and vice versa, allowing electromagnetic waves to propagate. Plane electromagnetic waves are described that satisfy the wave equation with the electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is calculated from the equations to be the speed of light.
This document provides an overview of electrostatics and related concepts:
1) It describes how charges can be imparted through induction, friction, and contact. Coulomb's law states the force between charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) The electric potential difference between two points is defined as the work required to move a charge between those points. Equipotential surfaces have the same electric potential at every point.
3) An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. The dipole moment is a measure of the dipole's strength and depends on the charge magnitude and distance between charges
1) An electric field exists around charged objects and is defined as the electric force experienced by a small test charge placed in that region divided by the test charge.
2) The direction of the electric field is the direction the test charge would experience a force. A positive test charge would feel a force in the direction of the field.
3) If the test charge is replaced with an equal but opposite charge, the direction of the force on the test charge would reverse but the magnitude of the electric field would remain the same.
- Coulomb's law describes the electric force between two point charges. It states that the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- The document discusses various methods of charging objects, including rubbing, conduction, and induction. It also describes the properties of conductors and insulators.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use Coulomb's law to calculate the electric force between charges, including resolving forces into components. Equilibrium situations involving electric forces and other forces are also analyzed.
The following presentation explain about electric charge ,its properties and methods of charging a body .the presentation also explain electrostatic force
1. Coulomb's Law describes the electrostatic force between two point electric charges. The force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb invented the torsion balance to measure very weak forces, including electrostatic forces. He used it to determine Coulomb's constant and establish Coulomb's Law.
3. According to Coulomb's Law, every point electric charge generates an electric field, and the strength of the electric field depends on the magnitude of the charge and the distance from it.
1. Coulomb's Law describes the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point electric charges. The magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb developed this law in the late 18th century using a torsion balance he invented to measure very weak forces.
3. Coulomb's Law led to the concept of electric field, which describes the area around a charged object where other charges will experience a force. The electric field strength is defined by Coulomb's constant divided by the distance from the source charge.
This document discusses key concepts about electric charge including:
- Charges of the same sign repel and opposite charges attract based on Coulomb's law.
- Conductors allow free movement of charge carriers like electrons, while insulators do not.
- Charge is quantized and can only exist in integer multiples of the elementary charge carried by protons and electrons.
- Charge is conserved in interactions and transformations at both the macro and microscopic level.
1. Electric charges can be positive or negative, and electric forces cause like charges to repel and unlike charges to attract according to Coulomb's Law.
2. Atoms contain protons with a positive charge and electrons with a negative charge; objects are neutral when they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons.
3. Electric fields are created by electric charges and describe the interaction of electric forces; electric fields can be used to accelerate electrons in devices like x-ray machines and televisions.
4. Capacitors are used to store electric charge and consist of conductive plates separated by an insulator; the amount
Electricity can be summarized as follows:
(1) Electricity is the movement of electric charge, which is most commonly carried by electrons or ions. (2) Charged particles experience electric forces and these forces can be attractive or repulsive depending on whether the charges are opposite or the same. (3) Electricity can be generated by several methods including friction, induction, and chemical reactions. Common applications of electricity include powering devices and transmission of information.
Electricity is created by the interaction of positive protons and negative electrons. Electrons are attracted to protons, forming ions, and can move between atoms. Objects become electrically charged through friction, contact with another charged object, or induction, which is the redistribution of electrons. Electrical conductors like metals allow electron movement, while insulators do not. Electrical force follows Coulomb's law and is measured in volts. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Resistance opposes current and is measured in ohms according to Ohm's law. Electrical circuits use a voltage source to power devices by transferring energy.
This document presents a PowerPoint presentation on electrostatics and Coulomb's law. It discusses how Coulomb experimentally determined that the electric force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them. It also provides Coulomb's law equations in scalar and vector forms. Several examples of applying Coulomb's law to calculate electrostatic forces are presented. The document concludes by discussing the principle of superposition for Coulomb's forces and providing additional practice problems for determining electrostatic forces.
The document provides an overview of electromagnetism and various concepts in physics such as electric charge, electric fields, electric potential, capacitors, and dielectrics. It discusses key historical discoveries, fundamental laws and equations, and examples of calculating values for different concepts through problem solving.
-Electric Charge and Electric Field .pptxKod Alketbi
The document discusses electric charge and electric fields. It defines positive and negative electric charges, and how like charges repel and opposite charges attract. It explains conductors and insulators, and how charging occurs through conduction or induction. The key law, Coulomb's Law, is presented, which states that the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Some sample calculations using Coulomb's Law are shown.
This document provides notes on electrostatics. It defines key terms like electrostatics, electric charge, conductors, insulators, semiconductors. It describes properties of electric charge including additivity, quantization, and conservation. Coulomb's law is explained, relating the electrostatic force between two point charges to the product of their charges and the inverse square of the distance between them. The document also compares electrostatic force and gravitational force.
Coulomb's law describes the electrostatic force between two point charges. The magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. An electric field is a region of space where an electric charge will experience a force, with field lines pointing away from positive charges and toward negative charges. The magnitude of the electric field can be calculated as the force exerted on a test charge divided by the charge, with units of newtons per coulomb.
1) Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that comes in two types: positive and negative. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract, as described by Coulomb's Law.
2) An electric field is a physical quantity that permeates space and is created by electric charges. It exerts force on other charges and is a vector field. The electric field is proportional to the charge creating it and inversely proportional to the distance from that charge.
3) When multiple charges are present, the net electric field is the vector sum of the individual electric fields according to the superposition principle. Electric field lines provide a pictorial representation of electric fields, with density and direction corresponding to field strength and direction.
The document describes an experiment to estimate the charge induced on two identical Styrofoam balls suspended in a vertical plane using Coulomb's law. The experiment involves measuring the mass of the balls, suspending them from threads of equal length, and inducing a charge on them using a charged glass rod. The distance between the balls is then measured when they are at rest. Using Coulomb's law and the measured values, the induced charge on each ball is calculated. The results show that like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract. The document also provides background on Coulomb's law and how it relates to the experiment.
The document discusses several key concepts in electromagnetism including electric charge, Coulomb's law, and the superposition principle. It provides examples of how to calculate the electric force between two charges using Coulomb's law and how to find the net force on a charge from multiple other charges using the superposition principle. It also gives an example problem of using Newton's laws and electric forces to calculate the charge needed to balance the gravitational force on a hanging charged ball.
The Hall effect occurs when a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the current. This causes charge carriers to be deflected to the sides of the conductor, creating a measurable voltage known as the Hall voltage. The Hall effect is used to determine properties like carrier density and type in materials. When a current-carrying semiconductor is in a perpendicular magnetic field, the Hall voltage is directly proportional to the current and magnetic field. Measuring this Hall voltage allows determining the Hall coefficient, which provides information about the dominant charge carriers in the material.
This document discusses electric fields and forces. It explains that electric charge comes from electrons and protons in atoms, and that rubbing materials together can transfer electrons, creating a separation of positive and negative charges. It also describes how conductors, insulators, and semiconductors differ in how easily they allow charge to flow through or remain separated.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. Electricity and Magnetism
The laws of electricity and magnetism play a central role in the operation of many
modern devices.
The interatomic and intermolecular forces responsible for the formation of solids
and liquids are electric in nature.
Introduction
3. Electricity and Magnetism, Some History
Chinese
Documents suggest that magnetism was observed as early as 2000 BC
Greeks
Electrical and magnetic phenomena as early as 700 BC
Experiments with amber and magnetite
1600
William Gilbert showed electrification effects were not confined to just amber.
The electrification effects were a general phenomena.
1785
Charles Coulomb confirmed inverse square law form for electric forces
Introduction
4. Electricity and Magnetism, More History
1819
Hans Oersted found a compass needle deflected when near a wire carrying
an electric current.
1831
Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry showed that when a wire is moved near
a magnet, an electric current is produced in the wire.
1873
James Clerk Maxwell used observations and other experimental facts as a
basis for formulating the laws of electromagnetism.
Unified electricity and magnetism
Introduction
5. Electricity and Magnetism – Forces
The concept of force links the study of electromagnetism to previous study.
The electromagnetic force between charged particles is one of the fundamental
forces of nature.
Introduction
6. Electric Charges
There are two kinds of electric charges
Called positive and negative
Negative charges are the type possessed by electrons.
Positive charges are the type possessed by protons.
Charges of the same sign repel one another and charges with opposite signs
attract one another.
Section 23.1
7. Electric Charges, 2
The rubber rod is negatively charged.
The glass rod is positively charged.
The two rods will attract.
Section 23.1
8. Electric Charges, 3
The rubber rod is negatively charged.
The second rubber rod is also
negatively charged.
The two rods will repel.
Section 23.1
9. More About Electric Charges
Electric charge is always conserved in an isolated system.
For example, charge is not created in the process of rubbing two objects
together.
The electrification is due to a transfer of charge from one object to another.
Section 23.1
10. Conservation of Electric Charges
A glass rod is rubbed with silk.
Electrons are transferred from the glass
to the silk.
Each electron adds a negative charge
to the silk.
An equal positive charge is left on the
rod.
Section 23.1
11. Quantization of Electric Charges
The electric charge, q, is said to be quantized.
q is the standard symbol used for charge as a variable.
Electric charge exists as discrete packets.
q = Ne
N is an integer
e is the fundamental unit of charge
|e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Electron: q = -e
Proton: q = +e
Section 23.1
12. Conductors
Electrical conductors are materials in which some of the electrons are free
electrons.
Free electrons are not bound to the atoms.
These electrons can move relatively freely through the material.
Examples of good conductors include copper, aluminum and silver.
When a good conductor is charged in a small region, the charge readily
distributes itself over the entire surface of the material.
Section 23.2
13. Insulators
Electrical insulators are materials in which all of the electrons are bound to
atoms.
These electrons can not move relatively freely through the material.
Examples of good insulators include glass, rubber and wood.
When a good insulator is charged in a small region, the charge is unable to
move to other regions of the material.
Section 23.2
14. Semiconductors
The electrical properties of semiconductors are somewhere between those of
insulators and conductors.
Examples of semiconductor materials include silicon and germanium.
Semiconductors made from these materials are commonly used in making
electronic chips.
The electrical properties of semiconductors can be changed by the addition of
controlled amounts of certain atoms to the material.
Section 23.2
15. Charging by Induction
Charging by induction requires no
contact with the object inducing the
charge.
Assume we start with a neutral metallic
sphere.
The sphere has the same number
of positive and negative charges.
Section 23.2
16. Charging by Induction, 2
B:
A charged rubber rod is placed near the
sphere.
It does not touch the sphere.
The electrons in the neutral sphere are
redistributed.
C:
The sphere is grounded.
Some electrons can leave the sphere
through the ground wire.
Section 23.2
17. Charging by Induction, 3
The ground wire is removed.
There will now be more positive
charges.
The charges are not uniformly
distributed.
The positive charge has been induced
in the sphere.
Section 23.2
18. Charging by Induction, 4
The rod is removed.
The electrons remaining on the sphere
redistribute themselves.
There is still a net positive charge on
the sphere.
The charge is now uniformly distributed.
Note the rod lost none of its negative
charge during this process.
Section 23.2
19. Charge Rearrangement in Insulators
A process similar to induction can take
place in insulators.
The charges within the molecules of the
material are rearranged.
The proximity of the positive charges on
the surface of the object and the
negative charges on the surface of the
insulator results in an attractive force
between the object and the insulator.
Section 23.2
20. Charles Coulomb
1736 – 1806
French physicist
Major contributions were in areas of
electrostatics and magnetism
Also investigated in areas of
Strengths of materials
Structural mechanics
Ergonomics
Section 23.3
21. Coulomb’s Law
Charles Coulomb measured the
magnitudes of electric forces between
two small charged spheres.
The force is inversely proportional to
the square of the separation r between
the charges and directed along the line
joining them.
The force is proportional to the product
of the charges, q1 and q2, on the two
particles.
The electrical force between two
stationary point charges is given by
Coulomb’s Law.
Section 23.3
22. Point Charge
The term point charge refers to a particle of zero size that carries an electric
charge.
The electrical behavior of electrons and protons is well described by
modeling them as point charges.
Section 23.3
23. Coulomb’s Law, cont.
The force is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign.
The force is repulsive if the charges are of like sign.
The force is a conservative force.
Section 23.3
25. Coulomb's Law, Notes
Remember the charges need to be in coulombs.
e is the smallest unit of charge.
except quarks
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
So 1 C needs 6.24 x 1018 electrons or protons
Typical charges can be in the µC range.
Remember that force is a vector quantity.
Section 23.3
26. Particle Summary
The electron and proton are identical in the magnitude of their charge, but very
different in mass.
The proton and the neutron are similar in mass, but very different in charge.
Section 23.3
27. Vector Nature of Electric Forces
In vector form,
is a unit vector directed from q1 to
q2.
The like charges produce a repulsive
force between them.
1 2
12 122
ˆe
q q
k
r
F r
12
ˆr
Section 23.3
28. Vector Nature of Electrical Forces, cont.
Electrical forces obey Newton’s Third Law.
The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force on
q2
With like signs for the charges, the product q1q2 is positive and the force is
repulsive.
21 12 F F
r r
Section 23.3
29. Vector Nature of Electrical Forces, 3
Two point charges are separated by a
distance r.
The unlike charges produce an
attractive force between them.
With unlike signs for the charges, the
product q1q2 is negative and the force is
attractive.
Section 23.3
30. A Final Note about Directions
The sign of the product of q1q2 gives the relative direction of the force between q1
and q2.
The absolute direction is determined by the actual location of the charges.
Section 23.3
31. Multiple Charges
The resultant force on any one charge equals the vector sum of the forces
exerted by the other individual charges that are present.
Remember to add the forces as vectors.
The resultant force on q1 is the vector sum of all the forces exerted on it by other
charges.
For example, if four charges are present, the resultant force on one of these
equals the vector sum of the forces exerted on it by each of the other charges.
1 21 31 41 F F F F
r r r r
Section 23.3
32. Zero Resultant Force, Example
Where is the resultant force equal to
zero?
The magnitudes of the individual
forces will be equal.
Directions will be opposite.
Will result in a quadratic
Choose the root that gives the forces
in opposite directions.
Section 23.3
33. Electrical Force with Other Forces, Example
The spheres are in equilibrium.
Since they are separated, they exert a
repulsive force on each other.
Charges are like charges
Model each sphere as a particle in
equilibrium.
Proceed as usual with equilibrium
problems, noting one force is an
electrical force.
Section 23.3
34. Electrical Force with Other Forces, Example cont.
The force diagram includes the
components of the tension, the
electrical force, and the weight.
Solve for |q|
If the charge of the spheres is not
given, you cannot determine the sign of
q, only that they both have same sign.
Section 23.3
35. Electric Field – Introduction
The electric force is a field force.
Field forces can act through space.
The effect is produced even with no physical contact between objects.
Faraday developed the concept of a field in terms of electric fields.
Section 23.4
36. Electric Field – Definition
An electric field is said to exist in the region of space around a charged object.
This charged object is the source charge.
When another charged object, the test charge, enters this electric field, an
electric force acts on it.
Section 23.4
37. Electric Field – Definition, cont
The electric field is defined as the electric force on the test charge per unit
charge.
The electric field vector, , at a point in space is defined as the electric force
acting on a positive test charge, qo, placed at that point divided by the test
charge:
E
r
oq
F
E
r
r
Section 23.4
38. Electric Field, Notes
is the field produced by some charge or charge distribution, separate
from the test charge.
The existence of an electric field is a property of the source charge.
The presence of the test charge is not necessary for the field to exist.
The test charge serves as a detector of the field.
E
r
Section 23.4
39. Electric Field Notes, Final
The direction of is that of the force on
a positive test charge.
The SI units of are N/C.
We can also say that an electric field
exists at a point if a test charge at that
point experiences an electric force.
E
r
E
r
Section 23.4
40. Relationship Between F and E
This is valid for a point charge only.
One of zero size
For larger objects, the field may vary over the size of the object.
If q is positive, the force and the field are in the same direction.
If q is negative, the force and the field are in opposite directions.
e qF E
r r
Section 23.4
41. Electric Field, Vector Form
Remember Coulomb’s law, between the source and test charges, can be
expressed as
Then, the electric field will be
2
ˆo
e e
qq
k
r
F r
r
2
ˆe
e
o
q
k
q r
F
E r
r
r
Section 23.4
42. More About Electric Field Direction
a) q is positive, the force is directed away from q.
b) The direction of the field is also away from the positive source charge.
c) q is negative, the force is directed toward q.
d) The field is also toward the negative source charge.
Section 23.4
43. Electric Fields from Multiple Charges
At any point P, the total electric field due to a group of source charges equals the
vector sum of the electric fields of all the charges.
2
ˆi
e i
i i
q
k
r
E r
r
Section 23.4
44. Electric Field – Continuous Charge Distribution
The distances between charges in a group of charges may be much smaller than
the distance between the group and a point of interest.
In this situation, the system of charges can be modeled as continuous.
The system of closely spaced charges is equivalent to a total charge that is
continuously distributed along some line, over some surface, or throughout some
volume.
Section 23.5
45. Electric Field – Continuous Charge Distribution, cont
Procedure:
Divide the charge distribution into
small elements, each of which
contains Δq.
Calculate the electric field due to
one of these elements at point P.
Evaluate the total field by summing
the contributions of all the charge
elements.
Section 23.5
46. Electric Field – Continuous Charge Distribution, equations
For the individual charge elements
Because the charge distribution is continuous
2
ˆe
q
k
r
E r
r
2 20
ˆ ˆlim
i
i
e i e
q
i i
q dq
k k
r r
E r r
r
Section 23.5
47. Charge Densities
Volume charge density: when a charge is distributed evenly throughout a
volume
ρ ≡ Q / V with units C/m3
Surface charge density: when a charge is distributed evenly over a surface
area
σ ≡ Q / A with units C/m2
Linear charge density: when a charge is distributed along a line
λ ≡ Q / ℓ with units C/m
Section 23.5
48. Amount of Charge in a Small Volume
If the charge is nonuniformly distributed over a volume, surface, or line, the
amount of charge, dq, is given by
For the volume: dq = ρ dV
For the surface: dq = σ dA
For the length element: dq = λ dℓ
Section 23.5
49. Problem-Solving Strategy
Conceptualize
Establish a mental representation of the problem.
Image the electric field produced by the charges or charge distribution.
Categorize
Individual charge?
Group of individual charges?
Continuous distribution of charges?
Section 23.5
50. Problem-Solving Strategy, cont
Analyze
Analyzing a group of individual charges:
Use the superposition principle, find the fields due to the individual
charges at the point of interest and then add them as vectors to find the
resultant field.
Be careful with the manipulation of vector quantities.
Analyzing a continuous charge distribution:
The vector sums for evaluating the total electric field at some point must
be replaced with vector integrals.
Divide the charge distribution into infinitesimal pieces, calculate the vector
sum by integrating over the entire charge distribution.
Symmetry:
Take advantage of any symmetry to simplify calculations.
Section 23.5
51. Problem Solving Hints, final
Finalize
Check to see if the electric field expression is consistent with your mental
representation.
Check to see if the solution reflects any symmetry present.
Image varying parameters to see if the mathematical result changes in a
reasonable way.
Section 23.5
52. Example – Charged Disk
The disk has a radius R and a uniform
charge density σ.
Choose dq as a ring of radius r.
The ring has a surface area 2πr dr.
Integrate to find the total field.
Section 23.5
53. Electric Field Lines
Field lines give us a means of representing the electric field pictorially.
The electric field vector is tangent to the electric field line at each point.
The line has a direction that is the same as that of the electric field vector.
The number of lines per unit area through a surface perpendicular to the lines is
proportional to the magnitude of the electric field in that region.
Section 23.6
54. Electric Field Lines, General
The density of lines through surface A
is greater than through surface B.
The magnitude of the electric field is
greater on surface A than B.
The lines at different locations point in
different directions.
This indicates the field is
nonuniform.
Section 23.6
55. Electric Field Lines, Positive Point Charge
The field lines radiate outward in all
directions.
In three dimensions, the
distribution is spherical.
The lines are directed away from the
source charge.
A positive test charge would be
repelled away from the positive
source charge.
Section 23.6
56. Electric Field Lines, Negative Point Charge
The field lines radiate inward in all
directions.
The lines are directed toward the
source charge.
A positive test charge would be
attracted toward the negative
source charge.
Section 23.6
57. Electric Field Lines – Rules for Drawing
The lines must begin on a positive charge and terminate on a negative charge.
In the case of an excess of one type of charge, some lines will begin or
end infinitely far away.
The number of lines drawn leaving a positive charge or approaching a negative
charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
No two field lines can cross.
Remember field lines are not material objects, they are a pictorial
representation used to qualitatively describe the electric field.
Section 23.6
58. Electric Field Lines – Dipole
The charges are equal and opposite.
The number of field lines leaving the
positive charge equals the number of
lines terminating on the negative
charge.
Section 23.6
59. Electric Field Lines – Like Charges
The charges are equal and positive.
The same number of lines leave each
charge since they are equal in
magnitude.
At a great distance, the field is
approximately equal to that of a single
charge of 2q.
Since there are no negative charges
available, the field lines end infinitely far
away.
Section 23.6
60. Electric Field Lines, Unequal Charges
The positive charge is twice the
magnitude of the negative charge.
Two lines leave the positive charge for
each line that terminates on the
negative charge.
At a great distance, the field would be
approximately the same as that due to
a single charge of +q.
Section 23.6
61. Motion of Charged Particles
When a charged particle is placed in an electric field, it experiences an electrical
force.
If this is the only force on the particle, it must be the net force.
The net force will cause the particle to accelerate according to Newton’s second
law.
Section 23.7
62. Motion of Particles, cont
If the field is uniform, then the acceleration is constant.
The particle under constant acceleration model can be applied to the motion of
the particle.
The electric force causes a particle to move according to the models of
forces and motion.
If the particle has a positive charge, its acceleration is in the direction of the field.
If the particle has a negative charge, its acceleration is in the direction opposite
the electric field.
e q m F E a
r r r
Section 23.7
63. Electron in a Uniform Field, Example
The electron is projected horizontally
into a uniform electric field.
The electron undergoes a downward
acceleration.
It is negative, so the acceleration is
opposite the direction of the field.
Its motion is parabolic while between
the plates.
Section 23.7