This document summarizes a study on the socio-cultural context of violence against women in Pakistan. The study interviewed 813 married couples across 4 districts. It found that deeply rooted cultural and traditional practices perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan. Gender roles expect women to be subservient and deny them rights. Violence is often considered normal and justified. Common forms of violence include sexual violence, domestic violence, acid attacks, dowry crimes, honor killings, and forced marriages. The study recommends social reforms to address how cultural practices and gender norms contribute to women's vulnerability to violence in Pakistan.
Women right and women protection bill in pakistanKati Kokab
This document discusses women's rights in Pakistan. It begins by outlining the constitutional protections for women's equality and non-discrimination. However, it notes that in practice women's rights are often violated through discriminatory laws like the Hudood Ordinances, harmful customs like honor killings, and various forms of violence. It also discusses the poor state of women's health, education, and political participation. Some positive developments are noted, like more women entering the workforce and political offices. The document examines various commissions established to address women's issues, but notes their recommendations have often been ignored. It aims to highlight both the protections for women in law and constitution, and the ongoing challenges to realizing women's rights in Pakistan.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
I prepared this presentation for the end of semester. You can use it as you find it helpful.
Currently I am creating ElifNotes ( https://elifnotes.com ) for students looking help in English Literature studies.
The document discusses Pakistan's role and relations within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It notes that Pakistan was a founding member of the OIC in 1969 and has since played an important leadership role, currently chairing several OIC committees. The document also outlines Pakistan's support for Palestinian rights and opposition to recognition of Israel. It discusses Pakistan's close economic and strategic relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran, though relations with Iran have been complicated by disagreements over Afghanistan and sectarian tensions.
Women in Pakistan have constitutional protections for equality and non-discrimination according to the 1973 Constitution. However, women still face significant challenges, including domestic violence. In 2013, Pakistan passed the Domestic Violence Prevention and Protection Bill to define and punish domestic violence. Prior laws were also amended, such as removing rape from the Hudood Ordinances and trying it as a criminal offense. Additionally, the National Commission on the Status of Women was established in 2000 to promote women's rights and development. Nonetheless, crimes targeting women like honor killings, acid attacks, and abductions still occur.
Socio-culture formation of Pakistan society with reference to women Placement FARAH FAREEHA
1. Pakistani culture is influenced by surrounding regions and is home to diverse ethnic groups. Women's rights are outlined in the constitution but can be restricted.
2. Traditionally, women's roles centered around the home while men worked, but women now participate in many spheres of life. Education levels for women have risen in recent decades.
3. Women have inheritance rights but typically lack control over resources. Violence against women remains a serious issue despite some legal protections and initiatives to support women.
Dr. Momina Sajjad's presentation discusses the history and evolution of civil and military bureaucracy in Pakistan. It covers three time periods: (1) the British colonial period and early independence, where a small elite civil service administered the country; (2) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's time as PM in the 1970s, where he politicized the bureaucracy; and (3) General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime in the late 1970s-1980s, where he curtailed the role of the civil service and increased military influence. The presentation argues the composition of the civil and military services has shifted from an elite British-influenced group to one drawn more from Pakistan's indigenous middle classes
The document summarizes the key political and constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's role as the first Governor General, the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister, the passing of the Objectives Resolution in 1949, the work of the Basic Principles Committee to develop constitutional frameworks, and the drafting and passing of Pakistan's first constitution in 1956 before it was abrogated by a military coup in 1958.
Women right and women protection bill in pakistanKati Kokab
This document discusses women's rights in Pakistan. It begins by outlining the constitutional protections for women's equality and non-discrimination. However, it notes that in practice women's rights are often violated through discriminatory laws like the Hudood Ordinances, harmful customs like honor killings, and various forms of violence. It also discusses the poor state of women's health, education, and political participation. Some positive developments are noted, like more women entering the workforce and political offices. The document examines various commissions established to address women's issues, but notes their recommendations have often been ignored. It aims to highlight both the protections for women in law and constitution, and the ongoing challenges to realizing women's rights in Pakistan.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
I prepared this presentation for the end of semester. You can use it as you find it helpful.
Currently I am creating ElifNotes ( https://elifnotes.com ) for students looking help in English Literature studies.
The document discusses Pakistan's role and relations within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It notes that Pakistan was a founding member of the OIC in 1969 and has since played an important leadership role, currently chairing several OIC committees. The document also outlines Pakistan's support for Palestinian rights and opposition to recognition of Israel. It discusses Pakistan's close economic and strategic relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran, though relations with Iran have been complicated by disagreements over Afghanistan and sectarian tensions.
Women in Pakistan have constitutional protections for equality and non-discrimination according to the 1973 Constitution. However, women still face significant challenges, including domestic violence. In 2013, Pakistan passed the Domestic Violence Prevention and Protection Bill to define and punish domestic violence. Prior laws were also amended, such as removing rape from the Hudood Ordinances and trying it as a criminal offense. Additionally, the National Commission on the Status of Women was established in 2000 to promote women's rights and development. Nonetheless, crimes targeting women like honor killings, acid attacks, and abductions still occur.
Socio-culture formation of Pakistan society with reference to women Placement FARAH FAREEHA
1. Pakistani culture is influenced by surrounding regions and is home to diverse ethnic groups. Women's rights are outlined in the constitution but can be restricted.
2. Traditionally, women's roles centered around the home while men worked, but women now participate in many spheres of life. Education levels for women have risen in recent decades.
3. Women have inheritance rights but typically lack control over resources. Violence against women remains a serious issue despite some legal protections and initiatives to support women.
Dr. Momina Sajjad's presentation discusses the history and evolution of civil and military bureaucracy in Pakistan. It covers three time periods: (1) the British colonial period and early independence, where a small elite civil service administered the country; (2) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's time as PM in the 1970s, where he politicized the bureaucracy; and (3) General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime in the late 1970s-1980s, where he curtailed the role of the civil service and increased military influence. The presentation argues the composition of the civil and military services has shifted from an elite British-influenced group to one drawn more from Pakistan's indigenous middle classes
The document summarizes the key political and constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's role as the first Governor General, the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister, the passing of the Objectives Resolution in 1949, the work of the Basic Principles Committee to develop constitutional frameworks, and the drafting and passing of Pakistan's first constitution in 1956 before it was abrogated by a military coup in 1958.
Evolution of Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947 2012)Evan Pathiratne
The document summarizes the evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present in three phases. The first phase from 1947-1962 saw Pakistan explore relationships with all countries while initially aligning with the West. The second phase from 1962-1990 was a transition away from complete alignment with the West towards bilateralism and non-alignment. The third phase from 1990 onward dealt with the post-Cold War era, Pakistan's nuclear development, the war in Afghanistan, and recent counterterrorism efforts. Pakistan's foreign policy has aimed to balance national security, economic interests, Islamic solidarity, and peaceful relations while remaining non-aligned.
The document summarizes the status of women in Pakistan. It discusses how women's status varies across social classes and regions, with urban women generally enjoying more privileges. Historically, women participated in Pakistan's independence movement and leaders like Fatima Jinnah advocated for women's rights. However, rural women still face significant challenges such as low literacy rates, lack of inheritance and land rights, and cultural practices like dowry that impose financial burdens. Overall, while Pakistani women have made progress in certain fields like politics and education, true equality remains elusive especially for poor, rural women.
Child Rights, UN CRC & Child Protection in PakistanSaleem Bokhari
This training module is part of other training modules on child protection. Other modules include Basics of child protection in Pakistan, identification of child abuse and neglect in Pakistan, Forensic interviewing with children in Pakistan, Child Development, Positive parenting and parenting patterns in Pakistan, Child Protection and Child Care in Pakistan, Alternative Child Care Management in Pakistan and Child Discipline etc
https://www.linkedin.com/in/saleem-bokhari-57236b118/
Saleem Bokhari Trainer, Multi-Disciplinary Child Protection (Health Education Officer, Lahore, Pakistan)
Pakistan has pursued different foreign policy eras since independence based on the geopolitical context. These include an initial era of neutrality (1947-1953), followed by an era of alliances (1954-1962) where it joined defense pacts. It then pursued bilateralism (1963-1978), non-alignment (1979-1989), relationships shaped by the post-Cold War environment (1990-2001), and its current era focused on the global war on terror (2001-present). Pakistan has had to balance relationships with neighboring states like Afghanistan, China, and India, while also cooperating in organizations like the Non-Aligned Movement and Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present. It discusses the key principles and vision outlined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, including non-alignment and friendship with all nations. It then analyzes Pakistan's foreign policy through different phases, from the country's founding to the ongoing war on terror. The document also examines Pakistan's relationships with other countries and the agencies involved in foreign policymaking.
This document highlights the accomplishments of many prominent women from Pakistan across various fields such as politics, social work, literature, education, sports and more. It profiles over 20 influential Pakistani women including politicians Benazir Bhutto and Fatima Jinnah, writers Bano Qudsia and Parveen Shakir, singer Noor Jehan, journalist Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, activist Asma Jahangir, philanthropists Bilquis Edhi and Mussarat Misbah, computer prodigy Arfa Karim, pilot Ayesha Farooq, and athlete Naseem Hameed. The document celebrates the efforts of these proud daughters of Pakistan who have made significant contributions and brought honor
The document summarizes Pakistan's relations with the United States from 1947 to 2020 over 11 sections. Some key points:
- Pakistan initially allied with the US during the Cold War in the 1950s-60s, receiving military and economic aid. However, tensions emerged as Pakistan strengthened ties with China and the US aid to Pakistan diminished.
- The 1971 war with India and creation of Bangladesh strained US-Pakistan relations as the US supported Pakistan's military government.
- In the 1970s, Pakistan pursued a policy of bilateralism, strengthening relations with both the US and China while remaining non-aligned. However, tensions grew over Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.
- US-Pakistan relations have oscill
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long and complex relationship dating back to their independence in 1947. Relations were initially fraught as Afghanistan opposed Pakistan's independence and membership in the UN. Tensions eased from 1963-1973 as Afghanistan supported Pakistan in its wars with India. The overthrow of Afghanistan's monarchy in 1973 deteriorated relations further. The Soviet invasion of 1979 and Pakistan's support for the mujahideen resistance dominated relations until 1992. Since 9/11, Pakistan has walked a fine line between supporting US counterterrorism efforts while maintaining ties to Afghan factions.
The document discusses the political system and role of religion in Pakistan. It provides background on Pakistan's history and establishment as an Islamic nation. Islam is deeply ingrained in Pakistan's identity, with 97% of the population identifying as Muslim. The constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and requires laws to be aligned with Islamic principles. However, the role of Islam remains controversial, as an overemphasis on religious ideology has weakened national unity. Military rule also exacerbated religious fundamentalism, complicating Pakistan's ability to function as a modern state.
The document discusses violence against women in Pakistan. It begins with defining violence and violence against women. It then outlines the various forms of violence against women including physical, sexual, psychological violence and harmful traditional practices. The document provides statistics on violence against women in Pakistan from 2011-2015 showing an increase over those years. It discusses the situation province-wise and lists the key crimes against women. The document identifies gender inequality and discrimination as the root causes of violence against women and outlines some of the serious health, social and psychological effects violence has on women and children.
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq enforced martial law for the third time in Pakistan's history after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government in a 1977 coup. Zia promised to hold elections within 90 days but later postponed them and started an accountability process against politicians. Zia assumed the presidency in 1978 and introduced an advisory body called Majlis-e-Shoora while remaining the ultimate authority. Zia was elected president in a 1984 referendum and held non-party elections in 1985, increasing his powers through a constitutional amendment. Zia dissolved the national assembly and removed the prime minister in 1988, promising again to hold elections, but died in a plane crash before doing so.
General Zia-ul-Haq suspended Pakistan's constitution and instituted martial law after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a 1977 coup. During his rule from 1977 to 1988, Zia introduced policies of Islamization, including stricter Islamic laws and increased emphasis on religion in education. He legitimized his power through a referendum and elections in 1985. Zia also strengthened Pakistan's ties with the U.S. and Saudi Arabia by supporting the mujahideen against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, his Islamization policies faced opposition, and unrest grew in Sindh and Balochistan. Zia ultimately died in a mysterious plane crash in 1988.
Pakistani culture is diverse due to influences from various groups throughout history including Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Mongols. It has several key characteristics: Islamic values and traditions shape society and culture, Urdu is the national language though regional languages include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, and Balochi. Pakistani culture blends these regional cultures and also features a rich literary tradition. Traditional dresses, fairs, festivals, sports, and handicrafts are also important aspects of Pakistani culture.
The document discusses the concept of ideology and the ideology behind the creation of Pakistan. It provides definitions of ideology from dictionaries as a systematic body of concepts about human life or culture and a sociopolitical program. It then discusses the key principles of common religion, culture, causes and dedication that unite an ideology. The document outlines the religious, cultural and social differences between Hindus and Muslims that led proponents of the Two-Nation Theory like Iqbal and Jinnah to argue that Hindus and Muslims constitute two distinct nations requiring separate homelands. This ideology ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan as the first modern Islamic ideological state.
Hi, This is my presentation About the initial Problems that Pakistan had faced soon after it's creation. It contains a lot about Pakistan and as well as about it's Facts and Causes, Hopefully It'll will help you all. Jazak Allah (Thanks).
Pakistani women and their political empowerment mahee tori
Pakistani women face many barriers to political empowerment and participation. Culturally, women have a secondary status to men and are largely restricted to domestic spheres. Politically, women make up only a small percentage of seats in national parliaments globally and in Pakistan. Multiple interconnected factors influence women's participation, including economic conditions, education levels, domestic responsibilities, lack of political experience and training, gender norms restricting mobility and decision-making, and patriarchal traditions viewing politics as unsuitable for women. Prior experience, education, resources, and ambition can help women gain political power, but masculine political cultures within parties also constrain women's equal status and opportunities.
India – United States of America Relations.pptxPrachiRawat28
India and the United States have growing multi-faceted relations across areas like trade, defense, security, education, science and technology. Regular high-level political and official contacts have strengthened the bilateral relationship through discussions on bilateral, regional, and global issues. Key agreements like BECA, LEMOA, and COMCASA have deepened military cooperation, while increasing engagements across sectors reflect the vitality of the partnership between the two democracies.
Unclean drinking water and its affects, increasing no of divorce in pakIrfan Hussain
Drugs are chemical substances that alter brain functioning to provide pleasurable sensations. People try drugs for various reasons like fitting in, relaxing, escaping problems, or because drugs are easily available. When drug use moves beyond occasional to frequent use, it can become problematic, causing issues like withdrawal symptoms if the drug is unavailable, conflict with friends and family who disapprove of the drug use, mood swings, and legal or financial problems.
Unclean drinking water can spread infectious diseases and negatively impact public health. The poor are most vulnerable to issues from unclean water as they spend large portions of their income obtaining water and have to travel long distances to collect water. Problems from unclean water include water-borne diseases like cholera
The document discusses several social issues in Pakistan including economy, health, education, family structures, women's issues, and crime. It then focuses on domestic violence, defining it and outlining the cycle of violence. It provides data from hospitals in Karachi that found 63% of patients were domestic violence victims, with higher rates among women. Effects of domestic violence mentioned include depression, health problems, and repeated self-injury. The challenges of reporting domestic violence are also noted.
Evolution of Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947 2012)Evan Pathiratne
The document summarizes the evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present in three phases. The first phase from 1947-1962 saw Pakistan explore relationships with all countries while initially aligning with the West. The second phase from 1962-1990 was a transition away from complete alignment with the West towards bilateralism and non-alignment. The third phase from 1990 onward dealt with the post-Cold War era, Pakistan's nuclear development, the war in Afghanistan, and recent counterterrorism efforts. Pakistan's foreign policy has aimed to balance national security, economic interests, Islamic solidarity, and peaceful relations while remaining non-aligned.
The document summarizes the status of women in Pakistan. It discusses how women's status varies across social classes and regions, with urban women generally enjoying more privileges. Historically, women participated in Pakistan's independence movement and leaders like Fatima Jinnah advocated for women's rights. However, rural women still face significant challenges such as low literacy rates, lack of inheritance and land rights, and cultural practices like dowry that impose financial burdens. Overall, while Pakistani women have made progress in certain fields like politics and education, true equality remains elusive especially for poor, rural women.
Child Rights, UN CRC & Child Protection in PakistanSaleem Bokhari
This training module is part of other training modules on child protection. Other modules include Basics of child protection in Pakistan, identification of child abuse and neglect in Pakistan, Forensic interviewing with children in Pakistan, Child Development, Positive parenting and parenting patterns in Pakistan, Child Protection and Child Care in Pakistan, Alternative Child Care Management in Pakistan and Child Discipline etc
https://www.linkedin.com/in/saleem-bokhari-57236b118/
Saleem Bokhari Trainer, Multi-Disciplinary Child Protection (Health Education Officer, Lahore, Pakistan)
Pakistan has pursued different foreign policy eras since independence based on the geopolitical context. These include an initial era of neutrality (1947-1953), followed by an era of alliances (1954-1962) where it joined defense pacts. It then pursued bilateralism (1963-1978), non-alignment (1979-1989), relationships shaped by the post-Cold War environment (1990-2001), and its current era focused on the global war on terror (2001-present). Pakistan has had to balance relationships with neighboring states like Afghanistan, China, and India, while also cooperating in organizations like the Non-Aligned Movement and Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present. It discusses the key principles and vision outlined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, including non-alignment and friendship with all nations. It then analyzes Pakistan's foreign policy through different phases, from the country's founding to the ongoing war on terror. The document also examines Pakistan's relationships with other countries and the agencies involved in foreign policymaking.
This document highlights the accomplishments of many prominent women from Pakistan across various fields such as politics, social work, literature, education, sports and more. It profiles over 20 influential Pakistani women including politicians Benazir Bhutto and Fatima Jinnah, writers Bano Qudsia and Parveen Shakir, singer Noor Jehan, journalist Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, activist Asma Jahangir, philanthropists Bilquis Edhi and Mussarat Misbah, computer prodigy Arfa Karim, pilot Ayesha Farooq, and athlete Naseem Hameed. The document celebrates the efforts of these proud daughters of Pakistan who have made significant contributions and brought honor
The document summarizes Pakistan's relations with the United States from 1947 to 2020 over 11 sections. Some key points:
- Pakistan initially allied with the US during the Cold War in the 1950s-60s, receiving military and economic aid. However, tensions emerged as Pakistan strengthened ties with China and the US aid to Pakistan diminished.
- The 1971 war with India and creation of Bangladesh strained US-Pakistan relations as the US supported Pakistan's military government.
- In the 1970s, Pakistan pursued a policy of bilateralism, strengthening relations with both the US and China while remaining non-aligned. However, tensions grew over Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.
- US-Pakistan relations have oscill
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long and complex relationship dating back to their independence in 1947. Relations were initially fraught as Afghanistan opposed Pakistan's independence and membership in the UN. Tensions eased from 1963-1973 as Afghanistan supported Pakistan in its wars with India. The overthrow of Afghanistan's monarchy in 1973 deteriorated relations further. The Soviet invasion of 1979 and Pakistan's support for the mujahideen resistance dominated relations until 1992. Since 9/11, Pakistan has walked a fine line between supporting US counterterrorism efforts while maintaining ties to Afghan factions.
The document discusses the political system and role of religion in Pakistan. It provides background on Pakistan's history and establishment as an Islamic nation. Islam is deeply ingrained in Pakistan's identity, with 97% of the population identifying as Muslim. The constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and requires laws to be aligned with Islamic principles. However, the role of Islam remains controversial, as an overemphasis on religious ideology has weakened national unity. Military rule also exacerbated religious fundamentalism, complicating Pakistan's ability to function as a modern state.
The document discusses violence against women in Pakistan. It begins with defining violence and violence against women. It then outlines the various forms of violence against women including physical, sexual, psychological violence and harmful traditional practices. The document provides statistics on violence against women in Pakistan from 2011-2015 showing an increase over those years. It discusses the situation province-wise and lists the key crimes against women. The document identifies gender inequality and discrimination as the root causes of violence against women and outlines some of the serious health, social and psychological effects violence has on women and children.
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq enforced martial law for the third time in Pakistan's history after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government in a 1977 coup. Zia promised to hold elections within 90 days but later postponed them and started an accountability process against politicians. Zia assumed the presidency in 1978 and introduced an advisory body called Majlis-e-Shoora while remaining the ultimate authority. Zia was elected president in a 1984 referendum and held non-party elections in 1985, increasing his powers through a constitutional amendment. Zia dissolved the national assembly and removed the prime minister in 1988, promising again to hold elections, but died in a plane crash before doing so.
General Zia-ul-Haq suspended Pakistan's constitution and instituted martial law after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a 1977 coup. During his rule from 1977 to 1988, Zia introduced policies of Islamization, including stricter Islamic laws and increased emphasis on religion in education. He legitimized his power through a referendum and elections in 1985. Zia also strengthened Pakistan's ties with the U.S. and Saudi Arabia by supporting the mujahideen against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, his Islamization policies faced opposition, and unrest grew in Sindh and Balochistan. Zia ultimately died in a mysterious plane crash in 1988.
Pakistani culture is diverse due to influences from various groups throughout history including Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Mongols. It has several key characteristics: Islamic values and traditions shape society and culture, Urdu is the national language though regional languages include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, and Balochi. Pakistani culture blends these regional cultures and also features a rich literary tradition. Traditional dresses, fairs, festivals, sports, and handicrafts are also important aspects of Pakistani culture.
The document discusses the concept of ideology and the ideology behind the creation of Pakistan. It provides definitions of ideology from dictionaries as a systematic body of concepts about human life or culture and a sociopolitical program. It then discusses the key principles of common religion, culture, causes and dedication that unite an ideology. The document outlines the religious, cultural and social differences between Hindus and Muslims that led proponents of the Two-Nation Theory like Iqbal and Jinnah to argue that Hindus and Muslims constitute two distinct nations requiring separate homelands. This ideology ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan as the first modern Islamic ideological state.
Hi, This is my presentation About the initial Problems that Pakistan had faced soon after it's creation. It contains a lot about Pakistan and as well as about it's Facts and Causes, Hopefully It'll will help you all. Jazak Allah (Thanks).
Pakistani women and their political empowerment mahee tori
Pakistani women face many barriers to political empowerment and participation. Culturally, women have a secondary status to men and are largely restricted to domestic spheres. Politically, women make up only a small percentage of seats in national parliaments globally and in Pakistan. Multiple interconnected factors influence women's participation, including economic conditions, education levels, domestic responsibilities, lack of political experience and training, gender norms restricting mobility and decision-making, and patriarchal traditions viewing politics as unsuitable for women. Prior experience, education, resources, and ambition can help women gain political power, but masculine political cultures within parties also constrain women's equal status and opportunities.
India – United States of America Relations.pptxPrachiRawat28
India and the United States have growing multi-faceted relations across areas like trade, defense, security, education, science and technology. Regular high-level political and official contacts have strengthened the bilateral relationship through discussions on bilateral, regional, and global issues. Key agreements like BECA, LEMOA, and COMCASA have deepened military cooperation, while increasing engagements across sectors reflect the vitality of the partnership between the two democracies.
Unclean drinking water and its affects, increasing no of divorce in pakIrfan Hussain
Drugs are chemical substances that alter brain functioning to provide pleasurable sensations. People try drugs for various reasons like fitting in, relaxing, escaping problems, or because drugs are easily available. When drug use moves beyond occasional to frequent use, it can become problematic, causing issues like withdrawal symptoms if the drug is unavailable, conflict with friends and family who disapprove of the drug use, mood swings, and legal or financial problems.
Unclean drinking water can spread infectious diseases and negatively impact public health. The poor are most vulnerable to issues from unclean water as they spend large portions of their income obtaining water and have to travel long distances to collect water. Problems from unclean water include water-borne diseases like cholera
The document discusses several social issues in Pakistan including economy, health, education, family structures, women's issues, and crime. It then focuses on domestic violence, defining it and outlining the cycle of violence. It provides data from hospitals in Karachi that found 63% of patients were domestic violence victims, with higher rates among women. Effects of domestic violence mentioned include depression, health problems, and repeated self-injury. The challenges of reporting domestic violence are also noted.
Forced marriage is prevalent in parts of South Asia and Africa, violating human rights. It involves marrying without consent, often underage. In Pakistan, watta satta accounts for over 30% of marriages, typically involving blood relatives within the same village. Practices like vani, swara, and child marriage also violate rights and norms against forced marriage. Education is key to changing social attitudes that enable this violation of rights.
This document discusses various forms of physical violence against women, including honor killings, dowry deaths, and domestic violence. It provides definitions and examples of each issue, statistics from studies conducted in different countries, and information on efforts being made internationally and domestically to address these problems. However, more work is still needed as violence against women continues in many parts of the world.
Cross-Cultural Studies on Gender, Emotion and Personality. A Presentation summary based on the book from Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007). Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.
A2 Cross cultural research into gender rolesJill Jan
Margaret Mead conducted a famous study in the 1930s where she observed gender roles in three tribes in Papua New Guinea - the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli. She found their gender roles differed significantly from Western societies. For example, the Arapesh exhibited gentle, caring behaviors regardless of gender, while the Mundugumor were aggressive and quarrelsome. However, her findings were criticized for being unscientific and overlooking biological influences. Later studies found both cultural variation in gender roles but also important similarities across cultures, suggesting both nature and nurture impact gender roles. More research using indigenous researchers is still needed to better understand the effects of cultural context.
Domestic Violence Against Women And Girls In Powerpoint (Created By Mann Bdr...Mann Pariyar
This is the first power point slides I made, the contents in this slides are taken from various books N I do hope that it will bring a positive effect in the society.
Any comments you have can be sent at rainfall12@hotmail.com or mann061@yahoo.com.
With best regards,
mANN
- Violence against women is a widespread problem globally and in India. According to UN definitions, it includes physical, sexual, and psychological harm inflicted upon women.
- In Tamil Nadu, India, domestic violence is common. A WHO survey found 60% of executives said domestic violence limits women's participation in the workplace. Other forms of violence prevalent in Tamil Nadu include sexual violence, dowry-related murders, female genital mutilation, and early/child marriage.
- Several case studies provide examples of specific instances of domestic violence, rape, dowry-related deaths, harmful traditional practices, and child marriages in Tamil Nadu. Addressing violence against women requires legal reforms and changes to social attitudes
Cultural values serve important functions such as providing identity, explaining behaviors, regulating in-groups and out-groups, and enabling adaptation. Key cultural value dimensions include individualism vs. collectivism, small vs. large power distance, weak vs. strong uncertainty avoidance, feminine vs. masculine, and independent vs. interdependent self-construal. Cultural values shape communication and behaviors in important ways but do not determine the behaviors of every individual member of a culture.
The document discusses violence against women in India. It defines gender-based violence and outlines various forms such as domestic, sexual, physical, cultural, religious, and socio-economic violence. It also examines the situation of violence against women in India, including gender discrimination, caste discrimination, and impacts of economic policies. The document analyzes the effects of family violence on women's lives and children. It provides statistics on violence against women in India from sources like NFHS and NCRB. It discusses laws and initiatives to protect women from domestic violence.
The document discusses Lev Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory of development. It explains that Vygotsky believed cognitive development occurs through social interactions and is mediated by language and culture. A key concept is the Zone of Proximal Development, which is the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance and is the area where maximum learning occurs. Scaffolding from adults and peers helps children learn new skills within their ZPD."
This document discusses cross-cultural communication and provides tips for improving it. There are four fundamental patterns of cultural difference: communication styles, attitudes toward conflicts, decision making, and approaches to knowledge. High context cultures rely heavily on non-verbal cues while low context cultures rely more on words. Gestures can have different meanings across cultures. Barriers to cross-cultural communication include ethnocentrism, discrimination, stereotyping, cultural blindness, and cultural imposition. Ways to improve include slowing down, separating questions, avoiding negatives, taking turns, checking meanings, and maintaining etiquette. Developing skills like respecting differences, building trust, understanding body language, and connecting with people can help overcome cultural barriers.
Violence against Women with Special Reference to Domestic Violence Act, 2005ijtsrd
The document discusses violence against women, specifically domestic violence. It provides definitions of violence against women and domestic violence. It examines causes such as gender socialization and women's economic dependence on men. Consequences discussed include physical, sexual, emotional and economic harms to victims as well as effects on society such as reduced productivity. The document also notes loopholes in implementing domestic violence laws in India, such as lack of awareness among victims about their legal rights and protections.
Gender discrimination in Pakistan threatens its security and progress. Women make up over half the population but face inhumane treatment through domestic violence, forced marriages, honor killings, and lack of access to education and jobs. Discrimination is deeply rooted in society and denies women their identity, treating them as property of fathers or husbands. To improve security and prosperity, Pakistan must eliminate discrimination and empower women through education, employment, and participation in decision making.
The document summarizes key findings from a study by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) examining the nature and drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) in three refugee camps across three continents. The study found that IPV in humanitarian settings is driven by a complex set of factors including pre-existing gender inequalities that are exacerbated by displacement and changing gender roles. Drivers identified include rapidly changing gender norms, separation from family/community structures, forced marriages, poverty, and substance abuse. Women reported experiencing ongoing severe physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse. They navigated safety by first reporting to family/community, and only seeking formal support when other options failed or violence became life-threatening. Women suggested improving prevention and
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Socio cultural context of violence against women in pakistan
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
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Socio-Cultural Context of Violence against Women in Pakistan
Dr. Ra’ana Malik
Assistant Prof., Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. Address:
Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab,New Campus Lahore, Pakistan
Email: raana.malik@yahoo.com
Abstract
Violence against women takes many forms and is spread throughout a woman’s life cycle. Because of deep
rooted cultural and traditional practices, women in Pakistan are the victims of both direct and indirect violence.
The present study aimed to reflect the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of society towards violence against
women practices in the light of Pakistan’s socio-cultural context. The data was drawn from four districts and in a
household survey, 813 couples were interviewed. Strong influence of socio-cultural norms and traditions was
found and issues pertaining to violence against women are considered as personal and private. The prevalent
cultural practices and gender-based social norms and traditions perpetuate lower status of women in the family,
community and society. Recommendations for social reform policy are given.
Key Words: Violence against Women; Social & Cultural Practices; Pakistan
Introduction
Violence against women (VAW) is a universal reality existing in all societies regardless of income, class and
culture. It would be difficult to find one woman, whom at one time or the other in her lifetime had not been
afraid merely because she was a woman. Women who are particularly vulnerable to violence are those who live
in extremely precarious conditions or who are discriminated against on the basis of race, language, ethnic group,
culture, age, opinion, or in the name of religion. The World Health Organization (2000) estimates that at least
one in every five women in the world is physically or sexually abused at some time in her life cycle. The
violence against women incidents affects both the physical and psychological integrity of women. VAW has
drastic consequences not only for victims but also for the society as a whole. In the recent years, a lot of research
has been carried out documenting the impact of violence against women. The health impact of VAW on women
can be as high as some of the leading causes of injury; consequences are especially serious in the area of
reproductive health (Heise, Pitanguy and Germain, 1994; Krug, Etienne et al., 2002.). Studies estimating the
socio-economic costs of VAW have documented the impact on earnings due to death and lost productivity, job
loss, lost productivity of the abuser due to imprisonment, and loss of tax revenues due to death and incarceration
(Araji, 2000; Feming, 1999).
International research provides convincing evidence that violence against women is rooted in gender inequities
and is both tolerated and sometimes even condoned by laws, institutions and community norms that discriminate
against women and girls (Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller, 1999). Violence against women is thus not only a
manifestation of gender inequality, but often serves to enforce it. Men often use violence to punish perceived
misbehaviors of gender roles, to show authority, and to save honor. Violence against women is often considered
normal and justified by the broader society rather than a criminal act, and victims rather than perpetrators are
often blamed and stigmatized. Violence against women, therefore, cannot be understood in isolation from the
gender norms, social structures and roles that influence women's vulnerability to violence.
Violence against women is a serious problem across Pakistan and contributes to the low social indicators for
women’s development in the country. Pakistan ranked 123 on the Gender Equality Index (UNDP, 2013).
According to UNICEF (2000) violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women
are forced into a subordinate position compared with men. As Niaz (2003) says, “History of violence against
women is tied to the history of women being viewed as property and a gender role assigned to be subservient to
men”, (p.36). Pakistani society is a true example of exhibiting this violence where there are deep rooted beliefs
based on culture and traditions, norms and social institutions that legitimize and therefore perpetuate violence
against women. In many areas, like in KPK, Baluchistan, rural Sindh and rural Punjab, women are viewed as
'personal property' which can be sale and purchased. For instance, in rural areas, girls and women continue to be
traded to settle debts or conflicts (Shaheed, 1998). “Women’s right to liberty in Pakistan is restricted in the name
of modesty, protection and prevention of immoral activity all this is done in the name of social morality”, (Jilani,
1998, p.143). This kind of behavior, apparently tending towards protection of women, finally results in form of
oppression of even basic human rights of women.
Women in Pakistan face the threat of multiple forms of violence, including sexual violence by family members
and strangers, domestic violence, being burned alive, having acid thrown on them, dowry related crimes, being
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beaten and threatened honor killings and other customary practices. Forced and early marriages of young girls
continue to occur and girls and women continue to be used to settle debts or conflicts. They are beaten up, raped,
tortured or even killed at home; they have to face the constant threat of sexual harassment, sexual assaults, rape
and gang-rape. In tribal areas, tribal leaders run tribal councils which are a parallel judicial system in Pakistan.
The number of women of all ages and backgrounds who are killed in the name of honor cannot be determined;
majority of these cases are unreported and only in the rarest cases are perpetrators brought to justice. Many
women in Pakistan live lives in accordance with socio-cultural traditions which actually control their bodies,
decisions and lives. Undocumented and unreported killings in the name of honor are often supported by the
indifference behavior of police. As Shah (1998) notes, “it is paradoxical that women who enjoy such a poor
status in society and have no standing in family should become the focal point and a false and primitive concept
of family honor, which they are expected to uphold at the expense of their inclinations and preference in matters
of marriage” (p.5). Regressive social practices, entrenched deeply in tribal and feudal customs and traditions,
coupled with a conservative interpretation of religious leaders, are the main hurdles in the way of women,
demanding their rights.
Discrimination against women is more a societal problem than being legal, as it is deeply entrenched in the
mindsets of people. Laws are not sufficient to protect women against centuries old traditions. This requires
strong grassroots level efforts and holistic approach to bring positive change in the society. In the recent years,
abduction/kidnapping of women comes out to be most violent practice followed by murder. The customary
practices and custodial violence, torture, trafficking, child marriages, incest, sexual harassment etc. have been
reported showing a rising trend. The three categories of suicide, murder and honor killing, which deprive a
woman of her basic right to life, together constitute 32.82% or one third of the total incidents of violence against
women (Aurat Foundation, 2011).
Objectives of the Study
• Understand the social and cultural factors supporting and reinforcing violence against women practices
(VAW);
• Identify the role played by key actors in developing trends, behaviors and practices towards GBV.
Research Methodology
Sample: The target group comprised of 813 (1626 respondents) married couples residing in the study area. Four
major cities (Faisalabad, Jacobabad, Dera Ismail Khan and Quetta) were randomly selected to represent the
whole country. The age range of the sample was 18 to 72 years (M = 32.6, SD = 1.7). There were 18.7% females
in the sample. The participants had diverse educational qualifications. Thirty-four percent of participants were
illiterate, 11% had primary education (Grade 5), 27% had passed High School, 12% had earned a 2-year college
degree, and 10% got a graduate degree. Participants with University degrees were 6%. It is clear that the sample
was varied in terms of a number of factors, including sex, age, education and residential location.
Research Tool: Semi-Structured Household Questionnaire was developed for conducting the household survey.
Further, to record the information about the demographic characteristics of the selected districts, ratio of honor
crime etc. Basis Information Performa (BIP) was developed.
Results & Conclusions
Expected Roles for Men & Women
Majority of the respondents (82%) were of the view that the males were supposed to be bread winner, educated
and robust whilst the females were expected as domesticated, compromising and caring. The finding suggests
that it is not considered very desirable for females to get higher education and have careers whereas for males,
education is considered very important to earn and look after the family. The data clearly reflects the
stereotypical attitudes and behavior of society about the gender roles.
Power of Man
More than half of the respondents (56%) thought that the ‘real man’ is a bread winner whereas 26.5%
respondents viewed ‘man’ as ‘hegemonic man’ giving orders and remaining always in a winning position. A
small number (5.4%) of respondents belonging to the less developed areas of the country (D.I.Khan and Quetta)
thought that getting more than one marriage is a real sign of ‘masculinity’. However, majority (86%) of the
respondents in principal agreed that violence against women/wife is not a symbol of ‘masculinity’. But in reality,
it is women’s behavior which leads to take steps against them.
Women Rights
Most of the respondents (67%) believed that women have the basic equal human rights as men have, but, due to
socio-cultural constraints women were not able to properly exercise their rights. The data shows that 67 percent
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respondents accepted getting education as a universal human right of women whilst 56 percent thought that
women have the right to access health facilities. The right to get divorce was accepted by only 5.4 percent
respondents. This shows that a woman is thought to a commodity owned by men and she has to obey what is
decided for her. The socio-cultural norms restrict the mobility of woman denying her basic rights.
Gender Awareness
The study found that majority (77.1%) of the respondents was not aware of the national or international
laws/conventions regarding women. The highest well aware respondents were from Faisalabad (an urban city)
followed. The respondents in Faisalabad (41.9%) compared to the other three districts had more awareness about
the honor killing law (to kill couple if they get married by their own choice). The Government had recently
passed a legislation declaring honor killing a crime.
The Most Prevalent Gender based Violence Practices
The most prevalent gender based violence (GBV) customary practices found in the sample districts were ‘Early
Marriages’ (marriage before the legal age) and ‘Watta Satta’(brother & sister getting married to another brother
& sister) followed by honor killing and denial of property rights. The customary practice of early marriage was
found at the highest in Jacobabad (remote rural district with high rates of illiteracy and poverty) whilst honor
killing was highly reported in areas of Quetta (tribal areas with their own laws in accordance to their local norms
and customs).
Reasons for Prevalence of GBV Practices
The main reasons identified by the respondents for the prevalence of GBV related customary practices were
poverty and family disputes. Due to poverty, illiteracy and lack of awareness about basic human rights, the
customary practices related to violence against are widespread and people are mostly afraid of challenging them.
These customs are so deeply entrenched in the social fabric of the society that inspite of being in contrary to the
basic human rights; they are prevalent in the society. The respondents were so ignorant that they thought of
most of the customary practices as family disputes and strongly believed that these matters should be sorted out
according to the local customs and traditions. Thus, the influence of the local communities, groups and families
was also a prominent factor making it difficult to question the prevalent customary practices. Further, a strong
stigma still inhibits women from discussing these issues and from seeking help if it is required.
Attitude towards Incidence of Violence
The general reaction of the effected family and the victim if any unfortunate incidence happens is to pay no
heeds and try to forget it. The attitude of the community remains mostly sympathetic towards the victim and
generally advises her to accept the incidence as the fortune by God. Although the attitude of family and
community is caring and compassionate, but mostly the victims cuts off from the normal life and withdrew
themselves from social events and gatherings. In Quetta, mostly women are thought to be cause of the incident
and the attitude of the community members was more conventional, rigid and very little space was given to the
victims.
Change in Violence against Women related Customary Practices
The study found optimistic approach of respondents in the existing situation regarding violence against women
(VAW) crimes. Wide spread literacy and awareness among masses is tagged as the milestones for brining
change in the prevalent customs and traditions. Although, the awareness through media and other sources are
contributing towards brining change in the society, but there pace is slow. The conventional attitudes and
behaviors of the people are major hindrance towards change. The society in general is reluctant to accept change.
Role of Media
More half of the respondents (63.1 %) were of the opinion that media was not playing its due role in portraying
cases of gender based violence. The breaking news and stories regarding violence against cases were mostly
sensational in nature and were not released to help the victim. The respondents identified TV as main sources of
information. The respondents strongly believed that media can play effective role by telecasting awareness
programs on the nature and control of violence against women practices.
Religion and violence against women practices
The data strongly denied any relation between religion (Islam) and the prevalent violence against women
customary practices. Clarity was found across all the selected districts even no difference of opinion could be
observed among the educated and uneducated respondents. This shows that although the respondents are clear in
their views about violence against women practices but the influence of religious leaders and traditional customs
is so enormous that they remain silent.
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Role of Stakeholder in developing trends, behaviors and practices towards violence against women
practices
The participants identified Jirga (an assembly of male elders, usually tribal, who make decisions in accordance
with the local norms and practices regarding any issues) as the most influential stakeholder. The decisions made
by Jirga have to be accepted by everyone and in case of not accepting the decision the person or family has to
leave the community. Thus, the decisions by Jirga are considered as Supreme order and their decisions usually
uphold in violence against women cases. In Pakistan, Jirgas are not functional all over the country, but in the
tribal areas like Quetta and D.I.Khan, Jirgas are working as parallel justice mechanisms and are most influential.
Whereas in the urban cities like Faisalabad, honorable persons in the community play an effective role in cases
of violence against women. The role of police was described by respondents as very limited in cases of violence
against women cases. The FIRs were mostly not filed in the police stations as it brings dishonor and disrespect to
the family and the matter is generally considered as private.
Trends and behavior related to Violence against Women by Gender
Table 1 reflects that the male and female respondents were different in terms of background behaviors and
attitude towards customary gender practices. The chi-square ( χ 2
) value on attitude towards GBV customary
practices is 37.197. And the chi-square ( χ 2
) value on background behavior is 7.048. Both the values are
statistically significant at 0.001.
Table 1
Difference between background behavior & VAW practices of both sexes
Background Behavior Attitude towards GBV
Chi-Square 7.048 37.197
df 1 1
Sig. .008 .000
Further, the female respondents have higher median value on factors background behavior (86.06) and attitude
towards gender practices (232.91) as compared to male respondents having median values on factors background
behavior (79.69) and attitude towards gender based violence practices. This shows that females are more
conservative in their thoughts and customary practices related to violence against women.
Table 2
Rank Mean and Median of both sexes
Sex N Background Behavior Attitude towards GBV
Median Rank Mean Median Rank Mean
Male
Female
647
149
79.69
86.06
392.93
421.46
234.36
232.91
411.83
402.03
Urban- Rural Differences
In the urban areas, the respondents were more optimistic about change in the prevalent customs and traditions.
The Table 3 indicates that the sample of rural and urban locale was also different in terms of background
behaviors and attitude towards customary gender practices. The chi-square ( χ 2
) value on background behaviors
is 22.170 while the chi-square ( χ 2
) value on attitude towards customary gender practices is 8.655. Both the
values are statistically significant at 0.001.
Table 3
Difference between background behavior & VAW practices on Locale basis
Background Behavior Attitude towards GBV
Chi-Square 22.170 8.655
df 1 1
Sig. .000 .003
Further, the urban respondents have higher median value on background behavior (81.97) and attitude towards
gender based violence practices (235.34) as compared to rural respondents having median value on background
behavior (80.18) and gender practices (233.33). It shows that the urban respondents are more traditional in their
thoughts and violence against women.
5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
129
Table 4
Rank Mean and Median on Locale Basis
Locale N Background Behavior Attitude towards GBV
Median Rank Mean Median Rank Mean
Urban
Rural
388
425
81.97
80.18
432.36
383.85
235.34
233.33
447.59
369.95
Recommendations
Social Services and Protection of Vulnerable Groups
There is a need to expand the availability of crisis centers, safe houses and shelters, especially in rural areas.
Further, hotlines by which victims of VAW can access assistance must be established and information about
them should be disseminated widely.
Counseling Services for Perpetrators of VAW
Counseling services for the perpetrators of VAW must be arranged to reach at the root cause of the problem.
Consultative Dialogues with Religious Scholars & Jirga Members
There is a dire need to have dialogue with the religious scholars and Jirgas members on issues pertaining to the
roles and responsibilities of both women and men in Islam in comparison with the real life situation, reasons of
VAW and strategies for prevention.
Awareness Raising Campaigns
Awareness campaigns should be designed to “shame” offenders and inform women of their right to be free from
violence and of avail protective services such as shelter homes or hot line numbers etc. A popular campaign is
needed that involves people at all levels – home, family, community, society, and the State – and simultaneously
raises awareness and mobilizes women and men to act towards preventing violence against women crimes.
Economic Empowerment of Women
A major factor underlying gender based violence against is women’s low economic and social status relative to
men. Thus, enhancing economic security for women is an important strategy in preventing violence.
Role of Police
Gender training should be made mandatory in the training of police officers including in service training.
Women representation in the police force should be increased. Police stations should develop women friendly
and adopt a rights based approach to issues like violence against women.
Education
Gender sensitization regarding violence against women should become part of school and university curricula.
Adolescent reproductive health programmes and life skills education programmes should necessarily include
training for the prevention of VAW.
Collection of Sex-disaggregated Data
The involvement of gender issues in policies and access to data broken down by sex and age are essential to
apprehend and modify response to women’s particular needs. Access to data (social, legal, police, health) based
on the sex of those involved is indispensable if a true picture of the situation is required.
Networking
Establishing liaisons among various stakeholders like women’s groups, community, social institutions, judiciary,
and police is essential to identify and prevent violence against women practices.
Future Research
More research is needed to identify the causes, dynamics, and outcomes of violence against women, including
media effects, and to understand how different forms of such violence vary in outcomes depending on cultural
context.
6. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
130
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