Gender inequality is built on the premise that women have been marginalized in all aspects of life and this has resulted in poverty which is a function of human trafficking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of gender inequality to human trafficking in Rwanda. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. The target population of the study comprised of 341 respondents and the sample size was 184 respondents. Among those who were issued a questionnaire only 154 responded. Stratified sampling technique and simple random sampling were used to obtain a representative sample.
Chigadza mapfihwa and kuroodzera are practices that are deeply embedded in African culture, as a
way for the elders to accumulate young wives in exchange of cattle and grain. This article was focusing at how
children’s rights have been infringed through these forced marriages. Previous studies on this concept have not
voiced the echo of children in such unions. Yet, it is clear that children exposed to intergenerational atrocities
are suffering daily yet they are not being listened to.The paper was based on a field research conducted on
interpretivism basis/ qualitative design. A sample of fifty (50) participantswas drawn using purposive and chain
referral sampling. Data was gathered through forty (40) interviews and as a way to enrich the data gathered,
three focus group discussions were conducted. Data presentation was through thematic content analysis. From
the field researchpoverty and lack of sustainable livelihoods is the main cause of these cultural practices. The
participants lamented coercion through restricted access to family finances, often reprimanded that they are
just consumption agents who parasitically devours on patriarchal income, yet alone the reason for their
deprivation is the same source of their oppression which is kuroodzera and chigadza mapfihwa
Human Trafficking | History & Waves | Prevention | HT in Pakistan |FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses human trafficking and smuggling. It defines human trafficking and outlines its main types including sexual exploitation, forced labor, domestic servitude, organ harvesting, and child soldiering. It provides details on the history of human trafficking in waves from 1200-1600, 1700, 1900 and 2000. It also discusses modern slavery, human trafficking issues specific to Pakistan like trafficking of children and abuse of migrant workers, and some efforts by the Pakistani government to protect victims and prevent trafficking. It concludes with suggestions for individuals to join the fight against human trafficking such as starting a community group.
The document discusses human trafficking in India. It states that Delhi is a major hub for human trafficking in India, with young girls being trafficked for domestic work, forced marriage, and prostitution. It provides statistics on the number of reported human trafficking cases in various Indian states. The causes of human trafficking discussed include poverty, social practices like child marriage, demand for cheap labor, migration, and sex tourism. The consequences for victims include physical and psychological abuse, diseases, and difficulty reintegrating into society. The document also outlines India's legal framework around trafficking, including laws prohibiting exploitation and child labor.
Human Trafficking and Child Exploitation from Texas Department of Family and ...Billy Joe Cain
Radical Empathy Education Foundation attends groups and workshops related to human trafficking and this webinar contains data that every parent and first responder should be aware of.
Human trafficking prevalence_in_rwanda_the_role_plJohnGacinya
The aim of this study is to investigate the role of unemployment in determining human trafficking. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. The study concludes that Human trafficking in Rwanda is prevalent in form of labor and sexual exploitation. To overcome unemployment and therefore human trafficking the government of Rwanda needs to create more jobs.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on human trafficking in the disaster-affected areas of Assam, India. It finds that natural disasters and loss of traditional livelihoods have increased vulnerability to trafficking. Poverty, lack of employment opportunities, gender inequality, illiteracy, and political instability are identified as factors that make people more susceptible to false promises of employment and exploitation. The paper examines migration patterns from Assam's rural areas and increasing numbers of missing women and children. It concludes that empowering women through education, awareness campaigns, and economic opportunities could help address the root causes that enable trafficking to thrive. Coordinated efforts are needed from government, NGOs, and communities to prevent exploitation and protect vulnerable groups.
Patriarchal systems in South Sudan have exacerbated its ongoing armed conflict in several ways. The practice of paying bride prices or dowries with cattle has led many young men to join militias or engage in cattle raiding in order to obtain enough cattle to marry. This has increased violence and proliferation of small arms. Additionally, the commodification of women and acceptance of practices like child marriage, polygamy, and domestic violence have contributed to instability, lower education rates, and high maternal mortality. Peace efforts have neglected to address patriarchal systems as a root cause, leaving the conflict prone to reemergence.
Sex trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of people through abusive means for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It is a global industry that generates over $32 billion annually. Victims are often controlled by traffickers through physical, psychological and emotional abuse. They face health risks like STDs and mental health issues like PTSD. India has an estimated 2.8 million sex workers, with over a third entering the trade as children. The government has enacted laws against trafficking and exploitation. Prevention efforts include awareness campaigns, monitoring transportation hubs, and establishing authorities to investigate trafficking and support victims.
Chigadza mapfihwa and kuroodzera are practices that are deeply embedded in African culture, as a
way for the elders to accumulate young wives in exchange of cattle and grain. This article was focusing at how
children’s rights have been infringed through these forced marriages. Previous studies on this concept have not
voiced the echo of children in such unions. Yet, it is clear that children exposed to intergenerational atrocities
are suffering daily yet they are not being listened to.The paper was based on a field research conducted on
interpretivism basis/ qualitative design. A sample of fifty (50) participantswas drawn using purposive and chain
referral sampling. Data was gathered through forty (40) interviews and as a way to enrich the data gathered,
three focus group discussions were conducted. Data presentation was through thematic content analysis. From
the field researchpoverty and lack of sustainable livelihoods is the main cause of these cultural practices. The
participants lamented coercion through restricted access to family finances, often reprimanded that they are
just consumption agents who parasitically devours on patriarchal income, yet alone the reason for their
deprivation is the same source of their oppression which is kuroodzera and chigadza mapfihwa
Human Trafficking | History & Waves | Prevention | HT in Pakistan |FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses human trafficking and smuggling. It defines human trafficking and outlines its main types including sexual exploitation, forced labor, domestic servitude, organ harvesting, and child soldiering. It provides details on the history of human trafficking in waves from 1200-1600, 1700, 1900 and 2000. It also discusses modern slavery, human trafficking issues specific to Pakistan like trafficking of children and abuse of migrant workers, and some efforts by the Pakistani government to protect victims and prevent trafficking. It concludes with suggestions for individuals to join the fight against human trafficking such as starting a community group.
The document discusses human trafficking in India. It states that Delhi is a major hub for human trafficking in India, with young girls being trafficked for domestic work, forced marriage, and prostitution. It provides statistics on the number of reported human trafficking cases in various Indian states. The causes of human trafficking discussed include poverty, social practices like child marriage, demand for cheap labor, migration, and sex tourism. The consequences for victims include physical and psychological abuse, diseases, and difficulty reintegrating into society. The document also outlines India's legal framework around trafficking, including laws prohibiting exploitation and child labor.
Human Trafficking and Child Exploitation from Texas Department of Family and ...Billy Joe Cain
Radical Empathy Education Foundation attends groups and workshops related to human trafficking and this webinar contains data that every parent and first responder should be aware of.
Human trafficking prevalence_in_rwanda_the_role_plJohnGacinya
The aim of this study is to investigate the role of unemployment in determining human trafficking. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. The study concludes that Human trafficking in Rwanda is prevalent in form of labor and sexual exploitation. To overcome unemployment and therefore human trafficking the government of Rwanda needs to create more jobs.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on human trafficking in the disaster-affected areas of Assam, India. It finds that natural disasters and loss of traditional livelihoods have increased vulnerability to trafficking. Poverty, lack of employment opportunities, gender inequality, illiteracy, and political instability are identified as factors that make people more susceptible to false promises of employment and exploitation. The paper examines migration patterns from Assam's rural areas and increasing numbers of missing women and children. It concludes that empowering women through education, awareness campaigns, and economic opportunities could help address the root causes that enable trafficking to thrive. Coordinated efforts are needed from government, NGOs, and communities to prevent exploitation and protect vulnerable groups.
Patriarchal systems in South Sudan have exacerbated its ongoing armed conflict in several ways. The practice of paying bride prices or dowries with cattle has led many young men to join militias or engage in cattle raiding in order to obtain enough cattle to marry. This has increased violence and proliferation of small arms. Additionally, the commodification of women and acceptance of practices like child marriage, polygamy, and domestic violence have contributed to instability, lower education rates, and high maternal mortality. Peace efforts have neglected to address patriarchal systems as a root cause, leaving the conflict prone to reemergence.
Sex trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of people through abusive means for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It is a global industry that generates over $32 billion annually. Victims are often controlled by traffickers through physical, psychological and emotional abuse. They face health risks like STDs and mental health issues like PTSD. India has an estimated 2.8 million sex workers, with over a third entering the trade as children. The government has enacted laws against trafficking and exploitation. Prevention efforts include awareness campaigns, monitoring transportation hubs, and establishing authorities to investigate trafficking and support victims.
Women trafficking is a major problem in Pakistan. Vulnerable women and girls are typically lured with false promises of employment, sold by family members, or kidnapped. They are then subjected to forced labor or sexual exploitation. To address this issue, strategies are needed for prevention, protection, and prosecution. Prevention requires awareness campaigns to educate the public and potential victims. Protection involves supporting victims through shelters and counseling. Prosecution of traffickers is also important to curb this criminal activity. Coordinated efforts across different stakeholders are essential to combat women trafficking in Pakistan.
This document summarizes research on human trafficking in Bangladesh. The objectives are to identify prevention measures by NGOs, understand the forms and effects of trafficking, and create a heat map of trafficking victims. The methodology includes quantitative data collection through questionnaires with victims, qualitative interviews, and content analysis of secondary sources. An estimated 1-2 million people are trafficked worldwide each year, primarily from Asia, with 400 women and children trafficked from Bangladesh each month. Victims tend to be aged 18-25, unemployed, poor, and from rural areas or small towns. The findings indicate socioeconomic factors behind trafficking negatively impact prevention activities and reducing poverty is needed along with education programs. The document recommends the government take steps to protect human rights
This document summarizes a workshop on human trafficking. The workshop agenda covered defining terms, understanding local trafficking contexts and risk factors, recruitment methods, identifying signs of trafficking, trauma impacts, and how communities can help. It also discussed Jenn Harvey from the STOP-IT program, which assists trafficking victims and conducts training. Statistics on global, national, and Illinois trafficking were provided. Pathways like risks, recruitment, and control methods were examined. Legislation addressing trafficking and federal victim remedies were also outlined.
This document discusses human trafficking in Bangladesh. It defines human trafficking and notes that it is the third largest international crime. In Bangladesh, women and children from poor, rural areas are most commonly trafficked by organized criminal groups. Victims are often trafficked for sexual exploitation, forced labor, or forced marriages to destinations in South Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. The document outlines Bangladeshi government laws aimed at preventing trafficking but notes it remains a significant problem due to factors like poverty, lack of awareness, and corruption.
The document discusses human trafficking, defining it as the recruitment, transportation or harboring of people through force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of exploitation. It outlines how trafficking involves exploiting people through means like forced labor, sex work or organ removal. It discusses common tactics traffickers use to control victims, including taking identification documents, isolating them from friends/family and using threats. It provides resources for reporting trafficking and ways for people to help address the issue.
This document discusses gender and migration. It begins with defining gender and sex, and explaining how gender studies have evolved from initially only examining male migrants to also considering female migrants' experiences. It then explores concepts like intersectionality, geographical scales, social locations, and power geometries as frameworks for examining gender in migration. Specific topics covered include the feminization of migration in Asia, common female-dominated and male-dominated labor markets, issues like "de-skilling" and transnational parenting, and how gender relations shape immigration patterns and settlement experiences for both women and men. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of rights and examining policies in both sending and receiving countries to address gender inequality in migration.
Critical analysis of Globalisation, Gender and Inequality and Sexuality.Zara Jovıčıč
The document discusses how globalization impacts Australia through outsourcing of jobs overseas, rising costs of living, and budget cuts that disproportionately impact students and lower-income groups. It argues that Australia has become increasingly reliant on larger foreign economies like China and the US. Unless the government invests more in education, healthcare, and local job opportunities, inequality will rise and Australia will become divided between the wealthy and poor.
Human trafficking involves illegally transporting people within or across borders against their will for forced labor or sexual exploitation. It can take various forms, such as forced marriage, organ removal, or commercial sexual acts. Victims are often coerced and held against their will, forced to work or provide services for little to no pay under highly exploitative conditions with their freedom restricted. Warning signs someone may be a victim include withdrawn behavior, signs of abuse or malnourishment, and lack of control over ID or money. Reducing human trafficking involves educating oneself, reaching out to potential victims, listening without judgment, suggesting safety plans, and contacting authorities if the person is in danger.
BREAKING THE SILENCE AROUND SEXTORTION: THE LINKS BETWEEN POWER, SEX AND C...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Sexual extortion or “sextortion” occurs when those entrusted with power use it to sexually exploit those dependent on that power. It is a gendered form of corruption that occurs in both developed and developing countries, affecting children and adults, vulnerable individuals (such as undocumented migrants crossing borders) and established professionals. While evidence shows that women are disproportionally targeted, men, transgender and gender non-conforming people are also affected.
Sextortion has long been a silent form of corruption, hiding in plain view. Until recently, it was never discussed or recognised as a distinct phenomenon within either the corruption framework or the framework of gender-based violence. Lacking a name, sextortion remained largely invisible, and few research projects, laws or strategies were developed to address it. Barriers to reporting sextortion and obtaining effective redress further contributed to its low profile. As a result, researchers have failed to ask survivors/victims the right questions to properly understand sextortion; statistical systems lack the appropriate categories to register the few cases that go to court, and complaints have been poorly handled. The result has been that survivors/victims have largely been denied justice.
This Transparency International report assesses the state of knowledge about the links between corruption and sextortion. It presents evidence on the prevalence of sextortion and the existing legal frameworks to address it, and it proposes recommendations for how to tackle it.
1. Trafficking networks in Indonesia prey on poor migrant workers, exploiting them and rendering them captive through falsified identities and abusive labor conditions. The sex industry has been particularly affected, lowering the average age of sex workers and making it impossible for many to leave due to debt bondage.
2. While Indonesian laws prohibit various forms of trafficking, networks have successfully subverted identification methods, making prosecution difficult. The research aims to identify stable components of trafficking cycles that can be used to build solid cases against traffickers.
3. Wealthy traffickers practice "quarantining", detaining sex workers through cash bonds (debts) to control their investment and profits. Quarantining
The document discusses the gendered dimensions of Filipina migration for work. It notes that migration has become feminized in recent decades as more jobs have opened for women in domestic and care work. However, Filipina migrant workers still face risks like abuse and lack of legal protections. The document also examines how civil society and the Philippine government have constructed representations of Filipina migrants that focus on their roles as caregivers and as upholding family obligations through their financial contributions.
Child abuse and trafficking By Eknaran PaudelEknaran Paudel
Child abuse and trafficking are significant problems around the world. Millions of children experience physical, emotional, or sexual abuse each year at the hands of parents or caretakers. Child trafficking is a form of human trafficking where children are exploited for purposes such as sex work, domestic servitude, or forced labor. An estimated 2 children are sold into trafficking every minute globally. Countries with the highest rates of child sexual abuse include South Africa, India, Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Nepal also struggles with high numbers of child abuse cases and trafficking of children to India each year, which natural disasters like earthquakes can exacerbate. Efforts to prevent child abuse and trafficking focus on prosecuting traffickers, educating
Child trafficking is a major problem in India, with over 40,000 children reported missing each year. Many factors contribute to trafficking, including poverty, lack of jobs, and social attitudes. Children are trafficked for forced labor, illegal activities like begging and organ harvesting, and sexual exploitation. While laws exist to address trafficking, they are not comprehensive or stringent enough. Stronger laws and enforcement are needed, along with prevention programs, to help end this abuse of children's basic rights.
Human trafficking is a major global problem. An estimated 35.8 million people are enslaved today, with 14.8 million victims in India alone. Human trafficking involves exploiting people through coercion and deception. It occurs due to factors like poverty, gender inequality, lack of legal protections, and demand for cheap labor. Abolishing human trafficking requires efforts like increasing awareness, government support for victims, addressing root causes of poverty, and everyone playing a role through actions like monitoring supply chains and reporting suspicious activity. Coordinated global action is needed to end this human rights violation.
Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of humans for the purpose of exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion. It is the third largest international crime generating billions of dollars in profit each year. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced into labor or commercial sex against their will. Common forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and organ harvesting. Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and demand for cheap labor or commercial sex are key drivers. The top countries for human trafficking globally are Bangladesh, Brazil, Haiti, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. In India, trafficking is prevalent with victims sourced from
This document provides an introduction and overview for a report on the status of women in the United States. It notes that while women have made significant progress in the past 40 years, full equality has yet to be achieved. The report will focus on economic justice, reproductive justice, and safety for women. It also outlines that the US population is becoming more diverse, with people of color projected to become the majority by 2050, especially among younger age groups. This demographic shift brings both challenges and opportunities to advance gender equality over the next 40 years.
This document summarizes a report on human trafficking in India that evaluates intervention efforts and provides recommendations. Some key points:
- India has widespread issues with sex and labor trafficking, with half of its districts affected and millions of victims.
- The report analyzes trafficking patterns and interventions across 9 states representing 40% of India's population. It finds government efforts are still developing but emphasize prevention, protection, and prosecution.
- NGOs focus more on prevention and protection in source/transit states, and protection, prosecution, and capacity building in destination states. Collaboration between organizations and with government is improving but still a challenge.
- The report's recommendations include economic cooperatives to aid victim protection, engaging vulnerable
Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery where people are exploited for labor or commercial sex. Millions of people worldwide and tens of thousands in the US fall victim to traffickers each year. Victims are typically coerced through venues like strip clubs, brothels, traveling sales crews or agricultural worksites. The US government is committed to working with other countries to stop human trafficking and uphold human dignity. Citizens can help by learning to identify signs of victims and reporting suspected trafficking to authorities.
Gender inequality has been a prevalent issue in India. Historically, women have faced discrimination through practices like dowry, sati system, and purdah system which lowered their social status over time. Today, gender inequality manifests in various forms like higher female mortality and sex-selective abortions, lack of equal rights to property, employment and education opportunities. Social and cultural factors like patriarchal norms, son preference, and women's traditional roles in the family have perpetuated inequality. While laws have aimed to promote equality, implementation remains a challenge and gender disparities persist in many areas of health, education, employment and political representation in India.
Socio cultural context of violence against women in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-cultural context of violence against women in Pakistan. The study interviewed 813 married couples across 4 districts. It found that deeply rooted cultural and traditional practices perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan. Gender roles expect women to be subservient and deny them rights. Violence is often considered normal and justified. Common forms of violence include sexual violence, domestic violence, acid attacks, dowry crimes, honor killings, and forced marriages. The study recommends social reforms to address how cultural practices and gender norms contribute to women's vulnerability to violence in Pakistan.
A ready-made presentation on Violation of Women's rights giving a detailed account of the violence on women globally and in India. Includes historical events that are important in the context of women's rights. This PPT talks about how women's rights are violated on daily basis, globally and in India along with providing measures to ensure our women's safety and well being. Talks about women's rights in India as well.
Women trafficking is a major problem in Pakistan. Vulnerable women and girls are typically lured with false promises of employment, sold by family members, or kidnapped. They are then subjected to forced labor or sexual exploitation. To address this issue, strategies are needed for prevention, protection, and prosecution. Prevention requires awareness campaigns to educate the public and potential victims. Protection involves supporting victims through shelters and counseling. Prosecution of traffickers is also important to curb this criminal activity. Coordinated efforts across different stakeholders are essential to combat women trafficking in Pakistan.
This document summarizes research on human trafficking in Bangladesh. The objectives are to identify prevention measures by NGOs, understand the forms and effects of trafficking, and create a heat map of trafficking victims. The methodology includes quantitative data collection through questionnaires with victims, qualitative interviews, and content analysis of secondary sources. An estimated 1-2 million people are trafficked worldwide each year, primarily from Asia, with 400 women and children trafficked from Bangladesh each month. Victims tend to be aged 18-25, unemployed, poor, and from rural areas or small towns. The findings indicate socioeconomic factors behind trafficking negatively impact prevention activities and reducing poverty is needed along with education programs. The document recommends the government take steps to protect human rights
This document summarizes a workshop on human trafficking. The workshop agenda covered defining terms, understanding local trafficking contexts and risk factors, recruitment methods, identifying signs of trafficking, trauma impacts, and how communities can help. It also discussed Jenn Harvey from the STOP-IT program, which assists trafficking victims and conducts training. Statistics on global, national, and Illinois trafficking were provided. Pathways like risks, recruitment, and control methods were examined. Legislation addressing trafficking and federal victim remedies were also outlined.
This document discusses human trafficking in Bangladesh. It defines human trafficking and notes that it is the third largest international crime. In Bangladesh, women and children from poor, rural areas are most commonly trafficked by organized criminal groups. Victims are often trafficked for sexual exploitation, forced labor, or forced marriages to destinations in South Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. The document outlines Bangladeshi government laws aimed at preventing trafficking but notes it remains a significant problem due to factors like poverty, lack of awareness, and corruption.
The document discusses human trafficking, defining it as the recruitment, transportation or harboring of people through force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of exploitation. It outlines how trafficking involves exploiting people through means like forced labor, sex work or organ removal. It discusses common tactics traffickers use to control victims, including taking identification documents, isolating them from friends/family and using threats. It provides resources for reporting trafficking and ways for people to help address the issue.
This document discusses gender and migration. It begins with defining gender and sex, and explaining how gender studies have evolved from initially only examining male migrants to also considering female migrants' experiences. It then explores concepts like intersectionality, geographical scales, social locations, and power geometries as frameworks for examining gender in migration. Specific topics covered include the feminization of migration in Asia, common female-dominated and male-dominated labor markets, issues like "de-skilling" and transnational parenting, and how gender relations shape immigration patterns and settlement experiences for both women and men. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of rights and examining policies in both sending and receiving countries to address gender inequality in migration.
Critical analysis of Globalisation, Gender and Inequality and Sexuality.Zara Jovıčıč
The document discusses how globalization impacts Australia through outsourcing of jobs overseas, rising costs of living, and budget cuts that disproportionately impact students and lower-income groups. It argues that Australia has become increasingly reliant on larger foreign economies like China and the US. Unless the government invests more in education, healthcare, and local job opportunities, inequality will rise and Australia will become divided between the wealthy and poor.
Human trafficking involves illegally transporting people within or across borders against their will for forced labor or sexual exploitation. It can take various forms, such as forced marriage, organ removal, or commercial sexual acts. Victims are often coerced and held against their will, forced to work or provide services for little to no pay under highly exploitative conditions with their freedom restricted. Warning signs someone may be a victim include withdrawn behavior, signs of abuse or malnourishment, and lack of control over ID or money. Reducing human trafficking involves educating oneself, reaching out to potential victims, listening without judgment, suggesting safety plans, and contacting authorities if the person is in danger.
BREAKING THE SILENCE AROUND SEXTORTION: THE LINKS BETWEEN POWER, SEX AND C...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Sexual extortion or “sextortion” occurs when those entrusted with power use it to sexually exploit those dependent on that power. It is a gendered form of corruption that occurs in both developed and developing countries, affecting children and adults, vulnerable individuals (such as undocumented migrants crossing borders) and established professionals. While evidence shows that women are disproportionally targeted, men, transgender and gender non-conforming people are also affected.
Sextortion has long been a silent form of corruption, hiding in plain view. Until recently, it was never discussed or recognised as a distinct phenomenon within either the corruption framework or the framework of gender-based violence. Lacking a name, sextortion remained largely invisible, and few research projects, laws or strategies were developed to address it. Barriers to reporting sextortion and obtaining effective redress further contributed to its low profile. As a result, researchers have failed to ask survivors/victims the right questions to properly understand sextortion; statistical systems lack the appropriate categories to register the few cases that go to court, and complaints have been poorly handled. The result has been that survivors/victims have largely been denied justice.
This Transparency International report assesses the state of knowledge about the links between corruption and sextortion. It presents evidence on the prevalence of sextortion and the existing legal frameworks to address it, and it proposes recommendations for how to tackle it.
1. Trafficking networks in Indonesia prey on poor migrant workers, exploiting them and rendering them captive through falsified identities and abusive labor conditions. The sex industry has been particularly affected, lowering the average age of sex workers and making it impossible for many to leave due to debt bondage.
2. While Indonesian laws prohibit various forms of trafficking, networks have successfully subverted identification methods, making prosecution difficult. The research aims to identify stable components of trafficking cycles that can be used to build solid cases against traffickers.
3. Wealthy traffickers practice "quarantining", detaining sex workers through cash bonds (debts) to control their investment and profits. Quarantining
The document discusses the gendered dimensions of Filipina migration for work. It notes that migration has become feminized in recent decades as more jobs have opened for women in domestic and care work. However, Filipina migrant workers still face risks like abuse and lack of legal protections. The document also examines how civil society and the Philippine government have constructed representations of Filipina migrants that focus on their roles as caregivers and as upholding family obligations through their financial contributions.
Child abuse and trafficking By Eknaran PaudelEknaran Paudel
Child abuse and trafficking are significant problems around the world. Millions of children experience physical, emotional, or sexual abuse each year at the hands of parents or caretakers. Child trafficking is a form of human trafficking where children are exploited for purposes such as sex work, domestic servitude, or forced labor. An estimated 2 children are sold into trafficking every minute globally. Countries with the highest rates of child sexual abuse include South Africa, India, Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Nepal also struggles with high numbers of child abuse cases and trafficking of children to India each year, which natural disasters like earthquakes can exacerbate. Efforts to prevent child abuse and trafficking focus on prosecuting traffickers, educating
Child trafficking is a major problem in India, with over 40,000 children reported missing each year. Many factors contribute to trafficking, including poverty, lack of jobs, and social attitudes. Children are trafficked for forced labor, illegal activities like begging and organ harvesting, and sexual exploitation. While laws exist to address trafficking, they are not comprehensive or stringent enough. Stronger laws and enforcement are needed, along with prevention programs, to help end this abuse of children's basic rights.
Human trafficking is a major global problem. An estimated 35.8 million people are enslaved today, with 14.8 million victims in India alone. Human trafficking involves exploiting people through coercion and deception. It occurs due to factors like poverty, gender inequality, lack of legal protections, and demand for cheap labor. Abolishing human trafficking requires efforts like increasing awareness, government support for victims, addressing root causes of poverty, and everyone playing a role through actions like monitoring supply chains and reporting suspicious activity. Coordinated global action is needed to end this human rights violation.
Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of humans for the purpose of exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion. It is the third largest international crime generating billions of dollars in profit each year. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced into labor or commercial sex against their will. Common forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and organ harvesting. Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and demand for cheap labor or commercial sex are key drivers. The top countries for human trafficking globally are Bangladesh, Brazil, Haiti, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. In India, trafficking is prevalent with victims sourced from
This document provides an introduction and overview for a report on the status of women in the United States. It notes that while women have made significant progress in the past 40 years, full equality has yet to be achieved. The report will focus on economic justice, reproductive justice, and safety for women. It also outlines that the US population is becoming more diverse, with people of color projected to become the majority by 2050, especially among younger age groups. This demographic shift brings both challenges and opportunities to advance gender equality over the next 40 years.
This document summarizes a report on human trafficking in India that evaluates intervention efforts and provides recommendations. Some key points:
- India has widespread issues with sex and labor trafficking, with half of its districts affected and millions of victims.
- The report analyzes trafficking patterns and interventions across 9 states representing 40% of India's population. It finds government efforts are still developing but emphasize prevention, protection, and prosecution.
- NGOs focus more on prevention and protection in source/transit states, and protection, prosecution, and capacity building in destination states. Collaboration between organizations and with government is improving but still a challenge.
- The report's recommendations include economic cooperatives to aid victim protection, engaging vulnerable
Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery where people are exploited for labor or commercial sex. Millions of people worldwide and tens of thousands in the US fall victim to traffickers each year. Victims are typically coerced through venues like strip clubs, brothels, traveling sales crews or agricultural worksites. The US government is committed to working with other countries to stop human trafficking and uphold human dignity. Citizens can help by learning to identify signs of victims and reporting suspected trafficking to authorities.
Gender inequality has been a prevalent issue in India. Historically, women have faced discrimination through practices like dowry, sati system, and purdah system which lowered their social status over time. Today, gender inequality manifests in various forms like higher female mortality and sex-selective abortions, lack of equal rights to property, employment and education opportunities. Social and cultural factors like patriarchal norms, son preference, and women's traditional roles in the family have perpetuated inequality. While laws have aimed to promote equality, implementation remains a challenge and gender disparities persist in many areas of health, education, employment and political representation in India.
Socio cultural context of violence against women in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-cultural context of violence against women in Pakistan. The study interviewed 813 married couples across 4 districts. It found that deeply rooted cultural and traditional practices perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan. Gender roles expect women to be subservient and deny them rights. Violence is often considered normal and justified. Common forms of violence include sexual violence, domestic violence, acid attacks, dowry crimes, honor killings, and forced marriages. The study recommends social reforms to address how cultural practices and gender norms contribute to women's vulnerability to violence in Pakistan.
A ready-made presentation on Violation of Women's rights giving a detailed account of the violence on women globally and in India. Includes historical events that are important in the context of women's rights. This PPT talks about how women's rights are violated on daily basis, globally and in India along with providing measures to ensure our women's safety and well being. Talks about women's rights in India as well.
Human trafficking prevalence_in_rwanda_the_role_pl (1)JohnGacinya
The aim of this study is to investigate the role of unemployment in determining human trafficking. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. The study concludes that Human trafficking in Rwanda is prevalent in form of labor and sexual exploitation. To overcome unemployment and therefore human trafficking the government of Rwanda needs to create more jobs.
Human trafficking prevalence_in_rwanda_the_role_plJohnGacinya
Unemployment is the most single factor that facilitates human trafficking in the developing countries such as Rwanda. Rapid population growth constrains wealth creation and so people always migrate to countries of opportunity to escape lack of employment. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of unemployment in determining human trafficking. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted.
Gender equality and women empowerment on Sustainable Community Development in...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Gender inequality is the most persistent and pervasive global problem of the 21st century militating against the attainment of sustainable development in patriarchal societies. Several forums have noted the centrality of gender equality and concerns of women’s empowerment to the achievement of sustainable development. Promotion of gender equality is thus an important part of any development strategy. Thus, the research focused on analysing how society perceives the concept of gender equality and women empowerment, factors that militate against the achievement of gender equality in the society and its role in sustainable development. In gathering information, the study employed in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of this paper indicate that gender equality improves people’s participation in community development programmes and leads to healthy families and increased food productivity. The paper concluded that women empowerment and gender equality are essential tools in the achievement of sustainable development in Zimbabwe.
Gender Issues projct.pptx for english projectSanjayvargheese
This document discusses various gender issues in India. It begins with acknowledging those who helped with the project. It then defines gender issues and discusses the main causes of gender inequality in India. Several types of gender issues are examined in more detail, including issues with education access, gender-based violence, human trafficking, and feminism. Real life incidents of gender issues are also described. The document concludes with a summary that gender issues affect both men and women in different ways.
Sex Trafficking In Nepal: A Review of Problems and Solutionsinventionjournals
Sex trafficking especially women and children is a major issue in South Asia, particularly in Nepal. “It is estimated that about 200,000 Nepali women and children who are trafficked and sold into India, over the period of years, are working as forced prostitutes in brothels in different parts of India” (Datta, 2005, p. 54). Many of these Nepali women and children are sold for the purpose of sexual exploitation and monetary profit. Sex trafficking is a growing concern as it is connected with human right violation and steady spread of HIV/AIDS (Kaufman & Crawford, 2011). Extreme poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, poor law, and open border between India and Nepal are major factors for human trafficking. Due to the devastating earthquake on 25 April and about 400 aftershocks, about 3 million people are victimized. The earthquake victims’ women and children are even more vulnerable for trafficking. Hence, it is vital to understand human trafficking, its form, factors, effects, and motives. The objective of this paper is to make aware intellectuals on the issue of sex trafficking, problems, and possible solutions in Nepal.
The document summarizes key findings from a study by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) examining the nature and drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) in three refugee camps across three continents. The study found that IPV in humanitarian settings is driven by a complex set of factors including pre-existing gender inequalities that are exacerbated by displacement and changing gender roles. Drivers identified include rapidly changing gender norms, separation from family/community structures, forced marriages, poverty, and substance abuse. Women reported experiencing ongoing severe physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse. They navigated safety by first reporting to family/community, and only seeking formal support when other options failed or violence became life-threatening. Women suggested improving prevention and
Women Empowerment By Her Story is making History Mimi Bradley
The document discusses violence against women and empowering women. It states that violence against women is increasing in many violent forms. Legislation alone is not enough to achieve equality and change perceptions that allow gender violence. Empowering women through opportunities, awareness, and ending unequal power relationships can help reduce violence. The UN identifies violence against women as the most widespread human rights violation today.
This document provides an overview of gender insensitivity and related issues in India. It discusses how gender norms socialize males and females into traditional roles that establish power imbalances. This leads to discrimination and barriers that increase risks of violence against women. In India specifically, patriarchal norms relegate women to secondary status, affecting their education, finances, health and involvement. Women face issues like child marriage, responsibility for household duties, lower wages, and lack of inheritance rights. The document also discusses gender sensitization programs and occupational inequalities faced by women in areas like the military, property rights, and discrimination in hiring and firing.
The World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, presented to the Second Committee of the General Assembly at its fifty-ninth session (A/59/287), addresses key issues related to women and international migration. A summary of its main findings is presented below.
This document discusses issues facing women's empowerment and safety in India. It notes that while education levels are rising for women, they still face obstacles in male-dominated cultures. Ensuring women's safety, eliminating discrimination, and strengthening legal protections and enforcement are important for promoting gender equality and empowerment.
Human rights, gender mainstreaming and cultural awarenessGry Tina Tinde
The second part of the graduate course at Link Campus University in Rome, Italy includes:
Discrimination awareness – various identities of under-represented groups will illustrate chances in life. Participants draw a "lottery ticket" illustrating the lottery of life
Introduction to human rights concepts and rights-based development
Working in groups of five or six, the students will create a study, action plan and/or communication plan to address:
Bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan
Female genital mutilation/cutting in refugee setting in Sicily, Italy
Women’s land ownership in Gujarat, India
Micro credit in rural area in Bangladesh
Finally, the class will organize a panel discussion on gender equality in Italy, assigning identities and roles to panelists.
The document presents the Young Women's Peace Charter created by 140 young women from six countries. It aims to build understanding of challenges faced by young women in conflict-affected areas and societies and includes recommendations for stakeholders. The Charter was developed through the Young Women's Peace Academy training program run by The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation to increase young women's leadership, advocacy, and policy influencing skills. It includes recommendations on women's political empowerment, violence against women, young women's health and rights, conflict-related sexual violence, and economic empowerment.
The document discusses key findings from the World Survey on the Role of Women in Development regarding women and international migration. It finds that women now comprise 49% of international migrants globally, and migration decisions are strongly influenced by gender inequality and norms in countries of origin and destination. Migrant women face vulnerabilities including discrimination, lack of legal protections, and risks such as trafficking. The document calls for policies to promote migrant women's rights and empowerment.
This document examines violence against women in situations of human trafficking in Southeast Asia. It provides an overview of human trafficking in the region, noting that women and girls account for the majority of trafficking victims globally and in Southeast Asia. The document analyzes how violence against women, including domestic violence, lack of economic opportunities, and gender discrimination, contributes to making women and girls vulnerable to human trafficking. It also discusses how trafficked women face violence both in their home countries and in destination countries in Southeast Asia. The document reviews international laws against trafficking and violence against women and analyzes gaps in how countries in Southeast Asia have implemented anti-trafficking laws and policies.
EMPOWER PEOPLE is a non-profit organization working to empower trafficking victims and vulnerable women and children in India. Over the past 10 years, they have rescued and rehabilitated over 4,257 girls and women, and established 20 community-based organizations and 252 village communes led by former trafficking survivors. Their work focuses on education support, livelihood training, combating domestic violence and honor crimes, and transforming survivors into community leaders advocating for women's rights.
Global Discourse, Situated Traditions and Muslim Women’s Agency in Pakistan.
Globalization: Feminization of Poverty and need for Gender responsive social protection in Pakistan
Poverty as a factor in human trafficking in rwandaJohnGacinya
Poverty is a world wide phenomenon and is believed to be the main cause of human trafficking and Rwanda is no exception. Households below the poverty line are prone to human trafficking. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between poverty and human trafficking. Quantitative approach was adopted. The target population of the study was 200 and the sample size is133 respondents.
Human trafficking incidence in rwanda its challenges, prevention and controlJohnGacinya
Rwandans like any other people in the rest of the world, suffer physically and psychologically during and after the transportation of victims of human trafficking to other parts of the world. It is observed that, occupational hazards in industries pose danger to the lives of victims of labour trafficking. It is also noted that sexually-abused victims of human trafficking risk catching HIV/AIDS pandemic. Ignorance, poverty, family conflicts and gender inequality have been found to be some of the key ‘push’ factors that drive individuals to seek economic opportunities elsewhere other than their home areas
Assessing the impact_of_globalization_on_human_traJohnGacinya
Ever since contemporary globalization came on the world scene around 1990s, free movement of goods, services and ideas grew as a result of reduced barriers to international movement trade and investment. The economic flow of goods and services has gone along with movement of people across the globe. The voluntary and involuntary movement of people occurs around world and is associated with opportunities that exist out there. Communication and flow of information is in real time in the current period from one corner of the globe to the other is occurring at high speed. Beliefs, ideas and culture have been relayed fast through the Internet, Smart Phones and other Communication devices.
Analyzing the influence of information and communication technology on the sc...JohnGacinya
Rwanda‟s Information Communication and Technology (ICT) sector is among the fastest growing ICT sectors in Africa. Mobile phone penetration had risen to 65% and internet spread was above 20% in 2013. ICT is double edged and has had positive and negative effects to the Rwandan society. It is hoped that Information communication technology is likely to reduce unemployment and transform the country into a competitive, knowledge based economy.
Human Trafficking Incidence in Rwanda: Its Challenges, Prevention and ControlJohnGacinya
The main objective of the present study was to analyse the challenges faced by the Government of Rwanda its efforts to prevent and control the incidence of human trafficking in the country.
Analyzing the influence of Information and communication Technology on the sc...JohnGacinya
The main objective of this study is to analyze the role of
Information Communication technology in facilitating human
trafficking in Rwanda. Specifically,
(1) To analyze the influence of technology in facilitating
human trafficking in Rwanda.
(2) To analyze the extent to which Rwanda has been able to
combat human trafficking using technology.
Poverty as a_factor_in_human_trafficking_in_rwandaJohnGacinya
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between poverty and human trafficking. Orphans and single mothers are the ones who fall below the poverty line. To overcome poverty export diversification and expanding manufacturing sector is of paramount importance.
There are four major types of global interaction and these include:
a) Communication, or the movement of information, including
the transmission of beliefs, ideas, and doctrines
b) Transportation, the movement of physical objects, including
war material and personal property as well as merchandise
c) Finance, the movement of money and instruments of credit
d) Travel and movement of persons. This includes voluntary
movement which is travel and migration as well as involuntary
movement which is human trafficking and forced migration
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...MrSproy
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
Hariyalikart Case Study of helping farmers in Biharrajsaurav589
Helping farmers all across India through our latest technologies of modern farming like drones for irrigation and best pest control For more visit : https://www.hariyalikart.com/case-study
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Mechanics:- Simple and Compound PendulumPravinHudge1
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
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1 | INTRODUCTION
D’Cunha (2002) expresses gender as different societal roles, qualities, characteristics, and behavior
that society considers suitable for men and women, and these differ within cultures. Most societies
tend to classify women as wives, mothers and beneficiaries, and men as producers, bread winners,
and public figures. This categorization of men and women is socially attributed to their domestic and
productive sphere roles and the categorization offers relative status and position between men and
women, with women more underprivileged in most circumstances.
Again, D’Cunha (2002) finds that women are less valued because of their social roles. This is
mainly observed in ownership and control over resources such as land and income, but it can as well
be seen in nonmaterial resources such as time and political participation. As an example women ex-
clusive biological roles of reproduction, pregnancy, breast feeding, and child care reduce the time they
have for paid employment. It therefore, means women are mostly dependent on their husbands during
these biological responsibilities. It also implies that death of the spouse, disability, unemployment,
or withdrawal of support on the part of the husband renders women susceptible to human trafficking.
Moreover, Barner (2014) sees human trafficking comprising of acts, means, and purpose. Acts are
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, receipt of persons trafficked. Means are methods
through which victims of human trafficking are obtained and these are; threats of use of force such as
coercion, abduction, fraud, abuse of power, abuse of position of vulnerability. Means also encompass,
deception, giving, receiving of payments, and benefits to achieve the consent of a person. Purpose
implies various ways in which victims are used or exploited, which include prostitution, forced labor,
and sexual exploitation, slavery, servitude and the removal of organs.
There is consensus on what constitutes gender inequality and these are used to measure gender
inequality across countries. Among the criteria used to measure gender inequality is gender identity
by which boys and girls understand their gender roles through socialization and education. There is
political participation which is measured by share of women in parliament. Economic representation
indicated by technical, professional, administrative and management positions as well as material
resources such as access to land, housing, and credit. There are also social resources which measure
access to health and education as well as men and women share in labor participation (Ferrant, 2017).
About 800,000 women across international borders for sexual exploitation. Fifty-four percent 54%
are destined to Europe and Central Asia, 7% to the Americas, 25% to South East Asia, and 14% reach
Middle East and Africa. Most of these suffer sexual exploitation and hard labor (Park Cara, 2014).
Several factors combined can bring about sex trafficking, among them is feminization of poverty,
lack of socioeconomic opportunities, and this kind of situation is an ideal condition for the cunning
traffickers to deceive girls and young women who live in economically poor countries desperately in
need of employment (Rosario, 2013).
According to Msuya (2017), cultural practices are responsible for human trafficking in African com-
munities. Women have not been allowed to own property and further their education in some communities,
needs to encourage women do the nontraditional vocations
which are mostly in off farm works and joining government
decision-making positions.
K E Y W O R D S
Cultural practices, Economic Dependence, Economic
marginalization, Otherness, Patriarchal families
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and in this sense women are marginalized to the extent that they fall victims of human trafficking. In the
West African countries of Ghana, Benin, Togo, and south-western Nigeria. In these countries, women and
young girls of the Ewe ethnic group are prone to exploitation. Young girls -the “Trokotsi” are forced to
become slaves to the gods in the shrines. In essence the girls serve as laborers and offer sex to the priests
who serve the gods. It is a religious custom that once a family commits a felony, the same family has to
send a virgin daughter of about 15 years to the shrine to serve as a slave to the gods. These girls sent can
serve the gods for the rest of their lives and if they die, they are replaced from the same family. The priests
have full ownership of the slave. They can labor, provide sex, and can be beaten if they intend to escape.
Another cultural practice that marginalizes women in Niger Republic is the “Wahaya” culture or
the slave wife. A “Wahaya” is the fifth wife married after the four wives accepted Qur'an. The fifth
wife becomes a slave to the other wives and can remain so once the parents were also taken as slaves.
The slave wife does domestic work like cooking, cleaning, taking care of children, and livestock. Rich
men can afford up to 10 Wahayas (Msuya, 2017).
Further, abuse of women is realized among the Xhosa tribe of South Africa. “Ukuthwala” is a kind
of forced marriage practiced to compel a girl to accept marriage. It is equivalent to the kidnapping
of girls for marriage. A man intending to marry persuades his friends and peers to force a girl for
marriage. The girl can be picked on her way by these peers and raped by a man intending to marry.
This can prompt for negotiations with the girl's family since raping carries stigma. The girl's family is
forced to submit the proposed marriage as the family may not have any other option (Msuya, 2017).
A similar forced marriage also exists among the Chagga and Nyamwezi of Tanzania. A girl who may
be an adolescent can be abducted by men and taken to the home of a man wishing to marry her. She can
then be forced have sex with abductee. Girls are apparently given medicines or brew to induce compli-
ance. A girl normally kidnapped and raped and cannot, therefore, refuse marriage as she would then be
disapproved by her own family as she cannot be married to another person. Evidently these practices con-
tradict the fundamental human rights and fall in the right definition of human trafficking (Msuya, 2017).
Msuya (2017) indicates that even country legislation is to blame for condoning inequalities that be
fall women. In Tanzania, the law of inheritance is the customary law and contests women inheritance
of property upon the death of their husbands. More to that the Indian law of 1865 offers that one-third
of the property should pass to the widow and two thirds to the children upon the death of the husband.
If widow has no children, then she is entitled to half of the estate and the other half to go to the de-
ceased's parents or other blood relatives. In this sense wives are marginalized to the extent that they
become vulnerable to human trafficking once poor and dependent on their husbands.
Minderoo Foundation (2018) underscores the fact that gender exploitation is unlawful in China, but
still ancient gender imbalance practices exist. Women have been marginalized in terms of economic
wellbeing and this is a precursor to human trafficking. Most women in China are discriminated in
terms of employment. As an example, Chinese women make up 45% of the labor force, yet on average
a Chinese woman earn 74% less that of a man's salary. Women have difficulties in obtaining jobs even
when they have the same skills like those of men. It is difficult for a woman to find a job even when
their skills equal their male counterparts because of the cultural bias of hiring females (Minderoo
Foundation, 2018). This stems from ancient Confucian values that favored males to females in many
aspects of life, well indicated by the way family names are passed on according to the male ancestry.
Additionally, Private sector which rose after the socioeconomic transformations in China is hesitant
to hire women as the law requires them to receive benefits that make companies spent more maternity
leave, childcare benefits leave alone the fact that women jobs are interrupted by child bearing. It is at this
that women may be forced to sign contracts that they will not be pregnant during their tenure of work
(Minderoo Foundation, 2018). Families may encourage their daughters to migrate since staying at home
may prove a financial burden migrating from home increases women vulnerability to human trafficking.
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O’brien (2008) is of the view that half of the people who migrate around the world are women
and they are the most disadvantaged migrants when it comes employment. Women are discriminated
when hiring employees, they are overworked, paid low salaries, and first laid off. They are left impov-
erished, vulnerable to sexual exploitation in sex tourism industry.
Tuttle (2017) recognizes the issue of “Otherness” that contributes to human trafficking. The issue
of otherness implies “those who do not belong to you” and promotes a distinction between self and
others. It is in this regard that females perceive themselves different from males or females align them-
selves with females and males likewise because they are similar and distance themselves from others
they are dissimilar. Groups that are not similar do manifest themselves by race, gender, ethnicity, class,
and geography and these differences attract exploitation. Related to human trafficking, the subject
of “othering” works to explain the exploitation of people who are susceptible to human trafficking
based on their gender. Disregarding socioeconomic development for women encourages exploitation
of women and girls by men, in most cases through sex trafficking. As an example, men from devel-
oped countries have been with the urge to exploit women from developing nations.
In the traditional Africa society, women have been looked on as inferior. Men have dominated all
aspects of life-politics, economics, and business and have held few posts in the governments leave alone
the fact that higher education for a girl child is a recent phenomenon. There has been therefore practices
of gender based violence, domestic violence, and other outdated traditional values that respect social and
cultural values such as early forced marriage by parents which violate fundamental rights of the female
sex at most times resulting in divorce and subsequent vulnerability of the wives (Fabu, 2006).
Weatherburn (2015) notes that human trafficking is a result of gender inequality. Gender inequality
occurs because of lack of employment opportunities coupled with discrimination and lack of access to
education and where such vulnerabilities exist, cultural subordination of women prevails. Women in
Central and Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa societies may not therefore be attracted by the economic
development of the West, but need for freedom from domestic violence and a strong male dominance.
Wester (2013) highlights that in Sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of the people who fall below the poverty line
are women. Women political representation is so low in Sub –Saharan. Gender inequality is realized where
women have 6% in the parliament, 10% in local administration, and 2% in the cabinet ministers. To make mat-
ters worse, governments are poor, weak, and male dominated with difficulties to deal with violations of wom-
en's human rights such as human trafficking. More women do not have economic rights on land. For example,
women work force on agriculture is about 80% and women produce 80% of food yet they own 7% of land.
Two types of human trafficking found on a large scale in Democratic republic of Congo are sex and
labor trafficking. On sex trafficking women and girls are forcefully drawn from the rural and taken
mining centers on the grounds that they would be offered financial support only to be sold as sex ob-
jects. There are lots of informal campsites in the mining areas where women are taken for prostitution
in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The Batwa, or pygmy ethnic group does forced labor in
agriculture and mining areas of the Congo (Haider, 2017).
Warpinski (2013) offers a vivid example of women marginalization in the Democratic Republic of
Congo where many prostitutes are found around mining areas some of who are forcefully conscripted
in the armed forces. It is common to find that soldiers who hold women and girls at gun point during
raids and force them to be their wives. Women are kept and controlled by threats of use of force to
submit exploitation through sex and labor.
The organization for security and cooperation of Europe (1999) is of the view that women have been
excessively underprivileged in the area of socioeconomic development in the former soviet states and this is
whywomenhaveexperiencedhigherlevelsofunemployment,marginalizedinwagepayments,discriminated
in recruitment, employment, promotion, and retention. In this respect the Western Europe has continued to
be destinations for trafficked women and girls from former soviet states, Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
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There is also widespread evidence of cross border trafficking to Kenya coastal towns for female victims
of human trafficking from East African countries of Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Somali, Kenya,
and Rwanda (International Office for Migration, 2018). Also internal trafficking within the same Eastern
African countries of Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda is taking place (Bamuturaki, 2013).
Many countries have not succeeded in the fight against human trafficking as a result of varied chal-
lenges in legislation, for without proper legislation even reliable data on human trafficking becomes
unattainable (Isaboke Gacinya, 2017). Much attention has been on victims of trafficking than traf-
fickers themselves (Laczko Gozdziak, 2005).
In the current period people are free to move around the world because of globalization as the case
is with east African countries. Communication and access to information has become east through the
internet. These have been good because people are able to inform where opportunities exist, the bad
side is that people move to places that are un familiar and are trapped by human traffickers. Similarly,
the internet has been used to lure un suspecting victims to human trafficking and lack of capacity in
terms of personnel who still mistake human trafficking to mean prostitution and smuggling aggravates
the issue of fighting human trafficking (Asiimwe, 2014).
2 | RESEARCH PROBLEM
In Sub-Saharan Africa, women have been looked on as inferior. Men have dominated all aspects of
life-politics, economics, and business and have held few posts in the governments leave alone the fact
that higher education for a girl child is a recent phenomenon (Mutume, 2005). The poverty exhibited by
women is responsible for human trafficking suffered by 80% of women who fall below the poverty line.
Women are highly controlled where as men have power and strength. Cultural and social dictates
are that male children are more favored to go to school than females. Thus, there are great discrepan-
cies between the number of males and females who have education (Sultana, 2012). Less than 33% of
girls in sub-Saharan Africa are registered in secondary school. About 15 million children in West and
central Africa are out of school and this perpetuates poverty which drives girls into early forced mar-
riage and other human rights violation that include human trafficking (Natacha, Petroni, Steinhas,
Stoebenau, 2017).
Similarly, men in Rwanda have majority power and control over families. Gender based violence that
includes human trafficking committed against women has been one of the ways men understand their gen-
der superiority, as Rwandan community still harbor patriarchal tendencies (Gender equality strategy, 2019).
Significant strides have been made along closing the gender inequality gap in Rwanda such as im-
proving women access to finance, land ownership, securing employment in private and public offices
and increase in the number of women in science education which was originally a monopoly for men.
But, there are still obstacles to overcome in as far as gender equality is concerned. This is so because
the community originally embraced patriarchal beliefs. Most of the programs need to reach the lowest
segments of the Rwandan community (National strategy to fight gender based violence, 2011).
Statistics indicate that 65% of women are literate as compared 72% for men in Rwanda. More so
women experience higher rates of unemployment. Unemployment rate for women is at 17.5% for
women as compared to 16.1% for men (United Nations development program, 2019). Men still dom-
inate women because they have in the labor force as they have capital and skills to engage in produc-
tive ventures as opposed to women (Bizimungu, 2019). These equality imbalance in gender have an
indirect influence on human trafficking.
It is against this background that the author carried on the investigation to establish the nexus be-
tween gender inequality and human trafficking in Rwanda.
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3 | RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To examine the contribution of gender inequality to human trafficking in Rwanda.
4 | THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
One important theory that explains why women commit crimes is the “Economic marginalization theory.”
Women have lagged behind in politics and socioeconomic development. There are few decision-making
positions women hold in the governments. Women education is a recent occurrence. In the labor market
women have been discriminated owing to biological responsibilities of child bearing. This kind of condi-
tion has resulted in large numbers of women being unemployed and low salaried and in most cases being
employed in less secure jobs or merely domestic work (Stewart, 2018). Being poor and under employed,
sometimes with large numbers of females headed households and large number of children women have
little to provide for their dependents, thus far they commit crimes, including human trafficking.
For the purpose of this study, economic marginalization theory helped to explain gender inequality
in that women have been marginalized in terms of unemployment, poorly paid with low purchasing
power and low household income and these have perpetuated poverty among women and compelling
women to migrate to countries of opportunity and in the end trafficked (Santos, 2010).
5 | CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
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6 | LITERATURE REVIEW
United Nations Conference on Women Socio-Economic Development (2003) highlights that women
are oppressed and discriminated in most communities of the world and men superiority still prevails.
This has led to worldwide poverty among women and consequent increase of crimes committed for
women such as sexual and labor exploitation. This situation is worsened by the imbalance in the num-
ber of men compared to women in the labor market and few women in the labor market means higher
rates of unemployment for women and fewer possibilities for a career and low salaries.
Avert (2017) asserts that gender inequality results in Sub-Saharan Africa exhibit features of fami-
lies that are male dominated and these communities women are highly controlled, whereas men have
strength and power. Male children are favored much more than female children and more boys go to
school than girls and this implies boys are able to advance in education and have better future pros-
pects It is estimated that 18.8 million children in West and central Africa are not enrolled in school and
this kind of situation undermines girl children who have to marry early before adulthood. Additionally,
girls who do not marry early are forced to bear relationships with old men who have money and can
offer gifts. Age-disparity sexual relationships between young women and older men are common in
East, West, Southern, and Central of Africa. The risk of trafficking and sexual exploitation is also
higher for young women and adolescent girls living in poverty and out of school.
Innocenti Insight (2003) adds that gender inequality is yet another determinant of human traffick-
ing especially where women are vulnerable, they become easy target for traffickers. This stems from
the fact that women are generally poor. Poverty result out of the fact that cultural practices have con-
demned women to be a weak sex and inferior and so denied resources. In the three countries of Africa
such as Kenya, Uganda, and Zimbabwe where a study was carried out women have been constantly
abused, oppressed, and undervalued. This has reduced freedom for women and increased the risk of
exploitation where human trafficking as a crime is seen as a justifiable matter in the community. Social
prejudices go hand in hand with poverty-stricken living conditions indicating that trafficking in women
and children is likely to flourish. Poverty is at the core of all that takes place within poor families who
are unable to support their children, and opt to give away girl children for commercial exploitation.
Jane (2015) argues that gender imbalance in China has caused bride trafficking. One child policy
in China has caused more boys being born than girls. The current population structure in rural China
is that between 20% and 40% of rural China are male and this has increased the number of men who
intend to marry. The issue of more men than women has resulted in bride trafficking.
Robyn (2013) attributes human trafficking to failure of the parents to provide education to girls.
This was observed in many regions of the world like Latin America, Africa, South and South east Asia
where girls who are most rural with little or no education have indeed suffered human trafficking.
Research derived from India's Andhra Pradesh where commercial sex industry prevails female sex
workers had not completed high school education and about three-quarters were illiterate. The author
states that girls should access education to prepare them for life skills and tap future job opportunities
as opposed to patriarchal societies that undervalue women and limit girls’ education a condition that
leads to girls trafficking.
Robyn (2013) indicates the relationship between female representation in the parliament and human
trafficking. She states that high female representation in the parliament has a direct reduction on the
number of cross country human trafficking. She cites the example of that Rwanda which has gender
parity, with 48.8% of government seats held by women in 2003. Women in Rwanda have gained the
right to inherit land as a result of increased female representation in the parliament. Because of this
female representation in the parliament women have benefitted from increased funding for healthcare
and education. As socioeconomic improvements will continue to rise few women will be trafficked.
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Fiorito (2012) asserts that other than patriarchal societies where women are often marginalized and
kept from obtaining individual economic status, education, and governmental support, women and
girls are also trafficked in areas where human rights, especially those of women, are disregarded. One
is bound to find that girls are married forcefully in early marriages that lead to loss of independence
and a violation of basic rights that are equivalent to human trafficking.
Gender equality and poverty reduction working paper (2011) posits that education and training are
important ingredients in as far as women empowerment is concerned. Education provides women with
the knowledge and skills in order to compete in the labor market. Education for women can easily be
achieved if tuition fees were waived off for girls as an incentive. Girls education should be adhered to
in terms of building schools that accessible to girls and have qualified teachers, healthy facilities and
a safe and secure environment.
Additionally, culture, tradition and history in most countries shape appropriate behavior, expecta-
tions and attributes for women and men and he general trend is that women have less control of them-
selves, less property, and have no powers to influence decisions on their own lives (Gender equality
poverty reduction, 2011).
Angelina (2012) indicates that trafficking occurs in societies where women are discriminated from
obtaining jobs and lack property rights such Latin America, Africa, and parts of Asia. Where oppor-
tunity occur for advancement in education, medical and welfare opportunities have been extended to
boy child. When resources are little girls are the first to be pulled out of school.
Employment presents mostly in areas where girls and women are vulnerable to labor and sexual ex-
ploitation, such as domestic servants, carpet weaving, and child care provisions. In some countries pros-
titution is seen as a way of life and means with which the family is to advance. Southeast Asian families
allow their daughters to be trafficked as means to obtain funds for capital to expand their homes and land.
Katarina (2002) argues that free movement of people, goods, and services across the globe have
contributed to the feminization of poverty. Feminization of poverty is used to highlight the greater suf-
ferings that women under go as they live in poverty when compared to men. As the case may be women
and men face poverty in different ways. According to Beijing Platform for Action Women poverty is di-
rectly linked to the lack of socioeconomic opportunities and independence, lack of access to economic
resources, credit facilities, land ownership, and inheritance as well as lack of access to education and
minimal participation in the decision-making process. These finally translate into human trafficking.
Binagwaho et al. (2010) argue that factors that push women into prostitution and human trafficking
are gender related and linked to gender discrimination and inequality. Girls lack access to education
and training is a hindrance to their development. Family socioeconomic crisis lure women to look for
finances to solve socioeconomic issues and are trapped into prostitution and human trafficking. Many
of the young girls who are part of prostitution and human trafficking joined so because they were poor
and lacked family support in all aspects.
Kathleen and Lynne (2014) observes that there is a direct correlation between population growth
sustainable development, and human trafficking. High population implies a constraint for wealth cre-
ation for the country and few resources will be available for development. It also means that individuals
will move to countries of opportunity and women as poor people will be potential recruits for human
trafficking. In essence, African countries have had little development because of population pressure
and the international community has targeted these countries for population control. Rwanda is one of
the countries that has implemented sustainable growth policies that reduce population growth where
fertility rate has been reduced from 6.5 to 4.5 and there is hope to achieve reasonable population growth
by 2020. In this way Rwanda expects to reduce poverty which is the bedrock for human trafficking.
Browne (2008) points out that there were 159 million international migrants of which 90 million
were women and girls in 2008. Originally, women migrated to developed countries depending on the
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head of the family interests, but in the current period women move to other countries such as North
America as migrant workers and are especially employed in domestic services, health care and teach-
ing. The Asian migrants workers are a case in point and the major cause of women migration has been
feminization of poverty. Browne (2008) indicates that Rwanda and Nigeria are currently empowering
women through legislature and women can now inherit land and property and there is hope that mi-
gration and human trafficking slows down once women acquire wealth.
According to United Nations development fund for Women (2005), Poverty especially that which
befalls women makes them dependent on their husbands is responsible for the gender-based violence
leave alone human trafficking. Women lack education and work experience and have not gained ac-
cess to well-paying jobs, with little disposable personal income, women become liable for sexual
abuse, and human trafficking.
7 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this study quantitative and qualitative research designs were applied where strengths of each re-
search design reinforce each other. Similarly, weakness of each research design would be mitigated
best to understand the issue of gender inequality in Rwanda. The target population was 341 respond-
ents. The sample size became 184 respondents when slovin's formula was applied. About 154 re-
spondents answered the questionnaire and 30 respondents were given interviews.
7.1 | Qualitative research
To obtain qualitative data, Snowball and Purposive sampling techniques were applied. Snow ball
sampling and purposive sampling are non-probability methods. Snow ball sampling involved iden-
tifying potential respondents to complete an interview process on a subject matter. A chain referral
where a respondent was encouraged to recruit other people of the same kind to provide more data
regarding a subject matter. Moreover, purposive sampling entailed identifying and selecting indi-
viduals who have experience and knowledge in as far gender inequality and its relationship with
human trafficking.
7.1.1 | Interviews
In this study eight victims of human trafficking, six homeless, and six traffickers were interviewed
through unstructured and structured questions. As for purposive sampling four prosecutors were sin-
gled out as experts for the purpose of the study. The representative samples were drawn from the three
districts of Kigali city.
7.1.2 | Focus groups
In the focus group discussion, the researcher acted as the moderator. He guided, monitored and recorded
the discussion. One focus group discussion with six travel agencies was conducted. With the assistance
of the city of Kigali administration, travel agencies were invited for a breakfast meeting whereby the
researcher was invited upon request to administer the questions regarding human trafficking.
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Group dynamics principles were used to focus the exchange of ideas, feelings, and experiences
gender inequality factors contributing to human trafficking in the three districts of Kigali. Analytical
questions on how gender inequality affects human trafficking in the three districts of Kigali province.
The researcher collected more data in a short time in detail and the discussants explained and added
more meaning to the research questions.
7.1.3 | Quantitative research
Target population from which a sample was taken was 341 respondents. By use of Slovian's formula
(1967) cited by Omwenga and Maina (2016), where, n = N/(1 + N.e2
), the size of the sample became
184 respondents. Out of the sample size of 184 respondents only 154 returned the questionnaire. The
sampling techniques used were stratified sampling technique to increase the statistical effectiveness
and provide sufficient data for analyzing the various strata. Ten strata were used and comprised of 24
victims of human trafficking, 8 traffickers, 31 police investigators, 15 prosecutors, 15 judges, 12 local
authorities, 11 migration officers, 9 travel agencies, 9 International migration officers (IOM) and 20
homeless.
Research instruments comprised of a questionnaire for quantitative data (On a 5-point Likert scale
questions) and structured as well as semi-structured interviews for qualitative data.
In the case of quantitative research design, data were collected, processed, and analyzed in accor-
dance with the objectives of the study. Statistical package of social sciences (SPSS version) Version
21.0 was used to in the study to obtain descriptive as well as inferential statistics.
8 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results and discussion depended on qualitative and quantitative data realized.
8.1 | Results on the qualitative data
Thirty victims of human trafficking were interviewed from the city of Kigali. Six respondents were
male and 24 respondents were females and age ranged from 20 to 44 years of age. Sixty percent com-
pleted primary and secondary school while few had university education. About 80% of the victims
were females and the main form of trafficking was sex.
Majority of the victims of human trafficking were women who had no land, no employment and a
good number of the victims of human trafficking were employed as domestic workers, street vendors,
shop, bar, and restaurant attendants. Women were attracted to the urban because the urban offers basic
necessities of life such as food, shelter, and water and later enticed by traffickers.
Most of the women victims of trafficking are destined to Uganda, Malawi, Kenya, South Africa,
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, China, Malaysia, and Europe.
8.2 | Results on the quantitative data
The research established gender as a factor in human trafficking the following findings were interpreted
as follows: 1–5, 1-Agree, 2-Strongly Agree, 3-Disagree, 4-Strongly disagree, 5-Indifferent (Table 1).
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8.2.1 | Graphical representation of the relationship between gender
inequality and human trafficking
According to the above histogram, the following results were obtained; using the target population
of 341, we were able to come up with the 154 respondents who responded as the sample size. Need
for education and lack of representation of women in off farm activities were found to be the most
determinants of human trafficking in Rwanda. Respondents rated these two segments at 67.1% each.
Need for adventure and sex work were found less significant in determining human trafficking and
were rated at 12.9% and 19.1%, respectively.
8.3 | Correlation of gender on human trafficking
The Pearson correlation (R) between Gender and trafficking was computed and the resulted as 0.55
(p = .000). The table 6.2 shows that there is a moderate association between the two variables (Table 2).
Regression analysis was conducted to check the linear relationship gender inequality and human
trafficking, and then, Regression results in Table 6.2.b indicate the linear relationship between gender
and human trafficking according to R = 0.55 and R2
= 0.3, means that 30% of variation in human
trafficking is explained in and the remaining 70% is explained in other variables.
8.4 | Analysis of Variance for gender inequality and human trafficking
Table 6.3, indicates that the value of p value is 0.000, which is small compared to (α = 0.05), meaning
that the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence this helps us to say that the gender inequality is statistically
significant in explaining human trafficking (Table 3).
TABLE 1 Gender as a factor in human trafficking distribution
1 2 3 4 5
Women have a ready market for labor and sex 18.1% 58.1% 20.0% 1.9% 1.9%
Women have little power and money 32.3% 51% 7.7% 3.9% 5.1%
Men are required in occupations for hard labor 23.2% 49.7% 20.6% 5.2% 1.3%
Need for jobs 46.5% 49.7% 1.3% 1.3% 1.2%
Need for education 23.9% 67.1% 5.2% 3.2% 0.6%
Adventure 29% 12.3% 43.2% 14.2% 1.3%
sex work 49% 19.4% 11.6% 18.1% 1.9%
Unequal distribution of wealth between men and women 35.5% 51.6% 5.8% 4.5% 2.6%
women are likely to be trafficked because they are
dependent on men
23.9% 54.8% 14.2% 5.8% 1.3%
Inadequate personal income makes women vulnerable 31.6% 49.7% 11.6% 5.8% 1.3%
There few women and girls in off farm jobs 14.2% 67.1% 5.8% 9.7% 3.2%
women and girls are exposed into trafficking and employed
in domestic work
46.5% 45.8% 6.5% 0.6% 0.6%
women in Rwanda have unequal representation at the labor
market and this makes them vulnerable
39.4% 45.8% 11% 3.2% 0.6%
Source: Primary Data, 2018.
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8.5 | Gender inequality and human trafficking linear regression model
To test the significance of a regression of gender inequality and human trafficking deeply, the
regression unstandardized coefficients and intercept have been taken into consideration in order
to see whether they are significance (Table 4). The null hypothesis states that β = 0, meaning
there is no relationship between gender inequality and human trafficking. And the results from
table 6.4 shows that β = 0.539 with small p value of 0.000 that is, p value is small comparing to
α = 0.05 at this, we have enough evidence to say that β is statistically significance, and also the
intercept is 0.969 with small p value, also which is significance. Therefore, the model is written
as follows:
Y = 0.539X + 0.969, which is statistically significant fit.
TABLE 2 Correlation of gender inequality on human trafficking
Correlations
Human trafficking process
Gender
inequality
Human trafficking process
Pearson correlation 1 0.55**
Sig. (two-tailed) 0.000
N 155 155
Gender inequality
Pearson correlation 0.55**
1
Sig. (two-tailed) 0.000
N 155 155
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).Source: SPSS, Version 21.0. The relationship between gender inequality and
human trafficking.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Gender Inequality as a factor in human trafficking distribution
Agree Strongly agree Disagree Strongly disagree Indifferent
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9 | CONCLUSION
One most single factor that has determined women trafficking has been gender inequality. The defini-
tive roles for men and women cut across cultures and are to blame for the misery and demise that be-
fell women. Women have been marginalized economically, politically, and socially. Moreover, men
have strength and power and have dominated all aspects of life-politics, socioeconomics. Women are
mostly poor and depend on men to survive and it is for this reason that women migrate in search for
opportunities and trapped by human traffickers.
Feminization of poverty has occurred because women lack employment in original countries, thus
women have to seek for work elsewhere. Education for girls and women has been lacking due to the
patriarchal environment that has fostered male domination, allowing male children to go to school
while girl children are denied education.
Culture and tradition have condoned human trafficking through early marriages for girls while in other
instances girls are forcefully married and this contravenes the law as well a violation of human rights.
10 | RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to reduce human trafficking there is need to reduce gender disparities. Women should be
empowered in all aspects. In terms of employment women should be provided the right skills and
knowledge in order to compete in the labor market.
Need to change customs, beliefs, and attitudes of certain traditional practices that see women and
girls as inferior people only meant to produce children and do domestic chores. Raising aspirations of
girls and their parents is one way to achieve gender parity. Women should as well be encouraged to
TABLE 3 Analysis of variance for gender inequality and human trafficking
Model
Sum of
squares Df
Mean
square F Sig.
1 Regression 45.819 1 45.819 67.439 0.000a
Residual 103.949 153 0.679
Total 149.768 154
a
Predictors: (Constant), Gender inequality.
Dependent Variable: Human trafficking process.
TABLE 4 Coefficient result showing the relationship between gender inequality and human trafficking
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.B
Std.
Error Beta
1 (Constant) 0.969 0.146 6.626 0.000
Gender inequality/choice to traffic men or
women/Women have little power and money
0.539 0.066 0.553 8.212 0.000
Dependent variable: Human trafficking process.Source: SPSS Version 21.0.
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work and do the non-traditional vocations which are mostly in off farm works. This will help them to
break social taboos.
More women should get into decision-making positions. Thus more women are required in ministe-
rial posts, local administration, and law making bodies. This would give women confidence required to
champion sexual harassment, forced marriage, and human trafficking. Governments wishing to reduce
the out flow of female in trafficking can increase the number of women representations in the parliament.
Funding women to start income generating projects is necessary. Micro-credit facilities can pro-
mote women empowerment and can stabilize women and reduce vulnerabilities such as poverty and
unemployment. Credit facilities extended to women can provide money to start investments and break
the circle of poverty.
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How to cite this article: Gacinya J. Gender inequality as the determinant of human trafficking
in Rwanda. Sexuality, Gender Policy. 2020;3:70–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/sgp2.12018