This document summarizes a report on human trafficking in India that evaluates intervention efforts and provides recommendations. Some key points: - India has widespread issues with sex and labor trafficking, with half of its districts affected and millions of victims. - The report analyzes trafficking patterns and interventions across 9 states representing 40% of India's population. It finds government efforts are still developing but emphasize prevention, protection, and prosecution. - NGOs focus more on prevention and protection in source/transit states, and protection, prosecution, and capacity building in destination states. Collaboration between organizations and with government is improving but still a challenge. - The report's recommendations include economic cooperatives to aid victim protection, engaging vulnerable

1. Human Trafficking in India:Opportunities for The Asia FoundationSadikaHameed, Sandile Hlasthwayo, Evan Tanner, MeltemTürker, and Jungwon Yang – March 10, 2010

2. AgendaPart I: Introduction & methodologyPart II: Root causes & legal framework Part III: Findings on NGO, donor, and government intervention effortsPart IV: RecommendationsTitle photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department2

3. Introduction Two categories of trafficking: sex and labor, both of which are widespread in India

4. Half of the 612 districts in India are affected by trafficking

5. 3 million sex workers in India, with 40% being children

6. India is a source, transit point, and destination for trafficking

7. 90% of Indian trafficking is domestic, 10% is internationalPhoto by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department3

8. Formally, Trafficking in Persons (TIP) means…“the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of:Threat or use of force or other forms of coercionAbductionFraudDeceptionThe abuse of powerA position of vulnerabilityThe giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation.” (UN Palermo Protocol, 2000)4

9. Informally, Trafficking in Persons means…Preeti has not been allowed outdoors since she was enslaved in a household at age eight, fifteen years ago.

10. 17-year-old Rana is raped by twenty to fifty men every day.

11. 13-year-old Mehti has been underground weaving carpets for five years, with one meal a day.

12. 14-year-old Priyanka was sold by her father for US$22 into a life of torture, starvation, and agricultural labor.Photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department5

13. ObjectivesEvaluate the political, social, economic, legal, and intervention landscape of the anti-trafficking movement in IndiaResearch current NGO, donor, and government efforts to combat trafficking in IndiaProvide TAF with actionable recommendations with regards to a human trafficking program in IndiaPhoto by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department6

14. Geographic ScopeLimiting of states/territories based on:A pervasive and increasing trend in TIPState & local government receptivityRepresentation of source, transit, and destination points for TIPSecondary data availabilityRepresentation of a variety of dynamics that could influence TIPChosen states/territory (shown in black):Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Jharkhand, Orissa (Odisha), Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal.Collectively, the states/territories represent roughly 40% of India’s population. 7

15. MethodologyStage 1: Literature Review & Synthesizing of Secondary DataStudied general global/India-specific TIP literatureAnalyzed trafficking in nine representative states/territoriesResearched anti-trafficking interventions in those regionsConducted a legal framework analysisStage 2: InterviewsSupplemented intervention research with 19 NGO/donor interviews8

16. Data ConstraintsThe hidden nature of human traffickingIllegalityLack of recordsEfforts to keep the practice hiddenDanger to current victims for speaking outSocial stigmatization of survivorsChallenge in distinguishing victims from voluntary migrantsScope of the problemInability to conduct field research9

17. II. Root Causes & Legal Framework of TIP in India

18. Root Causes Of Trafficking11

19. 12NGO/Donor Perceptions of theProblem of TIP in India

20. Summary of Legal Framework13

21. Strengths and Weaknesses of Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts14

22. Strengths and Weaknesses of Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts (continued)15

23. III. Findings on Government, Donor, & NGO Efforts in Anti-TIP

24. Types of Trafficking Intervention Programs3Ps +C : Prevention, Prosecution, Protection and Capacity Building17

25. Representative Government Anti-TIP EffortsCentral GovernmentSwadharProgramSupports 200 shelters (> 13,000 women and girls rescued)

26. Annual budget: $1 million

27. Designing national protocols & guidelinesUjjawala ProgramCentral gov’t grants to state gov’t projects in TIP

28. 53 state projects (> 1,700 victims)Central GovernmentIntegrated Anti-Human Trafficking Units (IAHTUs)In 2009, MoHAallocated $18 million to create 297 anti-human trafficking units

29. Multi disciplinary approach

30. Joint response by all stake holders, such as police, prosecutors, NGOs, civil society and media

31. Inter-departmental & inter-agency collaborationState GovernmentsTIP training to NGOs working onHIV/AIDSAndhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

32. Victims have greater risk of contracting the disease

33. Leverages synergies

34. High value multiplier effect18

35. Government Anti-TIP Efforts: FindingsThe central government’s programs are –Still in design/recently launched

36. Unclear outcomesThe state-led intervention programs emphasize –Prevention  Protection  Prosecution State government interventions often fail because –Poor coordination

37. Low awareness

38. Lack of an integrated plan

39. High level of corruptionNGOs’ perception of gov’t efforts generally positive; however, it was indicated that government still lacks political will, coordination, and capacity19