Here are the steps to determine the frequency of damped forced vibration of a spring mass system: 1. Set up the spring mass system ensuring the mass is attached properly to the spring. 2. Adjust the position of the mass so it is displaced from the equilibrium position. This will provide an initial disturbance. 3. Connect the system to the vibrator which will provide the external repeating force. Turn on the vibrator. 4. Observe the oscillations of the mass under the influence of both damping and external force. The amplitude will decrease gradually. 5. Use a stopwatch to measure the time period of several oscillations in the damped region. 6. Calculate the frequency as the reciprocal of

1. Production Technology:
GATING SYSTEM
COURSE CODE: C211
REGULATION: R19
2nd BTECH 2nd SEM
PREPARED BY :
POLAYYA CHINTADA M.TECH,M.B.A,(PhD)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY

2. 2
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
SYLLABUS
UNIT 1:
Introduction: Importance and selection of manufacturing processes.
Casting Processes: Introduction to casting process, process steps; pattern: types, materials
and allowance; Cores: Types of cores, core prints, principles and design of gating system;
Solidification of casting: Concept, solidification of pure metal and alloy; Special casting
processes: Shell casting, investment casting, die casting, centrifugal casting, casting defects
and remedies.
provide insight into Working
principles of different metal casting
processes and gating system
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Explain different metal
casting processes and
gating systems. (L2)
APPLICATIONS:
Identify different patterns and
their allowances (L3)
1. Heavy Equipment : Construction,
farming and mining
2. Defence : Vehicles, artillery,
munitions, storage and supporting
equipment
3. Hardware : Plumbing industry
pipes, joints, valves and fitting
Identify the various casting
defects. (L3)

3. GATING SYSTEM
• A good gating design should ensure proper distribution of
molten metal without excessive temperature loss,
turbulence, gas entrapping and slags.
• Very slow pouring, require longer filling time and
solidification will start even before filling of mould.
• Faster pouring can erode the mould cavity.
• So gating design is important and it depends on the metal
and molten metal composition. For example, aluminium can
get oxidized easily.
• To achieve perfect castings, it is important to have a gating
system that is well designed.
• The term gating system refers to all passageways through which the
molten metal passes to enter the mould cavity.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF GATING SYSTEM
The purpose of gating system is to deliver the molten metal to mold.
A gating system should be able to do the following:
1. Permit complete filling of the mold cavity
2. Requires minimum time to fill the mold cavity
3. Minimum turbulence so as to minimize gas pickup
4. Prevent unwanted material from entering mould cavity
5. Establish suitable temperature gradients.
6. No mould erosion
7. Simple and economical design
8. Easy to implement and remove after solidification

5. Factors Affecting Performance Of Gating System
 Type of pouring equipment, such as ladles, pouring basin etc.
 Temperature/ Fluidity of molten metal.
 Rate of liquid metal pouring.
 Type and size of sprue.
 Type and size of runner.
 Size, number and location of gates connecting runner and casting.
 Position of mould during pouring and solidification.

6. • The term gating system refers to all passageways through which the
molten metal passes to enter the mould cavity.
• The gating system is composed of
 Pouring basin
 Sprue
 Runner
 Gates
 Risers
ELEMENTS OF GATING SYSTEM

7. • A reservoir for the molten metal poured from the ladle.
• This is otherwise called as bush or cup.
• It is circular or rectangular in shape.
• It collects the molten metal, which is poured, from ladle.
• It prevent the mould erosion.
• Prevent slag and other impurities from entering the mould
cavity.
• The molten metal is not directly poured into the mold cavity
because it may cause the mold erosion.
• Reduces turbulence at the sprue entrance.
• Helps separating dross, slag etc., from metal before it enters
the sprue.
POURING BASIN

8. SPRUE
• A sprue feeds metal to runner which in turn reaches the casting through gates.
• A sprue is tapered with its bigger end at top to receive the liquid metal. The smaller end is
connected to runner.
• If the sprue is straight and cylindrical, then metal flow would not be full at bottom, but
some low pressure area would be created around the metal in the sprue. Atmospheric air
would be breathed into this low pressure area which would be then carried to the mold
cavity.
• To eliminate this problem tapered sprue is used.
• Connects the pouring basin to the runner or ingate
• The square or rectangular sprue minimizes the air aspiration and turbulence

9. •Runners are passages that distribute molten metal from the sprue to gates or risers around the
cavity inside a mold.
•Runners slow down and smooth out the flow of liquid metal and are designed to provide
approximate uniform flow rates to the various parts of the mold cavity.
•The runner cross section has to be not just bigger than the sprue exit but also allow filling
the molten metal, before letting it enter the ingates.
•For ferrous metals, the runners should be kept in cope and ingates in drag.
•This is the final stage where the molten metal moves from the runner to the mold
cavity.
RUNNER

10. RUNNER EXTENSION
• The runner is extended little further after it encounters the in-gate.
• This extension is provided to trap the slag in the molten metal.

11. TYPES OF RUNNER
a) Straight runner
b) Tapered runner
c) Step gate (may also act as feeder)
d) Uniform size runner( may cause uneven distribution)
e) Runner for even distribution of metal (reduction in
size of runner after each gate)

12. RISER
• These are vertical channels that provide a continuous flow of
molten metal to eliminate shrinkage as solidification occurs
during the casting process.
• Riser are used to feed casting during solidification.
• Riser must solidify aftercasting.
• The design of the risers, including the size and the number, is
determined entirely by the casting requirements
• The risers must have sufficient capacity to supply the volume
of molten metal needed to compensate for shrinkage.
• The higher the riser volume, the lower is the casting yield
• The requirement of the riser depends on the type of metal
poured and the complexity of the casting.
1. Provide extra metal to
compensate for the volumetric
shrinkage
2. Allow mold gases to escape
3. Provide extra metal pressure
on the solidifying mold to
reproduce mold details more
exact
Functions of Risers

13. 1. TopRisers: They are open to atmosphere. They are
most conventional and convenient to make.
2. Blind Riser:
3. Internal Risers: They are enclosed on all sides by the
casting. They are normally used for the castings which
are cylindrical in shape or have hollow portions.
TYPES OF RISERS

14. GATES OR IN-GATES
• These are openings through which molten
metal enters the mold cavity.
TopGate:
• In this type of gate metal enters the cavity from top.
• Cavity is filled very quickly. Therefore, top gates are not advisable for those
materials which are likely to form dross (turbulence, waste, slag, etc.).
BottomGate:
• This type of gate is used when the molten metal enters the mold cavity from
bottom of the cavity.
• It takes more time to fill the mold.

15. GATES OR IN-GATES
Parting Gate:
• The metal enters the mold at the parting plane
when a part of the casting is in the cope and a
part of the casting is in drag.
Step Gate:
• They are used for heavy and large castings.
• The molten metal enters mold cavity through a
number of in- gates, which are arranged in vertical
steps.
• The size of in-gates is normally
increased from top to bottom.
• This ensures the gradual filling of the mold
without mold erosion and produces sound
casting.

16. GATING RATIO
• The gating ratio refers to proportion of the cross sectional
areas between the sprue, runner and in-gates and generally
denoted as:
Sprue area : runner area : in-gate area
• Depending on choke area,
• there can be two types of gating systems: pressurized
and non-pressurized
The formula for the gating ratio is As: Ar: Ag.

17. A pressurized gating system
• The in-gate area is smallest
• Back pressure is there throughout the system
• Metal is more turbulent and dross formation
• Gating system flows full
• Straight sprue can be used
• Higher casting yield
• Used for ferrous castings
With the Pressurized Gating System, the gating
ratio is usually 1: 2: 1 or 1: 0.75: 0.5

18. A non-pressurized gating system
• A non-pressurized gating system have choke area at the bottom of the sprue base, total runner area and in-
gate areas higher than the sprue area.
• In this system no pressure is existing in the metal flow system and thus it helps
to reduceturbulence.
• It is helpful for casting drossy metals and alloys such as aluminium and magnesium.
With the Unpressurized Gating System, the gating ratio is
usually 1: 2: 2 or 1: 3: 3 or 1: 1: 3.

19. Yours:
POLAYYA CHINTADA M.TECH,M.B.A,(PhD)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

21. Cycle 1

22. Cycle 2
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
1 To determine the position of sleeve against controlling force and speed of a
Hartnell governor and to plot the characteristic curve of radius of rotation.
2
To determine the frequency of un damped free vibration of an equivalent
spring mass system.
3 To determine the frequency of damped force vibration of a spring mass
system
4
To study the static and dynamic balancing using rigid blocks.
5 To study various types of gears- Spur, Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears
6 ADDITIONAL Expt: PORTER GOVERNOR

23. 1. DETERMINE WHIRLING SPEED OF SHAFT THEORETICALLY
AND EXPERIMENTALLY
23
Aim:
To determine critical speed or whirling speed of a rotating shaft
and to verify the value theoretically
Apparatus:
1. Shafts
2.Variable
3. speed motor
Procedure:
1. Fix the shaft properly at both ends
2. Check the whole apparatus for tightening the screw etc.
3. First increase the voltage slowly for maximum level and
then start slowing down step by step
4. Observe the Nodes appearing on the shaft and note down the number
of Nodes and the speed at which they are appearing
5. Slowly bring the shaft to rest and switch of the supply.
6. Repeat the same procedure for different shafts
7.Repeat the experiment with different End Fixing Conditions.
•Supported end condition – Make use of end block with single self-aligning bearing.
•Fixed end condition - Make use of end block with double bearing.

24. 1. DETERMINE WHIRLING SPEED OF SHAFT THEORETICALLY
AND EXPERIMENTALLY
24
CRITICAL SPEED: It is defined as the speed at
which a rotating shaft will tend to vibrate violently in the
transverse direction if the shaft rotates in horizontal
direction , In other words, the whirling or critical speed
is the speed at which resonance occurs.
The unit will be supplied with the
following shafts –
1. 4 mm dia. Of length900 mm
2. 6 mm dia.Of length900 mm.
3. 8 mm dia.of length900mm
End Condition
Supported, Supported
Fixed, supported
Fixed, fixed

25. 25

26. 2. TO FIND THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A
FLYWHEEL
26
Aim:
find the moment of inertia of a flywheel
Apparatus:
Flywheel Experimentation Setup,
Stop Watch, Dead Weight
Procedure:
•Measure the diameter of the axle with Vernier
calipers at different points and find the mean
•Attach the mass with string
•Wrap the string or thread
axle of fly wheel for allotted number of turns (n=n1=?)
•Allow the mass to fall and after mass falls
down note the no of revolutions done by fly wheel (N=n1) (N=n2=?)
and take corresponding time “t” taken for “N=n2”).

27. 27
MOMENT OF INERTIA FLY WHEEL
Precautions:
•Do not stand too close to the setup when it is releasing the
weights.
•The turns of the string must not overlap with each other.
•Stop watch must be handled with care to avoid any errors
in readings.
•The mass should be wound up to the same height in all
trails.

28. 3. analyze the motion of a motorized gyroscope
when the couple is applied along its spin axis
28
Aim:
analyze the motion of a motorized gyroscope
when the couple is applied along its spin axis
Apparatus:
rotor disc, bearings, FHP motor, balance weight
Procedure:
1) Check the rotor for vertical position. Adjust the balance weight slightly, if
required.
2) Keep the dimmer at zero position & put ‘ON’ the supply.
3) Start the motor by applying the voltage of around 170 volts & then reduce.
4) Adjust the rotor speed as required.
5) Note down the rotor speed with the help of tachometer. (Not supplied with
the unit ) Speed is to be noted when it becomes steady; it takes around 5
minutes to stabilize.
6) Put the required weight in the weight stud & at the same instant, start the
stop watch. Note down the time required for 450 precessions.
7) Repeat the procedure for different weights and rotor speeds and for
different angle of rotations.

29. 29
Conclusion:
1) When torque is applied to spinning rotor, rotating about
horizontal axis, precession takes place about vertical axis.
2) The applied torque equals to rate of change of angular
momentum of rotor.
Precautions:
1) Check all the fastenings to be tight before start.
2) Check balance of the rotor before start.
3) Lubricate the bearings periodically.
4) Keep the base over a leveled platform

30. 4. plot follower displacement vs cam rotation for
various Cam Follower systems
30
Aim:
•To plot the h-θ curves for follower displacement vs. angle of cam rotation
for various Cam Follower systems.
•To find out the jump speed of different weights
Apparatus:
Cam and follower arrangements
Procedure:
1. Fix the shaft properly at both ends
2. Check the whole apparatus for tightening the screw etc.
3. First increase the voltage slowly for maximum level and
then start slowing down step by step
4. Observe the Nodes appearing on the shaft and note down the number
of Nodes and the speed at which they are appearing
5. Slowly bring the shaft to rest and switch of the supply.
6. Repeat the same procedure for different shafts
7.Repeat the experiment with different End Fixing Conditions.
•Supported end condition – Make use of end block with single self-aligning bearing.
•Fixed end condition - Make use of end block with double bearing.

31. 31

32. 5. study simple and compound screw jack and determine the
mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency
32
Aim:
•To find coefficient of friction between belt and pulley
•Apparatus:
Simple and compound screw jack Experimentation Setup, Weights, Stop
Watch, Venire caliper
Precautions:
•Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.
•Trapping should be done after adding the weight in the effort
hanger.
•Overlapping of string should not be there.

33. 33

34. 6.plot slider displacement, velocity and acceleration
against crank rotation for single slider crank mechanism
34
Aim:
•To plot slider displacement, velocity and acceleration against crank rotation
for single slider crank mechanism
•Apparatus:
Single slider crank mechanism
Procedure:
•Bring the wheel & the slider to the respective reference marks.
•For a given angle of rotation of the crank, note down the displacement of the
slides.
• Plot a graph between slider displacement & the crank rotation.
• Assume that the crank is rotating with a uniform angular speed of one rad/sec.
•Convert the crank rotation angle into time & plot the slider displacement versus
time.
•By graphical differentiation, determine the velocity time graph.
•By graphical differentiation twice, determine the acceleration time graph.
•Calculate the values of velocity & acceleration.

35. 35
Precautions:-
1. Displacement of slider should be measured at
equal intervals of crank angle rotation.
2. Smooth curves should be drawn while plotting
S.No Crank
Rotation(θ)
Time
(sec)
Slider Displacement
(m)
Slider
Velocity(m/sec)
Slider Acceleration
(m/sec2)

36. 7. determine the frequency of Damped forced
vibration of an equivalent spring mass system
36
Aim:
•To determine the frequency of damped force vibration of a spring mass system
Apparatus:
Damped forced vibration experiment setup, Stop-watch, scale.
Free Vibration: A system is left to vibrate on its own after an initial
disturbance and no external force acts on the system. E.g. simple pendulum
Forced Vibration: A system that is subjected to a repeating external force. E.g. oscillation arises
from diesel engines.
If the external force is removed after giving the initial displacement to the system, such vibrations are
known as free vibrations, if there is no external resistance(damping) to the vibrations then such
vibrations are known as Un damped free vibrations. When frequency of external exciting force is equal
to natural frequency of vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. Such state
is known as Resonance. Resonance is dangerous and it may lead to the failure of part. Free vibration
means that no time varying external forces act on the system.
Un damped Vibration: When no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance
during oscillations
Damped Vibration: When any energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during
oscillations

37. 7. determine the frequency of Damped forced
vibration of an equivalent spring mass system
37
Procedure:
Engage the damper to the experimentation setup.
Start the motor and then gradually increase the r.p.m of the motor.
When r.p.m reaches the required level then, stabilize r.p.m.(speed).
Before, switch on the strip chart check all connections properly i.e sketch pen should
be in contact with strip chart paper.
Switch on strip chart.
Take Oscillations for 5 secs and at stabilized the r.p.m and then calculate time taken
for 10 Oscillations using normal calculation methods.
Repeat the same, for different R.P.M’s and calculate practical frequencies using
theoretical values calculate Theoretical Frequency
Precautions :
Check all the connections and switch on the power supply.
Set Dimmer start to Zero after Completion of Experiment.
Reduce R.P.M gradually and then set to zero.
Engage the Damper properly.

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A complex idea can be conveyed with
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38

39. Our process is easy
39
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03
01 02

40. Let’s review some concepts
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe lemons.
In the spectrum of visible light, yellow is
found between green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and the deep
sea. It is located between violet and green on
the optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and because of this it
has historically been associated with
sacrifice, danger and courage.
40
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe lemons.
In the spectrum of visible light, yellow is
found between green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky and the deep
sea. It is located between violet and green on
the optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and because of this it
has historically been associated with
sacrifice, danger and courage.

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