This document discusses gender, sex, and health. It begins with definitions of key terms like sex, gender, and gender roles. It explores the differences between sex and gender and how biology, genetics, and hormones can impact health differently for males and females. It then examines the social construction of gender roles and cultural expectations for men and women. The document outlines several theories of gender inequality and discusses feminism and its perspectives. It analyzes how industrialization shaped gender roles and employment. Finally, it touches on emancipation and the origins of gender stereotypes.
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
A brief comparison between the dramas aired during the 1970s & 1980s with the ones in the 2000s. PTV was known for it's quality dramas all over the world, sadly they have lost their lustre in attempt to copy Indian soap like format.
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
A brief comparison between the dramas aired during the 1970s & 1980s with the ones in the 2000s. PTV was known for it's quality dramas all over the world, sadly they have lost their lustre in attempt to copy Indian soap like format.
Universal health coverage was established in the WHO constitution of 1948 declaring health a fundamental human right.The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.
Measuring Health and Disease I: Introduction to Epidemiology Module GuideSaide OER Africa
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. It was designed to meet the growing need for an applied course in the measurement of a variety of health indicators and outcomes. Whether you manage a health programme, a health facility, or simply have to interpret health data in the course of your work, this module sets out to increase your capacity to deal with health and disease information. It aims to assist you in applying epidemiological knowledge and skills to a variety of Public Health problems such as:
Is your DOTS programme succeeding?
What does it mean if a TB prevalence is 850/100 000?
Is this a Public Health problem or not?
What is the “burden of disease” in different communities?
1 S e x a n d G e n d e r SEX AND GENDER Learni.docxjeremylockett77
1 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
SEX AND GENDER
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Differentiate between sex and gender.
Define gender roles, gender role socialization, and gender role identify.
Compare females’ life experiences to that of males.’
Examine the Men’s Movement.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER?
By far, sex and gender have been two of the most
socially significant factors in the history of the
world and the United States. Sex is one’s
biological classification as male or female, which is
biologically determined at the moment the sperm
fertilizes the egg. Sex can be precisely defined at
the genetic level with XX being female and XY
being male. The main difference between sexes is
the reproductive body parts assigned to each
(including their functions and corresponding
hormones).
Males and females have much more in common than they have differences. Every major
system of the human body functions in very similar ways to the point that health
guidelines, disease prevention and maintenance, and even organ transplants are very
similar and guided under a large umbrella of shared guidelines. True, there are medical
specialists in treating men and women, but again the similarities outweigh the differences.
Today you probably ate breakfast, took a shower (hopefully), walked in the sunlight,
sweated, slept, used the bathroom, was exposed to germs and pathogens, grew more hair
and finger nails, exerted your muscles to the point that they became stronger, and felt and
managed stress. So did every man and woman you know and in very similar ways.
So, why the big debate of the battle of the sexes? Perhaps it’s because of the impact of
gender, the cultural definition of what it means to be a man or a woman. In other words,
gender is socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sex.
Therefore, sex=male, female and gender=masculine, feminine. Gender is culturally-based
and varies in a thousand subtle ways across the many diverse cultures of the world.
Gender has been shaped by political, religious, philosophical, linguistic, traditional, and
other cultural forces for many years. To this day, in most countries of the world women
and girls are still oppressed and denied access to opportunities more often than men and
boys. This can be seen through many diverse historical documents. When reading these
documents, the most common theme of how women were historically oppressed in the
world’s societies is the omission of women as being legally, biologically, economically, and
2 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
even spiritually on par with men. The second most common theme is the assumption that
women were somehow broken versions of men or lesser beings than men.1
Biology has disproven the belief that women are broken versions of men. In fact, the 23rd
chromosome looks like XX in females and XY in ...
1 S e x a n d G e n d e r SEX AND GENDER Learni.docxkarisariddell
1 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
SEX AND GENDER
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Differentiate between sex and gender.
Define gender roles, gender role socialization, and gender role identify.
Compare females’ life experiences to that of males.’
Examine the Men’s Movement.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER?
By far, sex and gender have been two of the most
socially significant factors in the history of the
world and the United States. Sex is one’s
biological classification as male or female, which is
biologically determined at the moment the sperm
fertilizes the egg. Sex can be precisely defined at
the genetic level with XX being female and XY
being male. The main difference between sexes is
the reproductive body parts assigned to each
(including their functions and corresponding
hormones).
Males and females have much more in common than they have differences. Every major
system of the human body functions in very similar ways to the point that health
guidelines, disease prevention and maintenance, and even organ transplants are very
similar and guided under a large umbrella of shared guidelines. True, there are medical
specialists in treating men and women, but again the similarities outweigh the differences.
Today you probably ate breakfast, took a shower (hopefully), walked in the sunlight,
sweated, slept, used the bathroom, was exposed to germs and pathogens, grew more hair
and finger nails, exerted your muscles to the point that they became stronger, and felt and
managed stress. So did every man and woman you know and in very similar ways.
So, why the big debate of the battle of the sexes? Perhaps it’s because of the impact of
gender, the cultural definition of what it means to be a man or a woman. In other words,
gender is socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sex.
Therefore, sex=male, female and gender=masculine, feminine. Gender is culturally-based
and varies in a thousand subtle ways across the many diverse cultures of the world.
Gender has been shaped by political, religious, philosophical, linguistic, traditional, and
other cultural forces for many years. To this day, in most countries of the world women
and girls are still oppressed and denied access to opportunities more often than men and
boys. This can be seen through many diverse historical documents. When reading these
documents, the most common theme of how women were historically oppressed in the
world’s societies is the omission of women as being legally, biologically, economically, and
2 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
even spiritually on par with men. The second most common theme is the assumption that
women were somehow broken versions of men or lesser beings than men.1
Biology has disproven the belief that women are broken versions of men. In fact, the 23rd
chromosome looks like XX in females and XY in.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a p
In this PPT i have discussed regarding sexuality and sexual health. The sub topics covered under sexuality and sexual health are as under:
1) Introduction
2) Definition of sexuality, human sexuality and sexual health
3) Importance of sexual health
4) Components of sexual health
5) Factor affecting sexual health
Universal health coverage was established in the WHO constitution of 1948 declaring health a fundamental human right.The goal of universal health coverage is to ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.
Measuring Health and Disease I: Introduction to Epidemiology Module GuideSaide OER Africa
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. It was designed to meet the growing need for an applied course in the measurement of a variety of health indicators and outcomes. Whether you manage a health programme, a health facility, or simply have to interpret health data in the course of your work, this module sets out to increase your capacity to deal with health and disease information. It aims to assist you in applying epidemiological knowledge and skills to a variety of Public Health problems such as:
Is your DOTS programme succeeding?
What does it mean if a TB prevalence is 850/100 000?
Is this a Public Health problem or not?
What is the “burden of disease” in different communities?
1 S e x a n d G e n d e r SEX AND GENDER Learni.docxjeremylockett77
1 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
SEX AND GENDER
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Differentiate between sex and gender.
Define gender roles, gender role socialization, and gender role identify.
Compare females’ life experiences to that of males.’
Examine the Men’s Movement.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER?
By far, sex and gender have been two of the most
socially significant factors in the history of the
world and the United States. Sex is one’s
biological classification as male or female, which is
biologically determined at the moment the sperm
fertilizes the egg. Sex can be precisely defined at
the genetic level with XX being female and XY
being male. The main difference between sexes is
the reproductive body parts assigned to each
(including their functions and corresponding
hormones).
Males and females have much more in common than they have differences. Every major
system of the human body functions in very similar ways to the point that health
guidelines, disease prevention and maintenance, and even organ transplants are very
similar and guided under a large umbrella of shared guidelines. True, there are medical
specialists in treating men and women, but again the similarities outweigh the differences.
Today you probably ate breakfast, took a shower (hopefully), walked in the sunlight,
sweated, slept, used the bathroom, was exposed to germs and pathogens, grew more hair
and finger nails, exerted your muscles to the point that they became stronger, and felt and
managed stress. So did every man and woman you know and in very similar ways.
So, why the big debate of the battle of the sexes? Perhaps it’s because of the impact of
gender, the cultural definition of what it means to be a man or a woman. In other words,
gender is socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sex.
Therefore, sex=male, female and gender=masculine, feminine. Gender is culturally-based
and varies in a thousand subtle ways across the many diverse cultures of the world.
Gender has been shaped by political, religious, philosophical, linguistic, traditional, and
other cultural forces for many years. To this day, in most countries of the world women
and girls are still oppressed and denied access to opportunities more often than men and
boys. This can be seen through many diverse historical documents. When reading these
documents, the most common theme of how women were historically oppressed in the
world’s societies is the omission of women as being legally, biologically, economically, and
2 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
even spiritually on par with men. The second most common theme is the assumption that
women were somehow broken versions of men or lesser beings than men.1
Biology has disproven the belief that women are broken versions of men. In fact, the 23rd
chromosome looks like XX in females and XY in ...
1 S e x a n d G e n d e r SEX AND GENDER Learni.docxkarisariddell
1 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
SEX AND GENDER
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Differentiate between sex and gender.
Define gender roles, gender role socialization, and gender role identify.
Compare females’ life experiences to that of males.’
Examine the Men’s Movement.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER?
By far, sex and gender have been two of the most
socially significant factors in the history of the
world and the United States. Sex is one’s
biological classification as male or female, which is
biologically determined at the moment the sperm
fertilizes the egg. Sex can be precisely defined at
the genetic level with XX being female and XY
being male. The main difference between sexes is
the reproductive body parts assigned to each
(including their functions and corresponding
hormones).
Males and females have much more in common than they have differences. Every major
system of the human body functions in very similar ways to the point that health
guidelines, disease prevention and maintenance, and even organ transplants are very
similar and guided under a large umbrella of shared guidelines. True, there are medical
specialists in treating men and women, but again the similarities outweigh the differences.
Today you probably ate breakfast, took a shower (hopefully), walked in the sunlight,
sweated, slept, used the bathroom, was exposed to germs and pathogens, grew more hair
and finger nails, exerted your muscles to the point that they became stronger, and felt and
managed stress. So did every man and woman you know and in very similar ways.
So, why the big debate of the battle of the sexes? Perhaps it’s because of the impact of
gender, the cultural definition of what it means to be a man or a woman. In other words,
gender is socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sex.
Therefore, sex=male, female and gender=masculine, feminine. Gender is culturally-based
and varies in a thousand subtle ways across the many diverse cultures of the world.
Gender has been shaped by political, religious, philosophical, linguistic, traditional, and
other cultural forces for many years. To this day, in most countries of the world women
and girls are still oppressed and denied access to opportunities more often than men and
boys. This can be seen through many diverse historical documents. When reading these
documents, the most common theme of how women were historically oppressed in the
world’s societies is the omission of women as being legally, biologically, economically, and
2 | S e x a n d G e n d e r
even spiritually on par with men. The second most common theme is the assumption that
women were somehow broken versions of men or lesser beings than men.1
Biology has disproven the belief that women are broken versions of men. In fact, the 23rd
chromosome looks like XX in females and XY in.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality. This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a powerpoint presentation about the gender and human sexuality.This is a p
In this PPT i have discussed regarding sexuality and sexual health. The sub topics covered under sexuality and sexual health are as under:
1) Introduction
2) Definition of sexuality, human sexuality and sexual health
3) Importance of sexual health
4) Components of sexual health
5) Factor affecting sexual health
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This presentation aims to assist the participants to understand the basic concept of Gender and Development (GAD) such as difference of SEX and GENDER as well as the relevance of Gender for Development.
This guide provides you general information to help immigrants understand how Spain, as your adoptive country, works and show you how to use the different resources and services available to ensure that you look after your health in general as this is indispensible in order to ensure your quality of life, wellbeing, and in doing so improve your sexual and reproductive health.
Immigrating entails an extensive and ongoing process of adapting to the customs and institutional and organisational mechanisms of the adoptive country in order to obtain legal status, find somewhere to live, a job, residence and work permits, schooling for families with children, health services, care for elderly people etc. all of which can cause stress which can in turn affect your health and your sex life.
This guide contains substantial information on an important aspect of everyone’s life, namely sexuality, including not only biological, psychological and emotional aspects but also social, cultural and even legal aspects which can affect reproduction and the right of families to decide, particularly women.
This guide is part of the "Program to promote sexual health and well-being of immigrants", developed by the Union of Family Associations (UNAF). For more information: www.unaf.org/saludsexualparainmigrantes
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
1. GENDER,SEX AND
HEALTH
MEDICAL & SURGICAL NURSING
Presented by GROUP 6
Participants:- summah , soobhang, rajjoo, saurty, shamtally ,rosool, tapsee, jaudoo,
teemul
2. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-overview
Key issues for today
Introduction
Definitions of sex ,gender &
gender role
Gender vs sex
Sex & health
Biology ,sex & health
Genetics & hormonal health
impacts
Genetics impacts
Hormonal impacts
Characteristics traits of man
Characteristics traits of woman
Biological & sexual division of
labour
Cultural construction of gender
in division of labour.
The social construction of gender roles
Gender inequality definitions
Gender inequality functionalism
Gender inequality Marxism ( conflict theory)
Gender inequality feminism
Gender inequality radical feminism
Gender inequality Marxist feminism
Gender inequality liberal feminism
Gender inequality black feminism
Gender inequality postmodern feminism
Gender employment & industrialisation
Gender employment & industrialisation evolution
Emancipation
Stereotypes –historical-religious-biological-
sociological
Gender & health status in Mauritius
conlusion
3. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-KEY ISSUES
FOR TODAY
DEFINING SEX AND
GENDER
SEX & GENDER AS
DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH
IMPACT OF SEX &
GENDER ON HEALTH
CARE
4. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-
INTRODUCTION
GENDER RECEIVING INCREASING
ATTENTION IN HEALTH /MEDICAL FIELD.
GENDER IS IT JUST AN UPDATED TERM
FOR SEX?
MUCH CONFUSION WITH TWO TERMS
OFTEN USED INTERCHANGEABLY.
OFTEN DISCUSSED IN CONTEXT OF
EQUITY BUT ALSO CENTRAL TO
EFFECTIVENESS AND TO ‘GOOD SCIENCE’
NOT JUST ABOUT WOMEN BUT ABOUT
MEN TOO.
5. GENDER ,SEX AND HEALTH-DEFINITIONS
DEFINITION OF SEX
sex refers to the biological differences
between males and females based on
physiological factors, including: sex
chromosomes, reproductive organs,
hormones, secondary characteristics.
Definitions of gender
gender refers to the way a society
perceives, evaluates, and expects males
and females to behave all societies have
gender categories but the traits assigned
to each differ from culture to culture.
Definitions of gender Role
– expected behaviour, attitudes, obligation
that a society assign to each sex.
6. GENDER,SEX,AND HEALTH-SEX VS
GENDER
there are two main biological differences
that are useful in a comparative study of
sex and gender cross-culturally
sexual dimorphism
physical differences based on genetic
differences between males and females
ex: differences in size and strength
reproductive physiology
women's ability to become pregnant,
carry and birth children, and produce
milk to nurse them
men's contribution of sperm
both areas are interpreted differently
depending on the culture
7. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-SEX AND
HEALTH
There are biological differences between
men and women that lead to differential
health outcomes
Differences in perinatal mortality – female
infants have a lower mortality rate than male
infants
The effect of sex differences is fairly stable
across societies
Our focus is on the impact of how
risks/protective factors are different for men
and women because of how society is
organized.
8. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-BIOLOGY,SEX
& HEALTH
Biological differences used starting point
for biomedical understanding of ‘being
male’ & ‘ being female’.
Reproductive potential key to women’s
survival & wellbeing.
Differences in reproductive organs mean
some health problems specific to women
& men ( e.g. Ca cervix and prostate)
Other biological differences between
sexes receiving increasing attention.
9. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Genetics and
hormonal health impacts
Range of genetic , hormonal , & metabolic
differences affect male & female patterns of
morbidity & mortality.
E.g. men more susceptible that women to range of
infectious diseases.
And women more likely than men to develop
autoimmune problems.
Men as a group develop heart disease earlier than
women.
Being male or female is determined only by
differences in reproductive and hormonal
variations.
So biology is important.
10. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-GENETICS
IMPACTS
One gene may have many effects, relations among
which may be difficult to discern.
Overlap among functions of different genes precludes a
simple demonstration that a given genes precludes a
simple demonstration that a given gene contribute to
given behaviour.
Incomplete & variable penetrance of dominant allele
render the statistical analysis of behavioural results
harder to explain.
From genes to behaviour must be as complex as the
physiology of the organs contributing to behaviour.
Because these routes will always include the central
nervous system, the complexity of the mammalian brain
guarantees that lack of discerning
gene/neuron/behaviour relations will not be finished
quickly.
In summary , specific genes clearly contribute to the
causation of specific mammalian social behaviours.
11. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Hormonal
impact
In the case of certain hormone –dependent
behaviours , neurochemical mechanisms
operating in known neural circuits can be
specified.
As part of that effort , illustrated for
hormone –dependent behaviours above ,
genetic contributions both during
development and in adulthood each early
defined biological function can be woven
into the fabric of neurophysiological &
neurochemical mechanisms as data
accumulate.
In summary, the gene product for the
nuclear hormone receptor for estradiol has
both direct & indirect developmental effects
on reproductive health in woman.
14. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Biological &
SEXUAL Division of Labour
The sexual division of labour is a
basic structural element in human
social organization.
Sexual dimorphism is a consequence
of this original division of labour.
Famous anthropologist, George Peter
Murdock (1897-1985) argued that the
biological difference between men
and women result in the sexual
division of labour. He posits that the
fact that women could give birth and
nurse, and that they lacked the
strength of most men, means that the
types of jobs they carry out would be
less demanding than the jobs of men.
15. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Cultural
construction of gender in division of labour
similar to the concept of “race as a cultural
construction,” the construction of gender
refers to how cultures take the framework set
up by biology and add meaning and value to it
.
personality traits
-females as caring, emotional, social,
physically fragile, and family oriented
-males as rational, physically strong, selfish,
rational/non-emotional , individualistic
careers
teacher, waitress, nurse, homemaker,
secretary, receptionist, nanny, representative
professor, chef, doctor, CEO,construction
worker, truck driver,
President, oil field worker, coach
16. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-The social
construction of gender roles The role of Women are very crucial in ensuring
that key societal tasks are fulfilled.
Husband perform – “Instrumental task”- decision
making- Economic supervision
Wife performs - “Expressive tasks”- providing
affection- emotion support of the family
For Talcott Parsons (Structural
Functionalist),women had a necessary role at
the home. He argued that because the woman
bore and nursed children, they would have a
closer bond and therefore it is only fair that they
stay at home and take care of the family, while
the man is the breadwinner for the home.
As such, the family works smoothly and
efficiently as a social system and all groups can
function side by side and harmoniously. A
woman’s place therefore is in the home.
17. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality
THEORIES ON GENDER INEQUALITY
Functionalism
Conflict Theory (Marxism)
Feminist Perspectives:
Radical Feminism
Marxist and socialist feminism
Liberal Feminism
Black Feminism
Postmodern Feminism
18. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-Functionalism
Women’s role is to take care of the family, socialization & household
chores.
Men were responsible for the economic sphere of the family.
Parsons and Robert Bales (1955) applied this theory to the modern
family and asserted that division of labour and role differentiation by
sex are universal principles of family organization and are functional to
the modern and ideal nuclear family.
19. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-Marxism (Conflict Theory)
Although Functionalist theory may have attempted
toexplain why gender roles emerged, they do not
explain why they’ve persisted.
Marxists blame the economic system – mainly
capitalism
Economic advantage leads to power and prestige
and if men are superior in the economic system, they
will undoubtedly be superior in the family.
Men own private property and therefore hold power
& authority
Solution – Capitalist Socialist Communist
society (where all is equal and classless, including
genderless– everyone’s job is deemed as important
and necessary)
20. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-feminism
According to Ann Oakley, Feminism
emerged in the 1970s.
The focus of feminism has been the
subordination of women and the
explanation for or cause of this
subordination; they also recommend
solutions.
Although Feminist theorists have been
responsible for developing theories of
gender inequality, there are variations
within the Feminist perspective.
21. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-Radical feminism
Radical Feminists blame men for the woes and
subordination of women. They see societies as
patriarchal (dominated and ruled by men).
The family is the main institution of oppressing
women. These women argue that rape and male
violence are methods used to secure male
dominance over women.
Some argue that women are not equal, but
superior to men, and seek a matriarchal society.
They reject any assistance of men and argue
that men are responsible for all the problems in
the world: war, poverty, terrorism, conflict.
22. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-Marxist feminism
They blame capitalism for women
oppression. They argue that women are also
exploited in terms of salary/paid
employment. They blame the economic
system.
They see greater scope for co-operation
between women and working-class men as
this group of men also suffers in a capitalist
society.
Solution is communist society.
23. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-Liberal feminism
The aims are more moderate and its
views pose less of a challenge to existing
values. For them, both men and women
suffer because of gender inequalities.
Women are denied potential success in
the workplace and men are denied
interaction and close relationship with
their offspring. They blame culture and
attitudes of individuals rather than
structures and institutions.
Willing to work with anyone who is
ready to eliminate discrimination and
gender inequalities.
24. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-Black feminism
Black Feminism developed out of
dissatisfaction of other feminists
perspectives.
They argue that black women suffer
the most because it is a double blow –
being a woman and being black.
For them, while white women began
to have access to some rights, such as
working in businesses and
government, black women were still
greatly discriminated against.
25. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender
Inequality-postmodern feminism
Postmodern feminism is the advancement to
feminist conjecture that incorporates
postmodern and post-structuralism theory
while distinguishing itself from all modernist
views and radical feminists.
Postmodernism is a concept from the arts
dating back to the late 20th century.
Females are criticized as being the weaker
gender to society, whereas Males are
dominant and are seen as enabling the
structure of society.
“Postmodern Feminism” are the ones who
may be against the general idea of feminism.
26. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender,
employment & industrilisation
The Industrial Revolution produced a clear delineation between 'home' and
'work.' There were many social changes that occurred: worker's rights, work
health and safety, enforced schooling, and a need for childcare. Gender roles
were also clearly modified.
Women:
• experienced limited work
health and safety (often more so
than for men)
• were paid less than men for
the same work
• had limited employment
opportunities
• often returned home to
"housewife" duties
• saw their education suffer
severely
• experienced society's anxiety
about a woman left
'unsupervised' from the home
Men:
•endured laborious work
•worked long hours
•were typically viewed as 'bread winners'
•were often in supervisory roles (of women)
•saw the importance of education diminish—
work took priority
27. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender,
employment & industrialisation Evolution
It wasn't until the World Wars of the 20th century that
the next major modification of stereotypical gender
roles took place. This was because the population of
working men were enlisted—forcing women to take
on 'male roles.‘
Before the Industrial Revolution, most work occurred
at home and everyone in the family worked together
as a unit.
The idea about gender roles that arose from the
Industrial Revolution is sometimes called the idea of
“separate spheres.”
women became more subjugated to men and were
allowed to have less contact with the public sphere.
As the Industrial Revolution progressed, this changed.
Work came to be something that was performed away
from home.
The ideal was that women would work outside the
home and belong to the economic world.
28. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Emancipation
Definition of emancipation
the fact or process of being set free
from legal, social, or political
restrictions; liberation.
The Women Abolitionists
One thread in the story of the rise of
the emancipation of women is its
connection with the movement to
abolish slavery.
Abbey Kelly Foster an early emancipist.
In speaking of the oppression under which
women lived she wrote referring to the
work to end slavery:
In striving to strike off his chains, we
found most surely we were chained
ourselves.
• By 1848, Elizabeth Stanton was a young
mother living in the small town of Seneca
Falls in the state of New York. She felt
excluded from society. Mott and others
encouraged her in calling a conference on
the emancipation of women.
• Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony were
two of the leading women in the first
generation of emancipationists in the United
States. Later generations of women would
build on their work.
29. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-stereotypes
WHERE DO GENDER STEREOTYPES
COME FROM?
HISTORICAL
RELIGIOUS
BIOLOGICAL
SOCIOLOGICAL
DEFINITION OF STEREOTYPES
In social psychology, a stereotype is any
thought widely adopted about specific types of
individuals or certain ways of behaving
intended to represent the entire group of
those individuals or behaviors as a whole.
31. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-stereotypes
Religious Views
Judeo-Christianity – the origins of
Man andWoman
Adam & Eve – the Garden of Eden
According to Genesis, God even
asserts that women should bear the
brunt of these sorrows, mainly through
childbirth and “thy desire shall be to
thy husband and he shall rule over
thee”(Genesis 3:16)
War, pestilence, famine, death and
every imaginable sin were the prices
humanity had to pay for Eve’s
disobedience.
32. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-stereotypes
Biological Views
Sociobiological – human social behaviour
is genetic. Use ethology (the study of
animal behaviour) to explain differences
between sexes.
Critics argue it is a racist or
discriminatory view.
Physiological – differences between
health and physical capacities that
affect gender roles. For example, size
and muscle development, longevity/life
span and susceptibility to disease and
physical disorder
Some diseases that vary depending on
the sex of the individual
33. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-stereotypes
Sociological Views
Most sociologists tend to agree that even
in preliterate societies, culture, not biology,
is central to the patterning of gender roles.
Their main focus is the sexual division of
labour and gender inequalities.
Ann Oakley (1944 –) believes that gender
roles are culturally rather than biologically
produced.
In other words, humans learn behaviour
that is expected of males and females
within society.
For example, the behaviour of a
metrosexual man might be seen as
feminine.
34. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Gender &
health status in Mauritius
Rural women are poorest group in population.
Highest rate of unemployment found among
Mauritian women.
Depression /anxiety almost twice as common
in women as in men.
STDs also more common among women
especially in younger age groups.
Incidence of gender based violence very high
& linked to low status of woman especially in
economically stressed communities.
Evidence that much of women’s need for
reproductive health care still unmet.
Male bias in medical research
Women often receive less respect & poorer
quality of care.
35. GENDER,SEX AND HEALTH-Conclusion
Biological sex and social gender both major
determinants of health.
Interact in influencing morbidity & mortality
of women & men.
Do this in a variety of ways shaped by
specific economic , social and geographical
contexts.
Need to be included in research designs,
service planning and individual medical
encounters.
For example Government organising an
aiming programme in family planning
Improve the status of women, restrict early
marriage, provide better health care, set up a
family planning services.
