Gastritis.ppt.pdf
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Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is usually caused by infection like H. pylori and presents with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. If not treated, it can progress to chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis involves long-term inflammation that can lead to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia over time. It is classified as type A, which primarily involves the stomach body, or type B, which is antrum-predominant and usually linked to H. pylori infection. Type A gastritis is sometimes autoimmune while type B improves after H. pylori eradication. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but
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Gastritis
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that has many potential causes. It can be acute, caused by infections like H. pylori, or chronic. Chronic gastritis is classified as type A, which affects the stomach body and is autoimmune, or type B, which is antral-predominant and usually caused by H. pylori. Treatment involves eradicating the underlying cause, like H. pylori, and treating complications. Rare forms include lymphocytic, eosinophilic, and Menetrier's disease, characterized by large folds in the stomach lining.
gastritis presentation.final.pdf
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by H. pylori infection, autoimmune disorders, medications like NSAIDs, or other factors. It may cause no symptoms or lead to complications like ulcers or gastric cancer over time. Diagnosis involves endoscopy to visualize the stomach and biopsy to examine the tissue microscopically. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but aims to reduce inflammation and promote healing of the stomach. Surveillance endoscopy may be recommended for some high-risk groups to screen for precancerous changes or cancer.
Gastritis
Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by H. pylori infection, autoimmune disorders, medications like NSAIDs, or stress. It is classified into types based on the affected stomach region and symptoms. Chronic gastritis may progress to gastric atrophy or intestinal metaplasia and increases the risk of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like a bland diet and medication to reduce acid production.
5. Gastritis H.pptx
This document provides an overview of gastritis, including its classification, causes, symptoms, and treatment. It discusses acute gastritis caused by infection, and chronic gastritis, which can be type A (body-predominant) or type B (antral-predominant). Type B gastritis is usually caused by H. pylori infection and can progress to gastric atrophy and cancer. Rare forms like lymphocytic, eosinophilic, and granulomatous gastritis are also covered. Treatment focuses on underlying causes, vitamin supplementation for pernicious anemia, and H. pylori eradication.
Git 4th 5th Gastritis.
This document summarizes different types of gastritis and gastric disorders. It defines gastritis as inflammation of the stomach lining and gastropathy as epithelial cell damage without inflammation. It then classifies gastritis as acute or chronic and discusses various causes including H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, stress, and autoimmune conditions. It also describes different metaplastic and hyperplastic gastropathies such as Menetrier's disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
3 gastritis.pptx
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, and chemicals. Acute gastritis causes temporary pain while chronic gastritis persists long-term. Chronic gastritis is divided into H. pylori and autoimmune types. H. pylori gastritis infects the antrum and can progress to the whole stomach. Autoimmune gastritis destroys stomach acid cells leading to hypergastrinemia. Symptoms range from mild to severe bleeding. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori along with proton pump inhibitors.
Benign diseases of stomach and management
This document provides an overview of benign diseases of the stomach. It begins with the gross anatomy and congenital abnormalities of the stomach. It then discusses various types of gastritis including acute, chronic, autoimmune, and H. pylori-related gastritis. The document also covers hypertrophic gastropathies, peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcer classification and symptoms, and other benign stomach diseases.
Gastitis,treatment, symptoms, 4042024.ppt
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is caused by factors like stress, alcohol, NSAIDs, and H. pylori infection, and presents with symptoms like abdominal pain. Chronic gastritis can be superficial or atrophic, and is often caused by long-term H. pylori infection. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy to check for signs of inflammation, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, or dysplasia. Treatment focuses on removing triggers, eradicating H. pylori, and managing symptoms with antacids or PPIs. Patients with atrophic gastritis may also need B12 supplementation.
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Gastritis
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that has many potential causes. It can be acute, caused by infections like H. pylori, or chronic. Chronic gastritis is classified as type A, which affects the stomach body and is autoimmune, or type B, which is antral-predominant and usually caused by H. pylori. Treatment involves eradicating the underlying cause, like H. pylori, and treating complications. Rare forms include lymphocytic, eosinophilic, and Menetrier's disease, characterized by large folds in the stomach lining.
gastritis presentation.final.pdf
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by H. pylori infection, autoimmune disorders, medications like NSAIDs, or other factors. It may cause no symptoms or lead to complications like ulcers or gastric cancer over time. Diagnosis involves endoscopy to visualize the stomach and biopsy to examine the tissue microscopically. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but aims to reduce inflammation and promote healing of the stomach. Surveillance endoscopy may be recommended for some high-risk groups to screen for precancerous changes or cancer.
Gastritis
Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by H. pylori infection, autoimmune disorders, medications like NSAIDs, or stress. It is classified into types based on the affected stomach region and symptoms. Chronic gastritis may progress to gastric atrophy or intestinal metaplasia and increases the risk of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like a bland diet and medication to reduce acid production.
5. Gastritis H.pptx
This document provides an overview of gastritis, including its classification, causes, symptoms, and treatment. It discusses acute gastritis caused by infection, and chronic gastritis, which can be type A (body-predominant) or type B (antral-predominant). Type B gastritis is usually caused by H. pylori infection and can progress to gastric atrophy and cancer. Rare forms like lymphocytic, eosinophilic, and granulomatous gastritis are also covered. Treatment focuses on underlying causes, vitamin supplementation for pernicious anemia, and H. pylori eradication.
Git 4th 5th Gastritis.
This document summarizes different types of gastritis and gastric disorders. It defines gastritis as inflammation of the stomach lining and gastropathy as epithelial cell damage without inflammation. It then classifies gastritis as acute or chronic and discusses various causes including H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, stress, and autoimmune conditions. It also describes different metaplastic and hyperplastic gastropathies such as Menetrier's disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
3 gastritis.pptx
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, and chemicals. Acute gastritis causes temporary pain while chronic gastritis persists long-term. Chronic gastritis is divided into H. pylori and autoimmune types. H. pylori gastritis infects the antrum and can progress to the whole stomach. Autoimmune gastritis destroys stomach acid cells leading to hypergastrinemia. Symptoms range from mild to severe bleeding. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori along with proton pump inhibitors.
Benign diseases of stomach and management
This document provides an overview of benign diseases of the stomach. It begins with the gross anatomy and congenital abnormalities of the stomach. It then discusses various types of gastritis including acute, chronic, autoimmune, and H. pylori-related gastritis. The document also covers hypertrophic gastropathies, peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcer classification and symptoms, and other benign stomach diseases.
Gastitis,treatment, symptoms, 4042024.ppt
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is caused by factors like stress, alcohol, NSAIDs, and H. pylori infection, and presents with symptoms like abdominal pain. Chronic gastritis can be superficial or atrophic, and is often caused by long-term H. pylori infection. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy to check for signs of inflammation, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, or dysplasia. Treatment focuses on removing triggers, eradicating H. pylori, and managing symptoms with antacids or PPIs. Patients with atrophic gastritis may also need B12 supplementation.
Peptic ulcer disease
The document discusses peptic ulcer disease (PUD), which refers to erosion of the gastrointestinal mucosa exposed to acid and pepsin. PUD is most often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, which impairs the GI tract's protective mechanisms. Other causes include stress, injury to mucus-producing cells, excess acid production, and chronic NSAID use. Symptoms vary by location but can include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting blood. Diagnosis involves tests to detect H. pylori such as a urea breath test, and endoscopy may be used. Treatment focuses on eliminating H. pylori using antibiotic combinations, and reducing acid with proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, or
Lect 4- gastric disorder
1. The document discusses various gastric disorders including pyloric stenosis, diaphragmatic hernia, gastric heterotopia, gastritis, gastric ulceration, and chronic gastritis.
2. Key points include that pyloric stenosis occurs in 1 in 300 to 900 live births and causes projectile vomiting in infants. Chronic gastritis is common and often caused by H. pylori infection, leading to conditions like peptic ulcers and gastric cancer.
3. Stress ulcers form in response to severe trauma, burns, or illness and are located in the stomach or duodenum, appearing as small circular lesions in the mucosa.
Ders gastritis
Helicobacter pylori infection is present in 70-85% of the Turkish population and is the leading cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infection may be asymptomatic but can lead to chronic gastritis and in rare cases gastric cancer. Autoimmune gastritis causes damage to the stomach lining through antibodies against parietal cells and can result in vitamin B12 deficiency, intestinal metaplasia, and increased risk of gastric cancer. Bile acid gastropathy is commonly seen after gastric surgery or gallbladder removal and is characterized by damage to the stomach from duodenal contents resulting in dyspeptic symptoms that are difficult to treat.
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcers are lesions that occur in areas of the gastrointestinal tract exposed to stomach acid. Risk factors include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Clinical features include recurrent abdominal pain related to food. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy or breath/stool tests for H. pylori. Management involves eradicating H. pylori with triple therapy antibiotics and PPIs. Surgery is rarely needed and reserved for complications like perforation or bleeding.
( Peptic ulcer disease ) .pptx
A peptic ulcer is a break in the stomach or duodenal lining that extends into deeper layers. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and NSAID use are the most important risk factors. Common symptoms include recurrent epigastric pain relieved by food or antacids. Endoscopy is required for diagnosis and management. Eradication of H. pylori using PPIs and antibiotics is recommended to promote healing and prevent complications like bleeding. Surgery is only required for complications when medical management fails.
H. pylori in arabs, final not published
This study evaluated the contribution of H. pylori infection to uncommon digestive and extra-digestive manifestations in patients from Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. A total of 623 H. pylori positive patients were studied. Recurrent H. pylori infection was found in 10.9% of patients and was significantly more common in Saudis. Certain manifestations like mouth ulcers, low iron, and gastric polyps were more common in Egyptians, while constipation, pancreatitis, and thyroid dysfunction were more common in Saudis. Diabetes was one of the most common associations. Constipation correlated with gastritis severity. Pancreatitis correlated with past infection and diseases. Skin rash
Lect 4- gastric disord
1. Pyloric stenosis is a condition where the pyloric muscle of the stomach wall becomes thickened, affecting 1 in 300-900 live births. Symptoms include persistent projectile vomiting in young infants.
2. Gastric heterotopia is a rare condition where gastric mucosa grows in abnormal locations such as the esophagus or small intestine, and can cause peptic ulcers.
3. Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that is usually caused by H. pylori infection or autoimmune disorders, and can lead to intestinal metaplasia or atrophy over time.
Lect 4- gastric disorder
1. Pyloric stenosis is a condition where the pyloric muscle of the stomach wall becomes thickened, affecting 1 in 300-900 live births. Symptoms include persistent projectile vomiting in young infants.
2. Gastric heterotopia is a rare condition where gastric mucosa grows in abnormal locations such as the esophagus or small intestine, and can cause peptic ulcers.
3. Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that is usually caused by H. pylori infection or autoimmune disorders, and can lead to intestinal metaplasia or atrophy over time.
Topic: Gastritis Nursing Lecture ppt.ppt
Consist of
What Is a Gastritis?
What Causes Gastritis?
Symptoms of Gastritis?
Helping with diagnosis…
Medical Management
Prognosis of Gastritis
final peptic ulcer.pptx
1) Peptic ulcers are chronic lesions that occur in the stomach or first part of the duodenum due to an imbalance between damaging gastric acids and the mucosal defenses.
2) Common causes of peptic ulcers include infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, long-term use of NSAIDs, and excess stomach acid secretion.
3) Symptoms vary but often include epigastric pain that occurs one to three hours after eating and is relieved by food or antacids. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.
Peptic ulcer disease ppt.pptx
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease (PUD), which refers to ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa due to exposure to acid and pepsin. The two most common forms are duodenal ulcers, which are located in the duodenal bulb and more common in people aged 30-50, and gastric ulcers, which are located in the stomach and more common in people over 60. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, age, and family history. Symptoms include epigastric pain that can be relieved by food or antacids. Complications include bleeding and perforation. Diagnosis involves endoscopy and tests for H. pylori. Treatment consists
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS.pptx
This document provides an overview of autoimmune hepatitis. It discusses the historical background, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Some key points:
- Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory liver condition characterized by interface hepatitis on biopsy and circulating autoantibodies.
- It is diagnosed based on clinical features, lab abnormalities and exclusion of other causes of chronic hepatitis.
- Treatment involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids (prednisone) with or without azathioprine to induce and maintain remission.
- Prognosis is generally good for patients who respond to treatment but some may require liver transplantation if progression to cirrhosis occurs.
peptic ulcer
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between gastric acid and pepsin damaging the stomach and duodenal lining and the mucosal defenses that normally protect it. Key points covered include that Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are the primary causes of peptic ulcers. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bleeding. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori, reducing acid production, and managing pain and risk of complications.
Gastritis.pptx
Gastritis is inflammation in the soft mucous lining of your stomach. This lining is a protective barrier in your stomach. When it’s inflamed, it means it’s under attack. It might be from an infection, a substance you ingested or digestive chemicals.
Gastritis.pptx
Gastritis and gastropathies can be classified based on duration, location, histology, and cause. Acute gastritis includes H. pylori infection and other bacterial infections. Chronic gastritis includes atrophic gastritis (type A which is autoimmune or type B which is H. pylori related) and less common forms. Reactive gastropathies are caused by factors like NSAIDs, alcohol, radiation, and bile reflux. Rare forms include lymphocytic, eosinophilic, granulomatous, and Menetrier's disease. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and testing for infectious causes. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump
Stomach pathology
The key points are:
- Peptic ulcers are chronic, solitary ulcers that occur where the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to gastric acid and pepsin, most commonly the duodenum and stomach.
- Risk factors include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, stress, and family history.
- Common symptoms are epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, bleeding.
- Treatment involves eradication of H. pylori, PPIs, histamine blockers, and sometimes surgery for complications.
pancreas.pptx
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreas that can involve surrounding tissues or remote organ systems. The most common causes are gallstones and alcohol. The pathogenesis involves premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas that cause autodigestion. Clinical presentation includes severe upper abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzymes. Diagnosis requires abdominal pain consistent with pancreatitis plus elevated pancreatic enzymes or radiologic findings. Complications can include pancreatic necrosis, pseudocyst formation, and systemic inflammatory response.
Acid Peptic Disease-1.pptx
This topic helps you , how to approach a patient having peptic ulcer disease and how to diagnose finally how to end up with treatment. Peptic ulcer disease a chronic disease of stomach and duodenum where the protective layer of stomach and duodenum weakens by many factors most common is H Pylori infection. Infection of H Pylori cause ulcer over time.
Chronic gastritis and duodenitis
Chronic gastritis is a chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that commonly results from infection by Helicobacter pylori in 90% of cases. Other causes include NSAID use, smoking, stress, and ischemia. H. pylori infection leads to increased acid secretion and damage to the gastric epithelium. Chronic gastritis is classified based on location and cause, and is usually asymptomatic, though pain, dyspepsia, and fatigue may occur. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and urease testing. Treatment focuses on H. pylori eradication therapy using antibiotic combinations for 10-14 days along with diet and lifestyle modifications. Complications include ulcers, gastric cancer, and
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Peptic ulcer disease
The document discusses peptic ulcer disease (PUD), which refers to erosion of the gastrointestinal mucosa exposed to acid and pepsin. PUD is most often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, which impairs the GI tract's protective mechanisms. Other causes include stress, injury to mucus-producing cells, excess acid production, and chronic NSAID use. Symptoms vary by location but can include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting blood. Diagnosis involves tests to detect H. pylori such as a urea breath test, and endoscopy may be used. Treatment focuses on eliminating H. pylori using antibiotic combinations, and reducing acid with proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, or
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1. The document discusses various gastric disorders including pyloric stenosis, diaphragmatic hernia, gastric heterotopia, gastritis, gastric ulceration, and chronic gastritis.
2. Key points include that pyloric stenosis occurs in 1 in 300 to 900 live births and causes projectile vomiting in infants. Chronic gastritis is common and often caused by H. pylori infection, leading to conditions like peptic ulcers and gastric cancer.
3. Stress ulcers form in response to severe trauma, burns, or illness and are located in the stomach or duodenum, appearing as small circular lesions in the mucosa.
Ders gastritis
Helicobacter pylori infection is present in 70-85% of the Turkish population and is the leading cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infection may be asymptomatic but can lead to chronic gastritis and in rare cases gastric cancer. Autoimmune gastritis causes damage to the stomach lining through antibodies against parietal cells and can result in vitamin B12 deficiency, intestinal metaplasia, and increased risk of gastric cancer. Bile acid gastropathy is commonly seen after gastric surgery or gallbladder removal and is characterized by damage to the stomach from duodenal contents resulting in dyspeptic symptoms that are difficult to treat.
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcers are lesions that occur in areas of the gastrointestinal tract exposed to stomach acid. Risk factors include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Clinical features include recurrent abdominal pain related to food. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy or breath/stool tests for H. pylori. Management involves eradicating H. pylori with triple therapy antibiotics and PPIs. Surgery is rarely needed and reserved for complications like perforation or bleeding.
( Peptic ulcer disease ) .pptx
A peptic ulcer is a break in the stomach or duodenal lining that extends into deeper layers. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and NSAID use are the most important risk factors. Common symptoms include recurrent epigastric pain relieved by food or antacids. Endoscopy is required for diagnosis and management. Eradication of H. pylori using PPIs and antibiotics is recommended to promote healing and prevent complications like bleeding. Surgery is only required for complications when medical management fails.
H. pylori in arabs, final not published
This study evaluated the contribution of H. pylori infection to uncommon digestive and extra-digestive manifestations in patients from Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. A total of 623 H. pylori positive patients were studied. Recurrent H. pylori infection was found in 10.9% of patients and was significantly more common in Saudis. Certain manifestations like mouth ulcers, low iron, and gastric polyps were more common in Egyptians, while constipation, pancreatitis, and thyroid dysfunction were more common in Saudis. Diabetes was one of the most common associations. Constipation correlated with gastritis severity. Pancreatitis correlated with past infection and diseases. Skin rash
Lect 4- gastric disord
1. Pyloric stenosis is a condition where the pyloric muscle of the stomach wall becomes thickened, affecting 1 in 300-900 live births. Symptoms include persistent projectile vomiting in young infants.
2. Gastric heterotopia is a rare condition where gastric mucosa grows in abnormal locations such as the esophagus or small intestine, and can cause peptic ulcers.
3. Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that is usually caused by H. pylori infection or autoimmune disorders, and can lead to intestinal metaplasia or atrophy over time.
Lect 4- gastric disorder
1. Pyloric stenosis is a condition where the pyloric muscle of the stomach wall becomes thickened, affecting 1 in 300-900 live births. Symptoms include persistent projectile vomiting in young infants.
2. Gastric heterotopia is a rare condition where gastric mucosa grows in abnormal locations such as the esophagus or small intestine, and can cause peptic ulcers.
3. Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation of the stomach lining that is usually caused by H. pylori infection or autoimmune disorders, and can lead to intestinal metaplasia or atrophy over time.
Topic: Gastritis Nursing Lecture ppt.ppt
Consist of
What Is a Gastritis?
What Causes Gastritis?
Symptoms of Gastritis?
Helping with diagnosis…
Medical Management
Prognosis of Gastritis
final peptic ulcer.pptx
1) Peptic ulcers are chronic lesions that occur in the stomach or first part of the duodenum due to an imbalance between damaging gastric acids and the mucosal defenses.
2) Common causes of peptic ulcers include infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, long-term use of NSAIDs, and excess stomach acid secretion.
3) Symptoms vary but often include epigastric pain that occurs one to three hours after eating and is relieved by food or antacids. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.
Peptic ulcer disease ppt.pptx
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease (PUD), which refers to ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa due to exposure to acid and pepsin. The two most common forms are duodenal ulcers, which are located in the duodenal bulb and more common in people aged 30-50, and gastric ulcers, which are located in the stomach and more common in people over 60. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, age, and family history. Symptoms include epigastric pain that can be relieved by food or antacids. Complications include bleeding and perforation. Diagnosis involves endoscopy and tests for H. pylori. Treatment consists
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This document provides an overview of autoimmune hepatitis. It discusses the historical background, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Some key points:
- Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory liver condition characterized by interface hepatitis on biopsy and circulating autoantibodies.
- It is diagnosed based on clinical features, lab abnormalities and exclusion of other causes of chronic hepatitis.
- Treatment involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids (prednisone) with or without azathioprine to induce and maintain remission.
- Prognosis is generally good for patients who respond to treatment but some may require liver transplantation if progression to cirrhosis occurs.
peptic ulcer
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between gastric acid and pepsin damaging the stomach and duodenal lining and the mucosal defenses that normally protect it. Key points covered include that Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are the primary causes of peptic ulcers. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bleeding. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori, reducing acid production, and managing pain and risk of complications.
Gastritis.pptx
Gastritis is inflammation in the soft mucous lining of your stomach. This lining is a protective barrier in your stomach. When it’s inflamed, it means it’s under attack. It might be from an infection, a substance you ingested or digestive chemicals.
Gastritis.pptx
Gastritis and gastropathies can be classified based on duration, location, histology, and cause. Acute gastritis includes H. pylori infection and other bacterial infections. Chronic gastritis includes atrophic gastritis (type A which is autoimmune or type B which is H. pylori related) and less common forms. Reactive gastropathies are caused by factors like NSAIDs, alcohol, radiation, and bile reflux. Rare forms include lymphocytic, eosinophilic, granulomatous, and Menetrier's disease. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and testing for infectious causes. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump
Stomach pathology
The key points are:
- Peptic ulcers are chronic, solitary ulcers that occur where the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to gastric acid and pepsin, most commonly the duodenum and stomach.
- Risk factors include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, stress, and family history.
- Common symptoms are epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, bleeding.
- Treatment involves eradication of H. pylori, PPIs, histamine blockers, and sometimes surgery for complications.
pancreas.pptx
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreas that can involve surrounding tissues or remote organ systems. The most common causes are gallstones and alcohol. The pathogenesis involves premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas that cause autodigestion. Clinical presentation includes severe upper abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzymes. Diagnosis requires abdominal pain consistent with pancreatitis plus elevated pancreatic enzymes or radiologic findings. Complications can include pancreatic necrosis, pseudocyst formation, and systemic inflammatory response.
Acid Peptic Disease-1.pptx
This topic helps you , how to approach a patient having peptic ulcer disease and how to diagnose finally how to end up with treatment. Peptic ulcer disease a chronic disease of stomach and duodenum where the protective layer of stomach and duodenum weakens by many factors most common is H Pylori infection. Infection of H Pylori cause ulcer over time.
Chronic gastritis and duodenitis
Chronic gastritis is a chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that commonly results from infection by Helicobacter pylori in 90% of cases. Other causes include NSAID use, smoking, stress, and ischemia. H. pylori infection leads to increased acid secretion and damage to the gastric epithelium. Chronic gastritis is classified based on location and cause, and is usually asymptomatic, though pain, dyspepsia, and fatigue may occur. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and urease testing. Treatment focuses on H. pylori eradication therapy using antibiotic combinations for 10-14 days along with diet and lifestyle modifications. Complications include ulcers, gastric cancer, and
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
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Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
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- 1. Gastritis Raika Jamali M.D. Gastroenterologist and hepatologist Sina Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- 2. ● Histologically documented inflammation of the gastric mucosa ● There is no typical clinical manifestation of gastritis ●
- 4. inflammation and atrophy in different types of atrophic and nonatrophic chronic gastritis
- 5. Acute Gastritis ● Most common causes of acute gastritis are infectious (H. pylori ) ● Sudden onset of epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting ● If not treated, this picture will evolve into one of chronic gastritis ● Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare (Elderly individuals, alcoholics, and AIDS ) ● Failure of supportive measures and antibiotics may result in gastrectomy ● Herpes simplex or CMV gastritis in AIDS
- 6. Chronic Gastritis ● Inflammatory cell infiltrate consisting primarily of lymphocytes and plasma cells ● Distribution of the inflammation may be patchy, initially involving superficial and glandular portions of the gastric mucosa. ● This picture may progress to more severe glandular destruction, with atrophy and metaplasia
- 7. Superficial gastritis ● The early phase of chronic gastritis ● Inflammatory changes are limited to the lamina propria of the surface mucosa, with edema and cellular infiltrates separating intact gastric glands ● Decreased mucus in the mucous cells and decreased mitotic figures in the glandular cells
- 8. Atrophic gastritis ● Inflammatory infiltrate extends deeper into the mucosa, with progressive distortion and destruction of the glands ● Final stage of chronic gastritis is gastric atrophy ● Endoscopically, the mucosa may be substantially thin, permitting clear visualization of the underlying blood vessels
- 9. ● Gastric glands may undergo morphologic transformation in chronic gastritis. ● Intestinal metaplasia denotes the conversion of gastric glands to a small intestinal phenotype with small-bowel mucosal glands containing goblet cells. ● The metaplastic changes may vary in distribution from patchy to fairly extensive gastric involvement. ● Intestinal metaplasia is an important predisposing factor for gastric cancer
- 10. ● Chronic gastritis is also classified according to the predominant site of involvement: ● Type A refers to the body-predominant form (autoimmune) ● Type B is the antral-predominant form (H. pylori–related).
- 11. Type A Gastritis ● less common ● Involves primarily the fundus and body ● Antral sparing ● Associated with pernicious anemia ● Antibodies against parietal cells and IF (autoimmune gastritis) ● H. pylori infection can lead to a similar distribution of gastritis ●
- 12. ● Antibodies to parietal cells have been detected in >90% of patients with pernicious anemia ● in up to 50% of patients with type A gastritis ● Parietal cell antibodies and atrophic gastritis are observed in family members ● half of patients with pernicious anemia have antibodies to thyroid antigens ● ~ 30% of patients with thyroid disease have circulating antiparietal cell antibodies
- 13. ● Anti-IF antibodies are more specific than parietal cell antibodies ● HLA-B8 and -DR3 ● Achlorhydria & vitamin B12 deficiency results ● Sparing of the antral mucosa (site of G cells), leads to hypergastrinemia ● Development of gastric carcinoid tumors
- 14. Type B Gastritis ● The more common form ● H. pylori is the cause ● Improves after H. pylori eradication ● antral-predominant, gastritis ● Progression of the inflammatory process toward the body and fundus ● Conversion to a pan-gastritis is time-dependent–estimated to require 15–20 years
- 15. ● Number of H. pylori organisms decreases dramatically with progression to gastric atrophy, ● Degree of inflammation correlates with the level of these organisms ● Multifocal atrophic gastritis, gastric atrophy with subsequent metaplasia ● lead to development of gastric adenocarcinoma or low-grade B cell lymphoma (gastric MALT lymphoma) ● Eradication of H. pylori as a general preventative measure for gastric cancer is being evaluated but is not yet recommended
- 16. Treatment ● Patients with pernicious anemia will require parenteral vitamin B12 supplementation on a long-term basis. ● ● Eradication of H. pylori is not routinely recommended unless PUD or a low-grade MALT lymphoma is present