Rainwater harvesting is an important traditional practice in India that has declined with urbanization. It is needed now more than ever to address water shortages and declining groundwater levels. Roof rainwater harvesting systems collect rainwater and store it for use or allow it to percolate to recharge groundwater. Proper filtration is important to ensure water quality. Traditional methods like step wells and tanks helped conserve water and communities were responsible for maintenance. Reviving such systems with public participation can help address the water crisis through a decentralized approach.
Sand mining is the practice that is used to extract sand.Sand is mined from beaches,ocean beds and river beds.It is used in manufacturing cement,construction purpose etc.
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
sand mining,food adulteration,changing crop pattern,quarringsana sana
its explain sand mining,quarrying ,changing crop pattern ,food adulteration and how it affect the environment and this each one explain each and every thing about it and the effects and some legislative method to prevent these processes
Sand mining is the practice that is used to extract sand.Sand is mined from beaches,ocean beds and river beds.It is used in manufacturing cement,construction purpose etc.
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
sand mining,food adulteration,changing crop pattern,quarringsana sana
its explain sand mining,quarrying ,changing crop pattern ,food adulteration and how it affect the environment and this each one explain each and every thing about it and the effects and some legislative method to prevent these processes
Presented by IWMI's Priyanie Amerasinghe at a World Wetlands Day dialogue: 'Getting Wetland Research into Policy & Practice' held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on February, 2, 2018
Dams and their Effects on forests and tribal peopleArchitGupta119
Subtopics include:
1. Submergence of forest land
2. Devastation of forests
3. Prone to floods, droughts & landslides
4. Loss of soil fertility
5. Loss of Biodiversity
6. Loss of Species
7. Effects on tribal people
8. Displacement of tribal people
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities-Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities by Nwachukwu MA*, Ojeaga K and Gilbert Chinelo in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Introduction
1.1 Prerequisite
1.2 Objectives
LITIRATURE REVIEW
1.2 Functions of lakes
1.3 Present scenario of lakes in Bangalore
1.4 The report argues that the main reasons for this state of the wetlands are a lack of.
1.5 Issues of lake restoration works
Lake restoration methods
3.1 Preventive or Indirect methods,
&
3.2 Ameliorative or Direct methods.
Preventive Or Direct Methods
4.1 Drainage basin alterations
4.2 Diversion of wastes
4.3 Legal control measures
Ameliorative Or Direct Methods
5.1 In-lake physical methods.
5.2 In-lake chemical methods.
Case study
6.1 About the lake
6.2 Methods
6.3 Lake rejuvenation
6.4 After rejuvenation challenges and opportunities
Challenges and opportunities for collective action in an urban context
CONCLUSION
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
A Powerpoint on teaching Aquatic Ecology
I found this by doing a "Google Search" on
"Aquatic Ecology" and ".ppt"
I posted this here for the benefit of a young teacher friend, but also wanted to make the point, especially to users of eInstruction's classroom Performance System, that by doing such a search, they can easily find Powerpoints they can use with their CPS system.
Also , Powerpoint will let you "save as " .jpg
so you can also use individual slides as graphics to illustrate individual CPS questions.
Bill McIntosh
843-442-8888
Email: WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
Authorized eInstruction Consultant
www.eInstruction.com
My profile :
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/bill-mc-intosh-einstruction-consultant-2011
"Some men see things as they are and ask 'Why?'
I dream things that never were and ask, 'Why not?'"
Robert F. Kennedy, 1968
I am using site called Slideshare to post and share information about eInstruction’s products. Here are the links:
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/documents
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/videos
This site allows one to view the files before downloading.
Because I work with some federally sponsored education outreach programs, there are some “K-12 centric” files located here, but also a lot of not only product brochures and information for corporate and government users and Higher Ed users , but also how-to and help files that my clients tell me are very useful
Water conservation by Rainwater Harvesting systems – Treatment of waste water : Physical,Chemical and
Biological methods – Root Zone treatment - Use of recycled water.
Use of Environment friendly materials, Embodied Energy of materials, Bio degradable materials. Recycling
and Reuse of steel, Aluminium and Glass.
Presented by IWMI's Priyanie Amerasinghe at a World Wetlands Day dialogue: 'Getting Wetland Research into Policy & Practice' held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on February, 2, 2018
Dams and their Effects on forests and tribal peopleArchitGupta119
Subtopics include:
1. Submergence of forest land
2. Devastation of forests
3. Prone to floods, droughts & landslides
4. Loss of soil fertility
5. Loss of Biodiversity
6. Loss of Species
7. Effects on tribal people
8. Displacement of tribal people
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities-Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities by Nwachukwu MA*, Ojeaga K and Gilbert Chinelo in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Introduction
1.1 Prerequisite
1.2 Objectives
LITIRATURE REVIEW
1.2 Functions of lakes
1.3 Present scenario of lakes in Bangalore
1.4 The report argues that the main reasons for this state of the wetlands are a lack of.
1.5 Issues of lake restoration works
Lake restoration methods
3.1 Preventive or Indirect methods,
&
3.2 Ameliorative or Direct methods.
Preventive Or Direct Methods
4.1 Drainage basin alterations
4.2 Diversion of wastes
4.3 Legal control measures
Ameliorative Or Direct Methods
5.1 In-lake physical methods.
5.2 In-lake chemical methods.
Case study
6.1 About the lake
6.2 Methods
6.3 Lake rejuvenation
6.4 After rejuvenation challenges and opportunities
Challenges and opportunities for collective action in an urban context
CONCLUSION
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
A Powerpoint on teaching Aquatic Ecology
I found this by doing a "Google Search" on
"Aquatic Ecology" and ".ppt"
I posted this here for the benefit of a young teacher friend, but also wanted to make the point, especially to users of eInstruction's classroom Performance System, that by doing such a search, they can easily find Powerpoints they can use with their CPS system.
Also , Powerpoint will let you "save as " .jpg
so you can also use individual slides as graphics to illustrate individual CPS questions.
Bill McIntosh
843-442-8888
Email: WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
Authorized eInstruction Consultant
www.eInstruction.com
My profile :
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/bill-mc-intosh-einstruction-consultant-2011
"Some men see things as they are and ask 'Why?'
I dream things that never were and ask, 'Why not?'"
Robert F. Kennedy, 1968
I am using site called Slideshare to post and share information about eInstruction’s products. Here are the links:
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/documents
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntosh/videos
This site allows one to view the files before downloading.
Because I work with some federally sponsored education outreach programs, there are some “K-12 centric” files located here, but also a lot of not only product brochures and information for corporate and government users and Higher Ed users , but also how-to and help files that my clients tell me are very useful
Water conservation by Rainwater Harvesting systems – Treatment of waste water : Physical,Chemical and
Biological methods – Root Zone treatment - Use of recycled water.
Use of Environment friendly materials, Embodied Energy of materials, Bio degradable materials. Recycling
and Reuse of steel, Aluminium and Glass.
Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface runoff). One method of rainwater harvesting is rooftop harvesting.
Water: water is renewable resource. Three- fourth of surface is covered with water but only a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater fit for use.
Some facts about water
Only 2.5% of the world’s water is fresh water and most of this are in the form of polar ice-caps.
Water use as increased by 70% since 1970.
A recent report by credit issues stated that by 2025 18 will
countries experience water demand beyond supply capabilities.
Concept Of rainwater harvesting
Why rainwater is harvested
Rainwater harvesting today
Not new to India
Johads of Rajasthan
Rain water harvesting potential in India
Rain water harvesting system
How to harvest rain water
Components of roof top rainwater harvesting system
Filters used
Methods of roof top rain water harvesting
Advantage of rainwater harvesting
Do's and Dont's
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
1. CATCH RAIN
SAVE WATER
PPT-9
Green Earth Movement
An E-Newsletter for the cause of Environment, Peace, Harmony and Justice
Remember - “you and I can decide the future”
2. EVERY DROP MATTERS
Living creatures of the universe are
made of five basic elements, viz.,
Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Sky,
Obviously, water is one of the most
important elements and no creature can survive without
it. Despite having a great regard for water, we seem to
have failed to address this sector seriously. Human
being could not save and conserve water and it sources,
probably because of its availability in abundance. But
this irresponsible attitude resulted in deterioration of
water bodies with respect to quantity and quality both.
Now, situation has arrived when even a single drop of
water matters. However. " better late than never", we
have not realized the seriousness of this issue and
3. WHY RAIN WATER HARVESTING
In the present scenario management and distribution of
water has become centralized. People depend on
government system, which has resulted in disruption of
community participation in water management and
collapse of traditional water harvesting system.
As the water crisis continues to become
severe, there is a dire need of reform in
water management system and revival
of traditional systems. Scientific and
technological studies needs to be
carried out to assess present status so as to suggest
suitable mitigative measures for the revival to traditional
system/wisdom. Revival process should necessarily be
backed by people's initiative and active public participation.
4. TRADITIONAL METHOD – TIME-TESTED WISDOM
System of collection rainwater and
conserving for future needs has
traditionally been practiced in India.
The traditional systems were
time-tested wisdom of not only
appropriate technology of Rainwater
Harvesting, but also water management systems,
where conservation of water was the prime concern.
Traditional water harvesting systems were Bawaries,
step wells, jhiries, lakes, tanks etc. These were the water
storage bodies to domestic and irrigation demands.
People were themselves responsible for maintenance to
water sources and optimal use of water that could fulfill
their needs.
5. URBANIZATION HAS CAUSED DEPLETING GROUND WATER
LEVEL
The term rainwater harvesting is being frequently used these
days, however, the concept of water harvesting is not new for
India. Water harvesting techniques had been evolved and
developed centuries ago.
Ground water resource gets naturally
recharged through percolation. But due
to indiscriminate development and rapid
urbanization, exposed surface for soil has
been reduced drastically with resultant
reduction in percolation of rainwater,
thereby depleting ground water resource. Rainwater harvesting is
the process of augmenting the natural filtration of rainwater in to
the underground formation by some artificial methods. "Conscious
collection and storage of rainwater to cater to demands of water,
for drinking, domestic purpose & irrigation is termed as Rainwater
6. REASONS FOR HARVESTING RAINWATER
This is perhaps one of the most
frequently asked question, as to
why one should harvest rainwater.
There are many reasons but
Following are some of the
important ones.
•To arrest ground water decline and augment ground
water table
• To beneficiate water quality in aquifers
• To conserve surface water runoff during monsoon
• To reduce soil erosion
• To inculcate a culture of water conservation
7. HOW TO HARVEST RAINWATER
Broadly there are two ways of
harvesting rainwater
(i) Surface runoff
havesting
(ii) Roof top
rainwater harvesting
8. SURFACE
RUNOFF
HARVESTING
In urban area
rainwater flows
away as surface
runoff. This runoff
could be caught
and used for
recharging aquifers
by adopting
ROOF TOP RAINWATER
HARVESTING
It is a system of catching
rainwater where it falls. In
rooftop harvesting, the roof
becomes the catchments,
and the rainwater is collected
from the roof of the
house/building. It can either
be stored in a tank or
diverted to artificial recharge
system. This method is less
expensive and very effective
and if implemented properly
helps in augmenting the
9. COMPONENTS OF THE ROOF TOP RAINWATER
HARVESTING SYSTEM
The illustrative design of the basic components of roof top
rainwater harvesting system is given in the following typical
schematic diagram/
The system mainly constitutes of following sub
components:
§ Catchment
§ Transportation
§ First flush
§ Filter
The surface that receives rainfall directly is the
catchment of rainwater harvesting system. It
may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved open ground.
The terrace may be flat RCC/stone roof or sloping roof.
Therefore the catchment is the area, which actually contributes
10. TRANSPORTATION
Rainwater from rooftop
should be carried through
down take water pipes or
drains to storage/harvesting
system. Water pipes should be
UV Resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of
required
capacity. Water from sloping roofs
could be caught through gutters and down
take pipe. At terraces, mouth of the each drain
should have wire mesh to restrict floating
11. FIRST FLUSH
First flush is a device used to
flush off the water received in
First shower. The first shower
of rains needs to be flushed-off
to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by
the probable contaminants of the atmosphere and
the catchment roof. It will also help in cleaning of silt
and other material deposited on roof during dry
seasons. Provisions of first rain separator should be
made at outlet of each drainpipe.
12. FILTER There is always some skepticism
regarding Roof Top Rainwater
Harvesting since doubts are raised that
rainwater may contaminate
groundwater. There is remote
possibility of this fear coming true if
proper filter mechanism is adopted.
Secondly all care must be taken to see
that underground sewer drains are not
punctured and no leakage is taking
place in close vicinity. Filters are used
for treatment of water to effectively
remove turbidity, colour and
microorganisms. After first flushing of
rainfall, water should pass through
filters. There are different types of
13. TYPES OF FILTERS USED FOR RAIN WATER
HARVESTING
1. Sand Gravel Filter
These are commonly used filters, constructed by brick
masonry and filleted by pebbles, gravel, and sand as
shown in the figure. Each layer should be separated by
wire mesh.
14. 2. Charcoal Filter
Charcoal filter can be
Made in-situ or in a
drum. Pebbles, gravel,
sand and charcoal as
shown in the figure
should fill the drum or chamber. Each layer
should be separated by wire mesh. Thin
layer of charcoal is used to absorb odor if
any.
15. 3. PVC- Pipe filter
This filter can be made by PVC pipe of 1 to 1.20 m
length; Diameter of pipe depends on the area of roof. Six
inches dia. pipe is enough for a 1500 Sq. Ft. roof
and 8 inches dia. pipe should be used
for roofs more then 1500 Sq. Ft. Pipe
is divided into three compartments
by wire mesh. Each component
should be filled with gravel and
sand alternatively as shown in the
figure. A layer of charcoal could also be inserted
between two layers. Both ends of filter should have
reduce of required size to connect inlet and outlet. This
filter could be placed horizontally or vertically in the
system.
16. 4. Sponge Filter
It is a simple filter made from PVC
drum having a layer of sponge in the
middle of drum. It is the easiest and
cheapest form filter, suitable for
residential units.
17. METHODS OF ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING
1. Storage of Direct use
In this method, rain water collected from the roof of the building is
diverted to a storage tank. The storage tank has to be designed
according to the water requirements, rainfall and catchment
availability. Each drainpipe should have mesh filter at mouth and first
flush device followed by filtration system before connecting to the
storage tank. It is advisable that each tank should have excess water
over flow system.
Excess water could be diverted to recharge system. Water from
storage tank can be used for secondary purposes such as washing
and gardening etc. This is the most cost effective way of rainwater
harvesting. The main advantage of collecting and using the rainwater
during rainy season is not only to save water from conventional
sources, but also to save energy incurred on transportation and
distribution of water at the doorstep. This also conserve groundwater,
18. 2. RECHARGING GROUND WATER AQUIFERS
Ground water aquifers can be recharged by various
kinds of structures to ensure percolation of rainwater
in the ground instead of draining away from the
surface. commonly used recharging
methods are:-
a) Recharging of bore wells
b) Recharging of dug wells.
c) Recharge pits
d) Recharge Trenches
e) Soak ways or Recharge Shafts
f) Percolation Tanks
19. 2a] RECHARGING OF BORE WELLS
Rainwater collected from rooftop of the building is diverted
through drainpipes to settlement or filtration tank. After settlement
filtered water is diverted to bore wells to recharge deep aquifers.
Abandoned bore wells can also be used for recharge.
Optimum capacity of settlement
tank/filtration tank can be designed on the
basis of area of catchment, intensity of
rainfall and recharge rate as discussed in
design parameters. While recharging, entry
of floating matter and silt should be
restricted because it may clog the recharge
structure. "first one or two shower should be flushed out
through rain separator to avoid contamination. This is very
important, and all care should be taken to ensure that this has
been done.”
20. 2b] RECHARGING OF DUG WELLS
Dug well can be used as recharge structure.
Rainwater from the rooftop is diverted to dug
wells after passing it through filtration bed.
Cleaning and desalting of dug well should be
done regularly to enhance the recharge rate. The
filtration method suggested for bore well
recharging could be used.
21. 2c] RECHARGE PITS
Recharge pits are small pits of any shape
rectangular, square or circular, contracted with
brick or stone masonry wall with weep hole at
regular intervals. Top of pit can be covered with
perforated covers. Bottom of pit should be filled
with filter media.
The capacity of the pit can be designed on the
basis of catchment area, rainfall intensity and
recharge rate of soil. Usually the dimensions of
the pit may be of 1 to 2 m width and 2 to 3 m
deep depending on the depth of pervious strata.
22. 2d] RECHARGE TRENCHES
Recharge trench in provided where
upper impervious layer of soil is
shallow. It is a trench excavated on
the ground and refilled with porous
media like pebbles, boulder or
brickbats. it is usually made for
harvesting the surface runoff. Bore wells can also be
provided inside the trench as recharge shafts to
enhance percolation. The length of the trench is decided
as per the amount of runoff expected. This method is
suitable for small houses, playgrounds, parks and
roadside drains. The recharge trench can be of size 0.50
to 1.0 m wide and 1.0 to 1.5 m deep.
23. 2e] SOAK AWAY OR RECHARGE SHAFTS
Soak away or recharge shafts are provided where
upper layer of soil is alluvial or less pervious.
These are bored hole of 30 cm dia. up to 10 to 15
m deep, depending on depth of pervious layer.
Bore should be lined with slotted/perforated
PVC/MS pipe to prevent collapse of the vertical
sides. At the top of soak away required
size sump is constructed to
retain runoff before the filters
through soak away. Sump
should be filled with filter media.
24. 2f] PERCOLATION TANKS
Percolation tanks are artificially created surface water
bodies, submerging a land area with adequate
permeability to facilitate sufficient percolation
to recharge the ground water.
These can be built in big
campuses where land is
available and topography is
suitable.
Surface run-off and roof top water can be diverted to this
tank. Water accumulating in the tank percolates in the
solid to augment the ground water. The stored water can
be used directly for gardening and raw use. Percolation
tanks should be built in gardens, open spaces and
roadside green belts of urban area.
25. DO'S AND DON’TS
Harvested rainwater is used for direct usage or for
recharging aquifers. It is most important to ensure that
the rainwater caught is free from pollutants. Following
precautionary measures should be taken while
harvesting rainwater:-
Roof or terraces uses for harvesting should be clean, free from
dust, algal plants etc.
Roof should not be painted since most paints contain toxic
substances and may peel off.
Do not store chemicals, rusting iron, manure or detergent on the
roof.
Nesting of birds on the roof should be prevented.
Terraces should not be used for toilets either by human beings or
by pets.
Provide gratings at mouth of each drainpipe on terraces to trap
26. DO'S AND DON’TS
Provision of first rain separator should be made to flush off first
rains.
Do not use polluted water to recharge ground water.
Ground water should only be recharged by rainwater.
Before recharging, suitable arrangements of filtering should be
provided.
Filter media should be cleaned before every monsoon season.
During rainy season, the whole system (roof catchment, pipes,
screens, first flush, filters, tanks) should be checked before and after
each rain and preferably cleaned after every dry period exceeding a
month.
At the end of the dry season and just before the first shower of
rain is anticipated, the storage tank should be scrubbed and flushed
off all sediments and debris
Next slide
RAIN WATER HARVESTING CONSULTANTS
27. SOME OF THE WATER HARVESTING CONSULTANTS IN INDIA
(courtesy internet – list not exhaustive)
AHAMADABAD
Shakti Enterprises, Ahmadabad, Phone: +(91)-(79)-25834511,Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9825957882 / 9426861544
BANGALORE
Greenspace Landscape India Private Limited: Bengaluru, Phone: +(91)-(80)-41531371, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-
9886769245 / 9945744846
CHENNAI
Everest Associates, Chennai, Phone: +(91)-(44)-39163774, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9841216732
MUMBAI/NAVI MUMBAI
Pollucon Enviro Engineers Pvt Ltd: Borivali East,Mumbai, Phone: +(91)-(22)-28090134 Fax: +(91)-(22)-28090134, Mobile /
Cell Phone: +(91)-9619313351 / 9892104092
Natural Solutions, Dombivli East, Maharashtra; Phone: +(91)-(251)-2881173 Fax: +(91)-(251)-2440603, Mobile / Cell
Phone: +(91)-9870423023 / 9773030622
Techno Plast, Kandivali, Maharastra, Phone: +(91)-(22)-28646892 Fax: +(91)-(22)-28646892, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-
9820233153 / 9004333153
Green Smile, Navi Mumbai, Phone: +(91)-(22)-65611443, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9004086256 / 9960334431
KERALA
Agro Machinery, Kochi, Phone: +(91)-(484)-2532586 Fax: +(91)-(11)-43852586, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9249444586 /
9446926387 / 8714504644
NEW DELHI
Rainbow Super Polymers, New Delhi, Phone: +(91)-(11)-22163898, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9810380604 / 9311623935
Richa Environmental Services Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, Fax: +(91)-(11)-43851403, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9711432204 /
7838084868
PUNE
Samartha Greentech, Pune, Phone: +(91)-(20)-25389898, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9822001692
Era Hydro- Biotech Energy Pvt. Ltd., Pune Phone: +(91)-(20)-25887303, Mobile / Cell Phone: +(91)-9422078412 /
8928698996 / 8928698997
28. This educational PowerPoint Presentation (editable) is
prepared by GEM Team (courtesy: internet).
For other similar GEM PowerPoint Presentations on
various environmental issues see next slide.
These PPTs may be downloaded from our website
www.infantjesusjogeshwari.in
The GEM PPTs can be creatively used for various
groups like school/college students, NGOs,
government officials, Church groups, SCC groups,
housing society members and so on.
29. 1. Twenty Simple Tips
2. Solar Energy
3. Junk Food
4. Plastic – a boon or bane?
5. Green Passion
6. Zero Garbage
7. Soft drink – A Health Hazard
8. Waste to energy
9. Rain Water Harvesting
10. Eco-friendly Religions
11. Happy Green Diwali
12. Climate Change
13. The future of Biodiversity
14. Genetically Modified Foods
15. Waste Water Treatment
16. Body, Organ, Tissue Donation
17. Organic Farming
18. Waste to cooking gas
19. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
20. Protect Mangroves
21. Say NO to Bottled water
22. Save Lakes and Ponds
23. Forests are green lungs
24. Coal Mining and Ecology
25. Sin of Food Waste
26. Climate change and Poverty
27. Stop Water Pollution
28. Carbon Footprints
29. Parks and Open Spaces
30. Rising Sea Levels
31. Laudato Si – Pope’s Encyclical
32. Air Pollution
33. Life Style Changes
34. Laudato Si – Fr Gerard
35. Water Pollution
36. Sand Mining
37. Kids Eco Clubs
38. Water Disaster
30. For Free GEM E-Newsletters visit –
www.infantjesusjogeshwari.in
Go to GEM section,
click GEM E-NEWSLETTERS