Gene frequencies for the ABO alleles vary geographically. For exa.pdf
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Gene frequencies for the ABO alleles vary geographically. For example the I^A allele makes up nearly 50% of the genes for blood type among Australian Aborigines, about 25% in Central Asian populations, and 0% in peoples native to South America. No blood type has sufficient selective advantage over another to explain these regional differences. From these facts, what can you infer about the history of our species Did humanity develop as a large and continuous population spreading out across the planet, or did we disperse while still living in small scattered groups Solution Based on the above data human population developed as small, some of them scattered into small groups and acclimatised to new geographical area. In each group some dominant blood alleles become predominant and become major allele in that population during course of time. This is the reason for differences in gene frequencies.
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This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
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This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
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This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
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Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to allopatric spe.pdf
Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to allopatric speciation? The isolated
population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population Different
mutations begin to manifest in the gene pools of the separated populations The separated
population is small, and genetic drift occurs. There is high gene flow between the two
populations A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population.
Solution
Ans: There is high gene flow between the tow population is not contribute to allopatric
speciation.
In allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations due to
formation of a barrier between portions of a population.The isolated populations then experience
differentiating genotypic and phenotypic divergence as a result of different selective pressures in
their differing environments. Additionally, genetic drift will occur differently, eventually
differentiating the population’s genotypes and phenotypes. The separated populations will also
experience different mutations that may persist differently in their respective environments. The
each population have evolved differently to an extent that they remain isolated because changes
are too great to enable genetic mixing through sexual reproduction. Allopatric speciation is not
necessarily precluded if some individuals from one group cross the barrier and mate with
members of the other group. In other words, allopatric speciation can occur if gene flow between
groups is greatly reduced, but not entirely eliminated..
Recommended
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Most common blood type
This is a frequently asked question, and to understand it, we need to differentiate between dominance and frequency of expression. While many traits may be e.
Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to allopatric spe.pdf
Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to allopatric speciation? The isolated
population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population Different
mutations begin to manifest in the gene pools of the separated populations The separated
population is small, and genetic drift occurs. There is high gene flow between the two
populations A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population.
Solution
Ans: There is high gene flow between the tow population is not contribute to allopatric
speciation.
In allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations due to
formation of a barrier between portions of a population.The isolated populations then experience
differentiating genotypic and phenotypic divergence as a result of different selective pressures in
their differing environments. Additionally, genetic drift will occur differently, eventually
differentiating the population’s genotypes and phenotypes. The separated populations will also
experience different mutations that may persist differently in their respective environments. The
each population have evolved differently to an extent that they remain isolated because changes
are too great to enable genetic mixing through sexual reproduction. Allopatric speciation is not
necessarily precluded if some individuals from one group cross the barrier and mate with
members of the other group. In other words, allopatric speciation can occur if gene flow between
groups is greatly reduced, but not entirely eliminated..
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2) Several disadvantageous alleles have drifted to high frequencies in the Amish despite being selected against, demonstrating that genetic drift affects all loci.
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The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change.
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Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
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In a classic study of blood types in Italy, Dr. Luigi Cavalli sfo.pdf
In a classic study of blood types in Italy, Dr. Luigi Cavalli sforza (1969) found that small,
isolated towns in mountain regions had reduced genetic diversity within populations, but showed
significant genetic differences from one town to the next. In valley regions with more movement
of people from place to place, he found more diversity within the population of any given town,
and fewer differences between towns. If you consider your genetic simulation to represent one
mountain town, and other lab groups to represent different mountain towns, can you explain
Cavalli-Sforza\'s results? How could you alter this lab procedure to simulate what happens in the
valley towns?
Solution
The genetic history of a group of populations is usually analyzed by reconstructing a tree of their
origins. Reliability of the reconstruction depends upon the validity of the hypothesis that genetic
differentiation of the populations is mostly due to population fissions followed by independent
evolution.
Most patterns found in the analysis of human living populations are likely to be consequences of
demographic expansions, determined by technological developments affecting food availability,
transportation, or Military power. During such expansions, both genes and languages are spread
to potentially vast areas.
The first tree of evolution based on gene frequencies of living humans was published 34 years
ago. It was based on genetic distances among 15 populations, 3 per continent, calculated from 5
blood groups, with a total of 20 alleles. The number of genes used was admittedly small, but it
was practically impossible to get more information at that time.
The most important difference is in the position of Europe, which with neighbor joining branches
out first after the splitting of Africans and non-Africans and with maximum likelihood is the last
but one..
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The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottlenecks or when founding new populations. Gene flow can increase genetic variation in small populations. Isolated populations can adapt differently and eventually become reproductively isolated, leading to speciation. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations and can predict genotype frequencies.
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The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottleneck events or when a small group founds a new population. Isolated populations can evolve into separate species over time if reproductive barriers form between them. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations, but real populations rarely meet all its assumptions and can evolve through factors like genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural and sexual selection.
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With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact? basal surface
basement membrane tight junctions apical surface gap junctions Which of the following
relationships between a tissue and its general function is not correct? Epithelial: control Nerve:
control Connective: support Muscle: movement Goblet cells are found in which of these
epithelia. Stratified squmous Simple squmaous Transitional Simple columnar
Solution
1. apical surface
The stomach surface is lined with mucus secreting columnar epithelial cells. A single
cell structure consists of three surfaces-apical, lateral and basal.
The apical surface faces the intestinal lumen. Extending from the apical surface are
numerous fingerlike projections (100 nm in diameter) called microvilli, referred as the brush
border due to their appearance. Microvilli greatly increase the area of the apical surface,
enhancing the absorptive and transportive capacity of the intestinal epithelium. Overlying the
brush border, are the oligosaccharide side chains of integral membrane glycoproteins,
glycolipids, and enzymes (glycocalyx) catalyzing the final digestion of ingested carbohydrates
and proteins. The resultant monosaccharides and amino acids produced are transported across the
intestinal epithelium and eventually into the bloodstream.
The lateral surface encloses tight junctions, adherens junctions, spotdesmosome, gap
junction, intermediate filament, and hemidesmosome.
-Tight junctions, prevent diffusion of substances between the intestinal lumen and the blood via
the extracellular space between cells. They function as a selective and semipermeable barrier
between apical and basolateral compartments of the epithelial layer. They facilitate the passage
of small ions and water-soluble solutes through the paracellular space while preventing the
passage of luminal antigens, microorganisms and their toxins.
-Gap junctions are door-like connections between each epithelial cells.They allow movement of
small molecules and ions between the cytosol of adjacent cells.
-The remaining three types of junctions, adherens junctions, spot desmosomes, and
hemidesmosomes are critical to cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
The basal surface of the epithelial cells is the basal lamina, consisting of a fibrous
network of collagen and proteoglycans that supports the epithelial cell layer.
2. epithelial:control
Epithelial cells line the body cavities and surface of organs and blood vessels. Their functions
include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing.
3. simple columnar
Goblet cells are found scattered among the epithelial cells, mostly in the respiratory and
intestinal tracts. These cells are simple columnar epithelial cells with a narrow base and
expanded apical portion (glandular shape). They secrete mucus which protect against stress and
chemical damage, and destroy the microorganisms and particulate matter..
Write the interface (.h file) of a class Accumulator containing A d.pdf
Write the interface (.h file) of a class Accumulator containing: A data member named sum of
type integer. A constructor accepting no parameters. A function named getSum that accepts no
parameters and returns an integer. A function named add that accepts an integer parameter and
returns no value.
Solution
Accumulator.h
class Accumulator{
private:
int sum;
public:
Accumulator();
int getSum();
void add(int x);
};.
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Exploration of founder effects and genetic drift in the Amish. Also introduced the theory of inbreeding and mutation.
anthropology lab reports
The four evolutionary forces are natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Mutation introduces new genetic variation, while genetic drift and population bottlenecks can cause changes in allele frequencies in small, isolated populations. The evolutionary force that causes the fastest change in gene frequency is natural selection because it can eliminate entire traits from a population. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene and is maintained in some populations because it provides resistance to malaria.
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Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random fluctuations. Over many generations, genetic drift usually results in the loss or fixation of an allele. The rate of genetic drift depends on population size, with smaller populations experiencing greater drift due to chance fluctuations. Genetic drift can lead to loss of genetic variation and influence how populations diverge genetically over time.
Changes in gene frequency
Gene frequency refers to the proportion of a particular allele within a population at a given locus. It can change over time due to various factors like mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, and selection. Genetic drift occurs when allele frequencies change due to chance rather than evolutionary influences, and can be seen through bottle neck effects when population sizes drastically decrease, or founder effects when new populations are established. Migration also impacts gene frequencies as individuals move between populations, carrying alleles with them. Mutation introduces new alleles, while selection influences which alleles increase or decrease in frequency based on their effects on fitness.
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1) The Amish population originated from around 400 founders and has since expanded, making it a valuable population for genetic studies due to excellent records and a restricted gene pool. This small founder population size has led to significant genetic drift.
2) Several disadvantageous alleles have drifted to high frequencies in the Amish despite being selected against, demonstrating that genetic drift affects all loci.
3) Inbreeding is defined as non-random mating between relatives, increasing identity by descent; however, the Amish avoid close cousin marriages, resulting in less inbreeding than expected from random mating.
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Genetic drift is random changes in gene frequencies that occur by chance in small populations rather than through natural selection. According to Sewall Wright's theory of genetic drift, gene frequencies in small populations can change randomly due to sampling errors, potentially leading one allele to become fixed and another to be lost over time. Evidence from experiments on banded and bandless snail populations supports genetic drift operating in small populations by causing random changes in allele frequencies. Genetic drift plays a role in evolution by causing variations between isolated populations and possibly leading to the emergence of new species.
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This document summarizes several mechanisms of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, artificial selection, sexual selection, and macroevolution patterns like adaptive radiation and convergent evolution. Natural selection leads to adaptations that increase fitness while genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow cause random changes in allele frequencies. Recombination generates genetic variation and macroevolution transforms life over long time periods through mass extinctions and diversification.
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1. Population genetics is the quantitative study of genetic variation in populations and how gene frequencies change over time.
2. Genetic variation results in alleles, which are alternate forms of genes that arise from mutations or polymorphisms.
3. Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant in a population under ideal conditions such as large population size, random mating, and no evolutionary influences.
4. Factors like gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating, and selection can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by changing allele frequencies between generations.
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This document discusses human biological variation and adaptation. It rejects the concept of biological race, as human populations have not been isolated enough to develop into discrete groups. Phenotypic traits like skin color vary due to natural selection pressures from environmental factors like sunlight, rather than discrete ancestry. Examples of biological adaptation in humans include skin color variations correlated with sunlight levels, disease resistance genes correlated with local diseases, and body type variations correlated with temperature and altitude. Genetic markers show most human genetic variation is within populations rather than between them.
Evoluton in small populatin
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by HAIDER ALI
In biology evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection,
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change.
Loss of genetic diversity
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
Loss of genetic diversity
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
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A population is a group of the same species living in a geographical area at a given time. Variation exists between members of a population in structural, biochemical, physiological, developmental, and behavioral traits. This variation is caused by genetic and environmental factors and is maintained in a population at equilibrium by a balance of evolutionary forces. Over time, agents of change like natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and artificial selection can act on populations to change allele frequencies and potentially lead to the formation of new species.
Mechanisms of Evolution: Population Selection and Change
The document discusses several key mechanisms of evolution:
1. Mutations introduce new genetic variations within populations.
2. Natural selection leads to changes in populations over generations as certain traits increase chances of survival and reproduction.
3. Gene flow spreads variations between populations through migration and interbreeding.
4. Genetic drift causes random fluctuations in allele frequencies that can accumulate over time, especially in small, isolated populations.
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ppt comprising how the variation in our genes(variability from races to races) alters our health and disease status
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There are five main mechanisms of evolution: natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutations, and non-random mating. Natural selection occurs as individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Gene flow introduces new alleles as individuals migrate and breed with other populations. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations. Mutations provide genetic variation for natural selection to act upon. Non-random mating, like sexual selection and inbreeding, can also change allele frequencies in a population over time.
In a classic study of blood types in Italy, Dr. Luigi Cavalli sfo.pdf
In a classic study of blood types in Italy, Dr. Luigi Cavalli sforza (1969) found that small,
isolated towns in mountain regions had reduced genetic diversity within populations, but showed
significant genetic differences from one town to the next. In valley regions with more movement
of people from place to place, he found more diversity within the population of any given town,
and fewer differences between towns. If you consider your genetic simulation to represent one
mountain town, and other lab groups to represent different mountain towns, can you explain
Cavalli-Sforza\'s results? How could you alter this lab procedure to simulate what happens in the
valley towns?
Solution
The genetic history of a group of populations is usually analyzed by reconstructing a tree of their
origins. Reliability of the reconstruction depends upon the validity of the hypothesis that genetic
differentiation of the populations is mostly due to population fissions followed by independent
evolution.
Most patterns found in the analysis of human living populations are likely to be consequences of
demographic expansions, determined by technological developments affecting food availability,
transportation, or Military power. During such expansions, both genes and languages are spread
to potentially vast areas.
The first tree of evolution based on gene frequencies of living humans was published 34 years
ago. It was based on genetic distances among 15 populations, 3 per continent, calculated from 5
blood groups, with a total of 20 alleles. The number of genes used was admittedly small, but it
was practically impossible to get more information at that time.
The most important difference is in the position of Europe, which with neighbor joining branches
out first after the splitting of Africans and non-Africans and with maximum likelihood is the last
but one..
Unit 12 Mechanisms For Evolution
The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottlenecks or when founding new populations. Gene flow can increase genetic variation in small populations. Isolated populations can adapt differently and eventually become reproductively isolated, leading to speciation. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations and can predict genotype frequencies.
Unit 12 Mechanisms for evolution
The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottleneck events or when a small group founds a new population. Isolated populations can evolve into separate species over time if reproductive barriers form between them. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations, but real populations rarely meet all its assumptions and can evolve through factors like genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural and sexual selection.
Genetic diversity among the arabs
This document summarizes genetic diversity among Arab populations. Major factors contributing to their diversity include migrations of Semitic tribes from the Arabian Peninsula and subsequent mixing with other populations. Consanguineous marriages are common, ranging from 25-90% depending on the population. This has increased frequencies of autosomal recessive disorders. Common genetic disorders discussed include hemoglobinopathies, familial Mediterranean fever, neuromuscular disorders, and metabolic disorders. Overall, the document provides an overview of genetic characteristics and prevalent genetic conditions among Arab groups.
Similar to Gene frequencies for the ABO alleles vary geographically. For exa.pdf (20)
Mechanisms of Evolution: Population Selection and Change
Mechanisms of Evolution: Population Selection and Change
Genetic variation and its role in health and pharmacology
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With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be.pdf
With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact? basal surface
basement membrane tight junctions apical surface gap junctions Which of the following
relationships between a tissue and its general function is not correct? Epithelial: control Nerve:
control Connective: support Muscle: movement Goblet cells are found in which of these
epithelia. Stratified squmous Simple squmaous Transitional Simple columnar
Solution
1. apical surface
The stomach surface is lined with mucus secreting columnar epithelial cells. A single
cell structure consists of three surfaces-apical, lateral and basal.
The apical surface faces the intestinal lumen. Extending from the apical surface are
numerous fingerlike projections (100 nm in diameter) called microvilli, referred as the brush
border due to their appearance. Microvilli greatly increase the area of the apical surface,
enhancing the absorptive and transportive capacity of the intestinal epithelium. Overlying the
brush border, are the oligosaccharide side chains of integral membrane glycoproteins,
glycolipids, and enzymes (glycocalyx) catalyzing the final digestion of ingested carbohydrates
and proteins. The resultant monosaccharides and amino acids produced are transported across the
intestinal epithelium and eventually into the bloodstream.
The lateral surface encloses tight junctions, adherens junctions, spotdesmosome, gap
junction, intermediate filament, and hemidesmosome.
-Tight junctions, prevent diffusion of substances between the intestinal lumen and the blood via
the extracellular space between cells. They function as a selective and semipermeable barrier
between apical and basolateral compartments of the epithelial layer. They facilitate the passage
of small ions and water-soluble solutes through the paracellular space while preventing the
passage of luminal antigens, microorganisms and their toxins.
-Gap junctions are door-like connections between each epithelial cells.They allow movement of
small molecules and ions between the cytosol of adjacent cells.
-The remaining three types of junctions, adherens junctions, spot desmosomes, and
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The basal surface of the epithelial cells is the basal lamina, consisting of a fibrous
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intestinal tracts. These cells are simple columnar epithelial cells with a narrow base and
expanded apical portion (glandular shape). They secrete mucus which protect against stress and
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type integer. A constructor accepting no parameters. A function named getSum that accepts no
parameters and returns an integer. A function named add that accepts an integer parameter and
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Solution
Accumulator.h
class Accumulator{
private:
int sum;
public:
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added in the reaction for amplifying specific sequences.
4. Ligase: This enzyme catalyze the DNA repair process by joining of ends of DNA molecules.
In these reactions, this enzyme links the phosphate to a neighboring sugar molecule, thus
forming the backbone of DNA.
5. Sliding clamp: This clamp protein binds to DNA polymerase (enyme synthesizing the DNA
chain), and prevents it from dissociation from the template. Thus it acts as a promoting factor in
DNA replication process. The clamp-polymerase interactions are stronger and more specific. It
increases the rate of reaction progression..
Write your own definition of cloning. No plagarism!SolutionClo.pdf
Write your own definition of cloning. No plagarism!
Solution
Cloning:-
Exact copying or Repilcating any thing is called as cloning.
Per supose in Biology Cloning is defind as --- A group of cells or organisms that are descended
from and genetically identical to a single progenetor, such as a bacterial colony whose members
arose from a single cell.
Write appropriate SQL DDL statements (Create Table Statements) for d.pdf
The document provides SQL DDL statements to define the schema for a relational database about researchers, experiments, microarrays, and the relationship between experiments and microarrays. It includes CREATE TABLE statements that define primary keys and foreign keys to link the tables for researcher name and ID, experiment ID and date, microarray ID and attributes, and a join table to contain the many-to-many relationship between experiments and microarrays.
Write a class called Student that extends the provided Person class..pdf
Write a class called Student that extends the provided Person class. Ensure that your student
class is a concrete class. The foo method for a person should display (to standard output) the
person\'s age and name in a nice way (e.g, \"Nigel\'s age is 14\"). When a person makes a noise it
is their name repeated N times where N is the person\'s age. public abstract class Person
implements Noisy Person Class public String name; 3 ublic int age; s public abstract void foo);
public interface Noisy 2 String noise) 1 public interface Noisy{ Noisy Interface 1 public
interface Comparable 2 i Comparable Interface int compareTo(Type other); 1 public class Date 2
int day, month, year; Date Class public Date(int d, int m, int y){ dayd; month - m; year-y;
Solution
public class Student extends Person{
Student(String name, int age){
this.name = name; // initialising the student properties
this.age = age;
}
public void foo(){
if(isNoisy()){ //check if person makes noise
for(int i=0 ; i< age; i++ ){
System.out.print(\" \"+name+\" \");
}
}else{
System.out.println(name+\"\\\'s age is \"+age);
}
}
}
// Note: Information about the Noisy class is required..
why NADH and FADH2 are a type of energy currencySolutionEnergy.pdf
why NADH and FADH2 are a type of energy currency
Solution
Energy used by the body for its many activities ultimately comes from the chemical energy in
our food.
The chemical energy in our food is converted to reducing agents NADH and FADH2 .
These reducing agents are then used to make ATP.
ATP stores chemical energy ,so that it is available to the body in a readily accessible form.
The energy needed by the body is coming from NADH and FADH2, that why they are type of
energy currency..
Who is D.L ShellSolutionHi friend,Donald L. Shell (March 1,.pdf
Who is D.L Shell?
Solution
Hi friend,
Donald L. Shell (March 1, 1924 – November 2, 2015) was an American computer scientist who
designed the Shell sort sorting algorithm. He acquired his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the
University of Cincinnati in 1959, and published the shell sort algorithm in the Communications
of the ACM in July that same year.
YOu can read on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Shell.
Which of the following correctly states the functions of the roug.pdf
Which of the following correctly states the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ? lipid
metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and synthesis of the lipid components of lipoproteins
absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats. storage of calcium ions synthesis of the cell\'s
membranes
Solution
As per the given options rough endoplasmic reticulum functions are :-
2) Absorbtion, synthesis and transport of fats & 4) Synthesis of cell membranes
Generally, the eucaryotic cell contains two types of endoplasmic reticulum
i) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum why named as rough means it contains ribosomes on it so, the
surface of the reticulum looks rough. The main function of the rough ER is protein synthesis due
to the ribosomes.
Rough ER through the membrane contact sites contact with the other organells allowing the
transfer of lipids and other small molecules.
The intestinal cells, pancreatic cells, which involves in the absorption process contains more
rough ER why because the proteins synthesized by the Rough ER involved in the intracellular
transport of resynthesized lipids.So the rough ER indirectly helps in the absorption process.
ii)Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:-
Due to the absence of ribosomes it looks smooth so named as smooth ER. The main role is lipid
metabolism, and synthesis of carbohydrates and steroid harmones and storage of calcium ions
So, in the given question the first option(Lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, synthesis of
lipid components of lipo proteins) indicates smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum functions
2nd option Absorbtion, synthesis and transport of fats indicates Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
functions
3rd Option Indicates(Storage of Calcium ions) smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum functions
4th Option is synthesis of cell membrane, For this function the main role of rough Endoplasmic
reticulum is during the lipid transport the replenishment of new membranes is done by the
morphological change of rough endoplasmic reticulum involved..
What is isomerism How many kinds are there Define each kind and.pdf
What is isomerism? How many kinds are there? Define each kind and explain with examples?
What is isomerism? How many kinds are there? Define each kind and explain with examples?
Solution
The process of isomerism involves the isomers .These are basically defined as the molecules
which have the same molecular formula but they usually possess a different arrangement of the
atoms in space. They are of two types:
1.Constitutional isomers :They are defined as the compounds in which the various atoms are
connected or bonded in a different manner .They are also called as structural isomers
2.Stereoisomers:On the other hand ,they are the compounds which differ on the basis of
orientation in space.They are of two types
a)Enantiomers :They are the compounds which are usually a mirror image of one another and
thehese mirror images are also non-superimposable
b)Diastereomers :They are isomers which are not mirror images of one another.Moreover these
compounds are non-superimposable. They are of two types: cis and trans
->Cis-isomers are the isomers which usually contain atoms which are oriented on the same side
of a bond.
->On the other hand the Trans-isomers are the compounds that have atoms oriented on opposite
sides of a bond.
What is the definition of the words, and state the diffe.pdf
What is the definition of the words, and state the difference between them if there is:
1- D-Flip Flop
2- Register
3- Equality
4- Counter
5- Adder
6- Multiplexer
What is the definition of the words, and state the difference between them if there is:
1- D-Flip Flop
2- Register
3- Equality
4- Counter
5- Adder
6- Multiplexer
What is the definition of the words, and state the difference between them if there is:
1- D-Flip Flop
2- Register
3- Equality
4- Counter
5- Adder
6- Multiplexer
Solution
1. The D flip-flop tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D. The D
stands for \"data\"; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. It can be thought of as a
basic memory cell. The Q output always takes on the state of the D input at the moment of a
rising clock edge. (or falling edge if the clock input is active low).
2. A register is a group of binary cells suitable for holding binary information. A group of
cascaded flip flops used to store related bits of information is known as a register.
4. A counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular
event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. Each pulse applied to the
clock input increments or decrements the number in the counter.
5. An adder, also called summer, is a digital circuit that performs addition of n-bit binary
numbers.
6. A multiplexer (or mux) is a device that selects one of several analog or digital input signals
and forwards the selected input into a single line. A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n select lines,
which are used to select which input line to send to the output..
Two sources of radio waves (call them 1 and 2) are separated by a dis.pdf
Two sources of radio waves (call them 1 and 2) are separated by a distance d along the a-axis in
the plane, and emit sinusoidal waves of the same wavelength A and frequency f in the N (+y), S
(-y), E (+x), and W (-x) directions. Suppose that we want to arrange the sources to broadcast a
signal in the E direction, but not the W. Can this be accomplished? If so, how? In not, why?
Solution
both the sources are identicle and emit in all direction N,S,E,W. by introducing a path difference
equal to half wave length the waves will have distructive interference and signal is destroyed but
this happens in both the direction E nd W equally.
Hence it is not possible to arrnge the sources such that we have signal only in E nd not in W, the
only way to achieve this is to shield the source in W direction or put reflectors in W direction so
that all W signal is reflected back to E.
Use the information in the table to select the image that represents .pdf
Use the information in the table to select the image that represents the structure of B-form DNA.
Solution
First one represents the B DNA
The structure identified by Watson and Crick, is known as B DNA and is believed to be the
idealised form of the structure adopted by virtually all DNA in vivo. It is characterized by a
helical repeat of 10 bp/turn by the presence of base pairs lying on the helix axis and almost
perpendicular to it, and by having well defined, deep major and minor grooves..
Triggers can only be used to update table values. PLSQL blocks have.pdf
Triggers can only be used to update table values. PL/SQL blocks have a section used to declare
variables. True False
Solution
Please find the answers below:
1) False; triggers are not only used to update the table values, but also they are being used in
many places like: generating derived column, enforcing referential integrity, imposing security
authorizations, etc...
2) True; PL/SQL has a dedicated section where the variables are being declared. The blocks
name is DECLARE block, which comes before the actual code of statements which is defined in
a BEGIN - END blocks..
TB is a major worldwide disease with new cases arising at an alarmin.pdf
TB is a major worldwide disease with new cases arising at an alarming rate, What factors can
account for this and what lays behind the trend of multidrug resistant strains of mycobacterium?
please cite reference.
Solution
Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteriam tuberculosis. TB is one of the most common cause of
death due to infection of the mycobacteriam species.various factor have been found to develop
resistance against M. tuberculosis. resistance means simply afterwards that drug potency in terms
of pharmacological response will be decresed gradually and at certain level it will not active
against the strain. There are two types of resistance 1. natural resistance and second is aquired
resistance. natural resistance is found on wild strain. multidrug resistance is the phase in which
strain is not responsive against primary line therapy of disease.
factor which induced resistance
gene factor
In a recent year study suggest that the patient who shows the presence of HLA -DRB1 13 and
HLA-DRB 1 14 has two fold risk to develop resistance against strain.(Park et al.)
Incomplete and inadequate mangment Review of literature suggests that the most powerful
factor of MDR-TB is a history of treatment of tuberculosis(diagnosis). TB patients get treated
with DOTS regimens not only through the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
(RNTCP), but also receive treatment from private medical doctors. Irregular, incomplete,
inadequate treatment is the commonest mean of acquiring drug resistant due to improper
mangment of drug mostly organism develop the resistnacce against drug eg. use of single drug to
treat tb is the fetal cause to develope resistance against organisms.it may be due to ignorance.
anothe common error in prescription error it may like additions syndromes.
Inadequate treatment compliance : the change over form has complied a significant effece in
development of drug resistance it was observed that only 44 per cent of the patients receiving
short-course treatment (n=2300) and 36 per cent of those receiving standard chemotherapy
(n=1000) completed 81 per cent or more of their treatment.
Noncompliance with prescribed treatment is often underestimated by the physician and is
difficult to predict. On the other hand, certain factors such as psychiatric illness, alcoholism, drug
addiction and homelessness do predict noncompliance .The drug defaulter, just like placebo
reactor is not a consistent or readily identified person demographic factors such as ,sex, age,
marital status,socio-economic status and education levelhave not been found to correlate with the
degree of compliance..
7. How did printing technology impact literacy and educationSol.pdf
7. How did printing technology impact literacy and education?
Solution
7. How did printing technology impact literacy and education?
Printing technology impacted literacy and education. Printing transformend the world and made
very important changes.
Previously people don\'t have much access to information. They used to write. So, the books are
expensive. In 15th century Johannes Gutenberg invented a printing machine and made it
available to world.
Not all are rich enough to buy hand written books till 15th century. As books are expensive so
does literacy. To learn to read and write, need to refer to books. When this printing machine
came to availability, books became cheap and affordable. Then on wards the barrier of high cost
had gone.
Source of knowledge are hand written papers or books besides people. Information is not so
much available. Again because of expensive things. When printing is available news papers
came into picture and from then on people had one more source of knowledge which is cheaper.
In this way printing technology impact literacy and education..
Question 1Theories of Law Subject__________ is a collaborative.pdf
Question 1////Theories of Law Subject
__________ is a collaborative effort of two or more agencies that provides resources, expertise,
and information with the goal of maximizing its capabilities to detect, prevent and respond to
terrorist activities.
State patrol
Federal investigations units
Fusion centers
DHS
2 points
Question 2
By 2008, the TSA had supplied about 43,000 __________ in an effort to secure air transportation
systems.
police officers
U.S. coast guard agents
border patrol agents
security personnel
2 points
Question 3
The average life expectancy of a police officer is __________ years old.
62
49
57
40
2 points
Question 4
The Department of Justice oversees all of the following agencies EXCEPT:
the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
the U.S. Marshals Service.
the Drug Enforcement Administration.
the Financial Crimes Network.
2 points
Question 5
The most controversial method of ending job discrimination is the concept of __________.
affirmative action
reverse discrimination
adverse impact
double marginality
2 points
Question 6
On average, about __________of full-time sworn personnel in a local police department are
female.
88.7%
10.2%
2.7%
11.3%
2 points
Question 7
The police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of __________.
omniscience
omnipresence
patrolling
fear
2 points
Question 8
Klockars defines the basic functions of policing as:
dealing with all those problems that may require the use of coercive force.
patrolling on foot throughout local neighborhoods.
arresting persons for crimes of vandalism.
arresting persons for violent offenses.
2 points
Question 9
The position of the Patrol Sergeant falls under the __________ in the chain of command from
Chief to Patrol officer.
Patrol Lieutenant
Operations Captain
Chief of Police
First Lieutenant
2 points
Question 10
The Supreme Court ruled that police may stop automobiles based on reasonable suspicion in all
of the following ways EXCEPT:
a crime was being committed.
a traffic violation occurred.
a random routine stop.
all citizens are subject to the stop.
2 points
Question 11
The __________ is considered one of the most important units in investigating terrorism in the
U.S.
FBI-Joint Terrorist Task Force
ATF
Department of Homeland Security
National Counterterrorism Center
2 points
Question 12
Studies have indicated that laws establishing administrative license revocations have helped
reduce alcohol-related crashes by __________ percent.
30
40
20
60
2 points
Question 13
Which of the following is NOT one of the FBI\'s post-9/11 priorities?
To protect civil rights
To combat terrorism against the United States
To protect the U.S. against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes
To monitor the flow of trade and travel
2 points
Question 14
__________ is the process of running an organization so that the organization can accomplish its
goals.
Bureaucracy
Management
Structure
Coordinating
2 points
Question 15
In the early days of policing in England, the watchmen in a.
Q Describe the 2 types of homologs. (1) Orthologs (2) ParalogsS.pdf
Q: Describe the 2 types of homologs. (1) Orthologs (2) Paralogs
Solution
1. Orthologs: These are genes found in different species that resulted from speciation of a
common ancestral gene. During this event of evolution, the orthologs retain their original
function.
2. Paralogs: These genes are resulted from duplication event with a genome. And during the
evolution, paralogs evolve to attain new function unlike orthologs..
Please fix the java code (using eclipse)package hw4p1;import jav.pdf
Please fix the java code (using eclipse)
package hw4p1;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MeanMedianHWv2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String[] arrDate = { \"\", \"\", \"\",\"\" };
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
Boolean day = true;
// Year
do
{
System.out.println(\"Enter a year (2016)\");
arrDate[0] = in.next();
if (!arrDate[0].equalsIgnoreCase(\"2016\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong Input. \'2016\' only! Try again.\");
}
else
{
arrDate[0] = \"2016\";
}
} while(!arrDate[0].equalsIgnoreCase(\"2016\"));
// Month
do
{
System.out.println(\"Enter a month (01)\");
arrDate[1] = in.next();
if (!arrDate[1].equalsIgnoreCase(\"01\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong Input. \'01\' only! Try again!\");
}
else
{
arrDate[1] = \"01\";
}
} while(!arrDate[1].equalsIgnoreCase(\"01\"));
// Day
do
{
System.out.println(\"Enter a Day (04-10)\");
arrDate[2] = in.next();
//if (arrDate[2] > 10 || arrDate[2] < 4)
if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"04\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong Inpit. \'04\' - \'10\' only! Try again!\");
}
//else if (arrDate[2] == 4)
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"05\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"06\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"07\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"08\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"09\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"10\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else
{
arrDate[2] = \"04\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"05\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"06\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"07\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"08\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"09\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"10\";
day = false;
}
} while (day);
do {
System.out.println(\"which data? \'w\' for wind, \'b\' for baro pressure, \'t\' for temp\");
arrDate[3] = in.next();
if (!arrDate[3]. equalsIgnoreCase (\"w\") && !arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"b\") &&
!arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"t\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong input. \'w\' / \'b\' / \'t\' only! Try again\");
}
//while(!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"04\") && !arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"05\") &&
!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"05\"));
if (arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"w\"))
{
System.out.println(\"w\");
}
else if (arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"b\"))
{
System.out.println(\"b\");
}
else if (arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"t\"))
{
System.out.println(\"t\");
}
} while (!arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"w\") && !arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"b\") &&
!arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"t\"));
in.close();
String Date = arrDate[0] +.
Overview You are tasked with writing a program called Social Security.pdf
Overview You are tasked with writing a program called Social Security that prompts the user to
enter the data (name and date-ofbirth)for a collection of people. The program will then process
this collection (array) of People (objects we create in another file) to determine who qualifies for
Social Security benefits. Specifications For our Social Security program we will need two java
files 1. Person java The person class which stores the data for a specific individual 2.
SocialSecurity.java (The driver) Details for these two class files appear below. Person ava UML
diagram name: String birthdate: LocalDate Person0 Person (newName: String, month: int, day:
int, year: int) NetName newName: String) void getName(): String set BirthDate month int, day:
int, year int) void get BirthDate 0 LocalDate toString(): String calculate Age(myBirth
LocalDate) int Person ava method description Two constructors 1. A Default constructor that
creates a Person whose name and birthdate are set to null. 2. A parameterized constructor that
accepts a String representation of the name, and three integers corresponding to the month, day,
and year in which the person was born. Setters and getters for the two instance variables. A
toString0 method that prints the person in the form dob
Solution
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.Period;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.Scanner;
class Person {
String name;
LocalDate birthdate;
public Person() {
super();
}
public Person(String name, int month, int day, int year) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.birthdate = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public LocalDate getBirthdate() {
return birthdate;
}
public void setBirthdate(int month, int day, int year) {
this.birthdate = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(\"MM/dd/yyyy\");
birthdate.format(formatter);
return \"Person [name=\" + name + \", birthdate=\" + birthdate + \"]\";
}
public int calculateAge() {
return Period.between(birthdate, LocalDate.now()).getYears();
}
public void qualifySSN() {
if(this.calculateAge()>66)
System.out.println(\"Qualifies for Social Security Benifits\");
else
System.out.println(\"Doesnot qualifies for Social Security Benefits\");
}
}
public class SocialSecurity {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length > 1)
System.out.println(\"Invalid number of command line arguments\");
int num = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
Person[] p = new Person[num];
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in).useDelimiter(\"\\\ \");
;
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
System.out.println(\"enter persons name\");
String name = in.next();
System.out.println(\"enter date of birth in the format Month Day Year\");
String dob = in.next();
String[] temp = dob.split(\" \");
p[i] = new Person(name, Integer.parseInt(temp[0]), Integer.parseInt(temp[1]),
Integer.pa.
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Gene frequencies for the ABO alleles vary geographically. For exa.pdf
- 1. Gene frequencies for the ABO alleles vary geographically. For example the I^A allele makes up nearly 50% of the genes for blood type among Australian Aborigines, about 25% in Central Asian populations, and 0% in peoples native to South America. No blood type has sufficient selective advantage over another to explain these regional differences. From these facts, what can you infer about the history of our species Did humanity develop as a large and continuous population spreading out across the planet, or did we disperse while still living in small scattered groups Solution Based on the above data human population developed as small, some of them scattered into small groups and acclimatised to new geographical area. In each group some dominant blood alleles become predominant and become major allele in that population during course of time. This is the reason for differences in gene frequencies