Gastritis is inflammation in the soft mucous lining of your stomach. This lining is a protective barrier in your stomach. When it’s inflamed, it means it’s under attack. It might be from an infection, a substance you ingested or digestive chemicals.
Gastritis
Pathophysiology:
Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining due to the injury of the mucosal layer that serves as a protectant from its stomach acid. Exposure of the mucosa to stomach acid can lead to swelling, inflammation, and pain.
There are two types of gastritis:
Acute Gastritis – short-lived without any longterm damage
Chronic Gastritis – longterm damage to the gastric mucosa
Causes:
Helicobacter pylori
Long term use of NSAIDs
Aspirin
Alcohol
Excessive amounts of caffeine
High stress levels
Smoking
Intolerance to spicy/citric food
Signs & Symptoms:
Nausea and vomiting
Sudden gastric pain
Gastric bleeding
Heartburn
Anorexia
Gastritis can be caused by irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs. It may also be caused by any of the following:
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A bacteria that lives in the mucous lining of the stomach; without treatment, the infection can lead to ulcers, and in some people, stomach cancer.
Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract (that connects to the liver and gallbladder)
Infections caused by bacteria and viruses
How Is Gastritis Diagnosed?
To diagnose gastritis, your doctor will review your personal and family medical history, perform a thorough physical evaluation, and may recommend any of the following tests:
Upper endoscopy. An endoscope, a thin tube containing a tiny camera, is inserted through your mouth and down into your stomach to look at the stomach lining. The doctor will check for inflammation and may perform a biopsy, a procedure in which a tiny sample of tissue is removed and then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Blood tests. The doctor may perform various blood tests, such as checking your red blood cell count to determine whether you have anemia, which means that you do not have enough red blood cells. They can also screen for H. pylori infection and pernicious anemia with blood tests.
Fecal occult blood test (stool test). This test checks for the presence of blood in your stool, a possible sign of gastritis.
Diagnostic Tests:
Extraction of gastric mucosal sample(biopsy) via endoscopy.
What Is the Treatment for Gastritis?
Treatment for gastritis usually involves:
Taking antacids and other drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors or H-2 blockers) to reduce stomach acid
Avoiding hot and spicy foods
For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will prescribe a regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn)
If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.
Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat
Once the underlying problem disappears, the gastritis usually does, too.
You should talk to your doctor before stopping any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment on your own.
Gastritis
Pathophysiology:
Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining due to the injury of the mucosal layer that serves as a protectant from its stomach acid. Exposure of the mucosa to stomach acid can lead to swelling, inflammation, and pain.
There are two types of gastritis:
Acute Gastritis – short-lived without any longterm damage
Chronic Gastritis – longterm damage to the gastric mucosa
Causes:
Helicobacter pylori
Long term use of NSAIDs
Aspirin
Alcohol
Excessive amounts of caffeine
High stress levels
Smoking
Intolerance to spicy/citric food
Signs & Symptoms:
Nausea and vomiting
Sudden gastric pain
Gastric bleeding
Heartburn
Anorexia
Gastritis can be caused by irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs. It may also be caused by any of the following:
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A bacteria that lives in the mucous lining of the stomach; without treatment, the infection can lead to ulcers, and in some people, stomach cancer.
Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract (that connects to the liver and gallbladder)
Infections caused by bacteria and viruses
How Is Gastritis Diagnosed?
To diagnose gastritis, your doctor will review your personal and family medical history, perform a thorough physical evaluation, and may recommend any of the following tests:
Upper endoscopy. An endoscope, a thin tube containing a tiny camera, is inserted through your mouth and down into your stomach to look at the stomach lining. The doctor will check for inflammation and may perform a biopsy, a procedure in which a tiny sample of tissue is removed and then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Blood tests. The doctor may perform various blood tests, such as checking your red blood cell count to determine whether you have anemia, which means that you do not have enough red blood cells. They can also screen for H. pylori infection and pernicious anemia with blood tests.
Fecal occult blood test (stool test). This test checks for the presence of blood in your stool, a possible sign of gastritis.
Diagnostic Tests:
Extraction of gastric mucosal sample(biopsy) via endoscopy.
What Is the Treatment for Gastritis?
Treatment for gastritis usually involves:
Taking antacids and other drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors or H-2 blockers) to reduce stomach acid
Avoiding hot and spicy foods
For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will prescribe a regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn)
If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.
Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat
Once the underlying problem disappears, the gastritis usually does, too.
You should talk to your doctor before stopping any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment on your own.
The word Gastritis comes from two words “gastro” referring to the stomach and “itis” means inflammation.
Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach mucosa.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
INCIDENCE:
The incidence of gastritis is highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life; men are more frequently affected than women. The incidence is greater in clients who are heavy drinkers and smokers.
Acute gastritis is considered one of the most common type of gastritis. This is a painful inflammation of the lining of the stomach that occur suddenly and may involve bleeding of the stomach mucosa
Chronic gastritis involve s long- term inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and this inflammatory condition of upper digestive system can last for years.
Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is more often found in older people
A circumscribed ulceration of the GI mucosa occurring in areas exposed to acid and pepsin with a defect in the mucosa that extends through the
Muscularis mucosa into the
Submucosa or deeper.
The word Gastritis comes from two words “gastro” referring to the stomach and “itis” means inflammation.
Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach mucosa.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
INCIDENCE:
The incidence of gastritis is highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life; men are more frequently affected than women. The incidence is greater in clients who are heavy drinkers and smokers.
Acute gastritis is considered one of the most common type of gastritis. This is a painful inflammation of the lining of the stomach that occur suddenly and may involve bleeding of the stomach mucosa
Chronic gastritis involve s long- term inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and this inflammatory condition of upper digestive system can last for years.
Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is more often found in older people
A circumscribed ulceration of the GI mucosa occurring in areas exposed to acid and pepsin with a defect in the mucosa that extends through the
Muscularis mucosa into the
Submucosa or deeper.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Gastritis
• Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric or
stomach mucosa) is a common GI problem,
accounting for approximately 2 million visits
to outpatient clinics annually in the United. It
affects women and men about equally and is
more common in older adults.
3. • Gastritis Types :
1. Acute, lasting several hours to a few days
2. Chronic , resulting from repeated exposure to irritating agents or
recurring episodes of acute gastritis.
Acute gastritis may be classified as( erosive or nonerosive) based upon
pathologic manifestations present in the gastric mucosa .
A. The erosive form of acute gastritis is most often caused by
1. local irritants such as aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., ibuprofen )
2. Alcohol consumption
3. Gastric radiation therapy .
B. The non erosive form of acute gastritis is most often caused by an
infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) . It is estimated that 70% of
individuals in developing countries and between 30% and 40% of individuals
in the United States and other industrialized countries are infected with H.
pylori.
4. Clinical Manifestations of Acute Gastritis
1. May have rapid onset of symptoms: abdominal discomfort.
2. Headache
3. lassitude.
4. Nausea.
5. Anorexia
6. Vomiting
7. hiccupping
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Gastritis
1. • May be asymptomatic.
2. • Complaints of anorexia
3. heartburn after eating,
4. belching.
5. A sour taste in the mouth
6. nausea and vomiting.
7. Patients with chronic gastritis from vitamin deficiency usually have
evidence of malabsorption of vitamin B12.
5. Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
• • Gastritis is sometimes associated with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria
(absence or low levels of hydrochloric acid) or with high acid levels.
• • Upper gastrointestinal (GI) x-ray series, endoscopy.
• • Biopsy with histologic examination are performed.
• • Serologic testing for antibodies to the H. pylori antigen and a breath
test may be performed.
Medical Management
Acute Gastritis
The gastric mucosa is capable of repairing itself after an episode of gastritis.
As a rule, the patient recovers in about 1 day, although the appetite may be
diminished for an additional 2 or 3 days. The patient should refrain from
alcohol and eating until symptoms subside. Then the patient can progress to
a nonirritating diet. If symptoms persist, intravenous fluids may be
necessary. If bleeding is present, management is similar to that of upper GI
tract hemorrhage If gastritis is due to ingestion of strong acids or alkali,
dilute and neutralize the acid with common antacids (eg, aluminum
hydroxide); neutralize alkali with diluted lemon juice or diluted vinegar.
6. If corrosion is extensive or severe, avoid emetics
and lavage because of danger of perforation.
Supportive therapy may include nasogastric
intubation, analgesic agents and sedatives,
antacids, and IV fluids. Fiberoptic endoscopy
may be necessary; emergency surgery may be
required to remove gangrenous or perforated
tissue; gastric resection (gastrojejunectomy)
7. Chronic Gastritis
• Diet modification, rest, stress reduction,
avoidance of alcohol and NSAIDs.
• Pharmacotherapy are key treatment
measures.
• Gastritis related to H. pylori infection is
treated with selected drug combinations.
8. Complications of untreated chronic gastritis
include:
1. Anemia: Erosive gastritis can cause chronic bleeding
which, in turn, can lead to anemia
2. Atrophic gastritis: Chronic inflammation in the stomach
can cause the loss of both the stomach lining and glands
3. Peptic ulcers: Ulcers can form in the lining of the
stomach and duodenum
4. Growths in the stomach lining: The risk of both benign
and malignant growths increases in people with gastritis.
If Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria cause gastritis,
they also increase the risk of a specific form of cancer
known as gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT) lymphoma.
Acute gastritis does not typically lead to complications.