alcohol and its effect

1. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT
MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
Presented by SUMMAH, SAURTY,
ROSOOL, SHAMTALLY &
RAJJOO

2. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-OVERVIEW
 INTRODUCTION ALCOHOL
THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE
THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF
ALCOHOLISM
PHYSICAL COMPLICATION OF
ALCOHOLISM
PSYCHIATRIC COMPLICATION OF
ALCOHOLISM
SOCIAL COMPLICATION OF ALCOHOLISM
GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOL
ABUSE
NURSING AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF
ALCOHOL DEPENDENT
AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE MANAGEMENT OF
ALCOHOLISM
PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM
HEALTH PROMOTION
CONCLUSION

3. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-DEFINITIONS
DEFINITION OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a depressant , it will be considered separately due to the complex effects and
widespread nature of its use.
DEFINITION OF ALCOHOLISM
Alcoholism is defined as a chronic disease manifested by repeated drinking that produces
injury to the drinker’s health or to his social or economic functioning.
Difference between alcohol abuse and alcoholism
Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that results in harm to one’s health, interpersonal
relationships, or ability to work.
Dependency on alcohol, also known as alcohol addiction and alcoholism, is a chronic disease.

4. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT- CAUSES
THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE
Availability: alcohol is easily available and its consumption is an accepted social norms
Genetic factors: Some chronic drinkers have a family history of binge drinkers.
Biochemical factors: abnormalities in alcohol dehydrogenase or in the neurotransmitter
mechanisms suggested proneness toward alcoholism
Learned behaviour: learning process may contribute to the development of alcohol abuse
and dependence. E.g. children tend to follow their parents’ drinking pattern.
Personality factors: drinking alcohol is most common among antisocial personalities.
Poor coping strategies : person unable to face stress often resort to alcoholism.
Psychiatric disorders: person with depressive disorders take alcohol to alleviate low mood.
Social causes: isolation, unemployment, loss, injustice and other social causes.
High risks groups: persons suffering from chronic physical illness, business executives,
traveling salespersons, industrial workers, urban slum dwellers, students in hostels, military
personnel are more prone to develop alcoholism

5. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-
THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM
Experimental : individuals start drinking
alcohol due to peer pressure and curiosity
Recreational :-whenever an individual
attend a functions like marriages, parties,
conferences.
Relaxation : individuals consume alcohol
on holidays and weekends , which
gradually ends to alcoholism
Compulsive :some person starts drinking
heavily for a period of time for pleasure
or to avoid discomfort of withdrawal
symptoms

6. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-DEVELOPMENT OF
ALCOHOLISM-EARLY STAGE
The disease goes through distinct stage-Early stage
Increased tolerance –gradual increase in alcohol intake to experience the same
pleasure as experienced earlier.
Blackouts-unable to recollect or recalled memory when the latter was under the
influenced of alcohol.
Preoccupation- always thinking about drinking alcohol

7. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-DEVELOPMENT OF
ALCOHOLISM-MIDDLE STAGE
The disease goes through
distinct stage- Middle stage
Loss of control over amount, time and
occasion of drinking
Difficulty from refraining of taking
alcohol after long time
Obsessive about drinking alcohol
Tendency toward binge drinking

8. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-DEVELOPMENT OF
ALCOHOLISM-CHRONIC STAGE
The disease goes through distinct stage- chronic stage
Getting drunk even on small amounts of alcohol.
Willing to lie , beg , borrow or steal to maintain supply of alcohol
Living to drink-alcohol takes priority over family or job

9. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT- PHYSICAL
COMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOLISM
Gastrointestinal: dyspepsia, vomiting, acute or
chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, cancer
Liver: fatty degeneration of the liver,
alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis
Pancreas: acute & chronic pancreatitis
Cardiovascular: alcoholic cardiomyopathy,
high risk for myocardial infarction
Blood : folic acid deficiency anaemia,
decreased white blood cell production
Muscle : peripheral muscle weakness, wasting
of muscles
Skin : spider angiomas, acne
Nutrition: protein malnutrition, vitamin
deficiency disorders like pellagra & beriberi
Joints :gout due to increase uric acid level
Reproductive system: sexual dysfunction in
males , failure in ovulation in females
Pregnancy : fetal abnormalities
Nervous system: alcoholic peripheral
neuropathy, Wernicke’s-korsakoff syndrome,
rum fits during withdrawal

10. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT –PSYCHIATRIC
COMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOLISM-SHORT TERM
Pathological intoxication: maladaptive behavioural effects, such as fighting,
impaired judgment
Physiological signs: slurred speech, incoordination, and unsteady gait
Psychological changes: mood changes, irritability, and impaired attention.
Withdrawal symptoms : tremor, nausea, vomiting, malaise, tachycardia, elevated
blood pressure, irritability, anorexia, insomnia ,fits.
Delirium tremens : complicated withdrawal state, an acute organic mental disorder
treated as a psychiatric disorder with signs and symptoms of clouding of
consciousness and confusion, vivid visual hallucinations and illusions , marked tremor
and fever, delusion , agitation, increased ANS activities.

11. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT- PSYCHIATRIC
COMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOLISM-LONG TERM
Alcoholic hallucinosis –vivid hallucination developing shortly after cessation or reduction of alcohol
Alcoholic psychosis: paranoid schizophrenia with clinical patterns like behavioural problem,
thought disturbance , delusions and impairment of primary mental functions
Morbid jealousy (orthello syndrome ) : a paranoid disorder with predominant delusion of infidelity
of spouse.
Alcoholism and depression: these are more prone to depression.
Alcoholism and criminality: alcohol reduces inhibition and increases hostile behaviour.
Alcoholism and sex :- it increases sexual desire , but reduces libido
Alcohol amnestic disorder: impairment in short and long term memory with disorientation &
confabulation.
Alcoholic dementia: a chronic organic mental disorder, irreversible impairment in memory,
orientation, impulse control, ability to solve problems.

12. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECTS-SOCIAL
COMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOLISM
Work problems : decreased work
performance, decreased productivity due
to chronic absences.
Family problems: loss of job, loss of income
will make condition of the family
miserable.
Reversed role model: bread winner
becomes alcoholic and the wife takes the
role of earning money.
Marital disharmony : frequent dispute and
socioeconomic issues
Drunken driving: will lead to accidents

13. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-
GENERAL MANAGEMENT
OF ALCOHOLISM
1. Assessment of the patient : his drinking pattern,
work spot, family , environment
2. Physical method : detoxification, disulfiram
therapy
3. Psychological methods : counselling, individual
and group psychotherapy, military and family
therapy, behavioural modification, relapse
prevention therapy
4. Rehabilitation
5. Alcoholic anonymous

14. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-MEDICAL AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Detoxification: alcohol dependent recovers from the
intoxicating effect of alcohol.
Administration of minor tranquilizers (diazepam): to control
anxiety, insomnia, agitation and tremors.
Hydration : IV fluids is administered to correct fluid and
electrolyte imbalance.
Nutrition :re –establish proper nutrition by giving a diet high in
protein, carbohydrate , vitamins C and vitamins b complex
Disulfiram (Antabuse) therapy: this drug produces intense
headaches, severe flushing, extreme nausea, vomiting,
palpitations , hypotension, dyspnea and blurred vision.
Aversion therapy: patient is subjected to pain- inducing stimuli
at the time of drinking to establish alcohol rejection behaviour.

15. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-NURSING
MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOLISMPatients is kept in a quiet environment to avoid
excessive stimuli leading to increase patients agitation.
Ensure safety of patients-observe and monitor
behaviour of patient
Observe any sign of developing delirium tremens (DT)
Side rails and bed barrier are placed when patient is
in bed .
Restrained patient if he/ she is hyperactive
Keep potentially harmful object out of reached of
patients.
Ensure cleanliness, wrinkled free bed for incontinent
patient
Monitor vital signs every 15 minutes initially
Orient patient to time, space and surroundings

16. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-IMPORTANT GOALS IN
THE MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOLISM
Improving social relationship and supports
Developing confidence and ability to change
Identifying reasons to change
Developing alternative activities
Learning to prevent relapse

17. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT-PREVENTION OF
ALCOHOLISM
1. Educational approach :
programs for children , risk group,
electronic media
2. legal approach : control
production and sale, raising prices
and taxes, raising minimum age,
ban advertisement
3. low use of alcohol content
4. Improve mental health and
coping mechanism to stress
5. Parents to be role model to their
children.

18. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT- HEALTH PROMOTION
Although people must assume personal
responsibility for maintaining their health ,
there is wide recognition that environmental
cues and reinforcers exert an important
influence on behavioural choices and outcomes.
Drinking behaviour is shaped by individual
choices and motivation , and also strongly
influenced by organizational, economic,
environmental & social factors.
Therefore, approaches that attempt to bring
about change in drinking behaviour through
education alone are likely to have limited no
success , whereas those that combine
educational with other behavioural ,
environmental, policy and organizational
changes are likely to be the most effective.

19. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT- CONCLUSION
About 4% of the global burden of disease is
attributed to alcohol.
Contributes to 3.2% of deaths of the disability-
adjusted life years lost.
Of the 2 billion alcohol consumers worldwide, over
76 million have been diagnosed with alcohol use
disorders.
Despite the scope of alcohol related problems
globally and the difficulty in preventing them, there
is increasing evidence of effectiveness of some
prevention strategies, especially those aimed at
reducing alcohol –related injuries.

20. ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT ANY QUESTIONS?