2. Cancer is the general name for over 100 medical
conditions involving uncontrolled and dangerous cell
growth. Scientists suggest that some cancer is caused
by genetic factors, while other forms are caused by
environmental conditions. In other words, one patient
may already have a family history of breast cancer while
another was exposed to a carcinogenic (cancer-causing)
chemical in a factory. Both suffer from cancer--the only
difference is the root mechanism which triggered the
abnormal cell growth.
4. CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL AGENTS THAT CAN CAUSE CANCER
ARE KNOWN AS CARCINOGENS. DEPENDING ON THEIR
MODE OF ACTION, CARCINOGENS FALL INTO THE
FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
1. AGENTS THAT CAN CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN THE GENETIC
MATERIAL (DNA), RESULTING IN ONCOGENIC
TRANSFORMATION THAT CAN LEAD TO CANCER e.g.,
VARIOUS TYPES OF RADIATIONS AND CHEMICALS.
2. AGENTS THAT PROMOTE THE PROLIFERATION OF CELLS,
WHICH HAVE ALREADY UNDERGONEGENETIC
ALTERATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR ONCOGENIC
TRANSFORMATION. THESE AGENTS ARE CALLED TUMOUR
PROMOTERS, E.G., SOME GROWTH FACTORS AND
HORMONES.
3. CANCER CAUSING DNA AND RNA VIRUSES (TUMOUR
VIRUSES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH
ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION
5. •BLADDER/URETHRAL CANCER
•BRAIN CANCER
•BREAST CANCER
•CERVICAL CANCER
•COLON/RECTAL CANCER
•LIVER CANCER
•LUNG CANCER
•HEAD, ORAL AND NECK CANCER
• OVARIAN CANCER
• PROSTATE CANCER
• RENAL CANCER
• STOMACH/GASTRIC CANCER
• ENDOMETRIAL/UTERINE
CANCER
• TREATMENT
• CURING
• PRECUATIONS
• AWARENESS IN US
• BIBLOGRAPHY
END SHOW
6. Bladder cancer begins in the bladder, the organ that stores urine.
Because the kidneys, ureters, and urethra are lined with cells similar
to those in the bladder, cancer that affects the bladder can affect
these structures as well.
While there are other, rare types of bladder cancer, the three most
common types are: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), Squamous cell
carcinomas, and Adenocarcinomas. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
is by far the most common form of bladder cancer, accounting for
about 90% of these cancers. Bladder cancer is the fifth most common
cancer in this country, and it is three times more common among
men than among women. When found and treated early, as often
happens, the chances for survival are very good.
8. The brain consists of different kinds of tissues and cells. This is
important to understand, because different types of benign (not
cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors can start in these
different cell and tissue types. These different types of tumors
vary in prognosis (survival) and the ways they are treated.
Any of the different types of tissues or cells within the brain or
spinal cord can become cancerous. Tumors that start in other
organs such as the lung or breast and then spread, or
metastasize, to the brain are called metastatic brain cancers and
those that start in the brain are called primary brain cancers.
Metastatic tumors to the brain are more common than primary
brain tumors. Unlike other cancers, tumors arising within the
brain or spinal cord rarely metastasize to distant organs. They
cause damage because they spread locally and destroy normal
tissue in the place where they arise
Brain cancer accounts for approximately 1.4% of all cancers and
2.3% of all cancer-related deaths.
11. Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and is most
commonly associated with women, although on rare occasion,
men also get breast cancer.
There are several types of breast tumors. Most are benign; that
is, they are not cancer. These lumps are often the result of fibrocystic
changes, which can cause breast swelling and pain. Cysts are fluid-
filled sacs, and fibrosis refers to connective tissue or scar tissue
formation. The breasts may feel lumpy and sometimes there is a clear
or slightly cloudy nipple discharge. Benign breast tumors are abnormal
growths, but they do not spread outside of the breast and they are not
life threatening. Four of the most common types of breast cancer are
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS),
Infiltrating (invasive) lobular carcinoma (ILC), and Infiltrating (invasive)
ductal carcinoma (IDC). IDC is the most common type of breast cancer;
it accounts for nearly 80% of breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women,
other than skin cancer. It is the second leading cause of cancer death
in women, after lung cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of
cancer death among women aged 40 to 55.
13. Cervical cancer begins in the lining of the cervix. The
cervix is the lower part of the womb (uterus) and it connects the
body of the uterus to the vagina, or birth canal.
Cancer of the cervix does not form suddenly. First, some
cells begin to change from normal to pre-cancer and then to
cancer. This can take a number of years, although sometimes it
happens more quickly. For some women, pre-cancerous changes
may go away without any treatment. More often, they need to be
treated to keep them from changing into true cancers.
There are two main types of cancer of the cervix. About
85%-90% of these cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. The
other 10%-15% are adenocarcinomas.
15. Colorectal cancer begins in either the colon or the rectum.
Both are part of the digestive tract, sometimes called the GI
(gastrointestinal) tract. This is where food is processed to create
energy and rid the body of waste matter.
The colon has four sections: the ascending colon, the
transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.
Cancer can start in any of the four sections or in the rectum. Since
colon cancer and rectal cancer have many features in common, they
are often discussed together.
Before a true cancer develops, there are often earlier changes
in the lining of the colon or rectum. One type of change is a growth of
tissue called a polyp. Removing the polyp early may prevent it from
becoming cancer.
Over 95% of colon and rectal (colorectal) cancers are
adenocarcinomas. These are cancers of the cells that line the inside of
the colon and rectum. There are some other, more rare, types of
tumors of the colon and rectum.
17. Liver cancer begins in the liver, the largest organ
in the body.
There are a number of tumors that can form in
the liver. Some of these are cancerous and others are
not. The four main types of malignant liver tumors are:
Angiosarcoma: a rare cancer that starts in the
blood vessels of the liver Cholangiocarcinoma:
accounts for about 13% of liver cancers. This tumor
begins in the small bile ducts in the liver. It is also
known as Klatskin tumors. Hepatoblastoma: a rare type
of liver cancer found most often in young children. It
can often be treated successfully. Hepatocellular
carcinoma: Accounts for about 84% of liver cancers. It
begins in the hepatocytes, the main type of liver cell.
19. Lung cancer begins in the lungs. The lungs are two
sponge-like organs in the chest. The lining that surrounds the
lungs is called the pleura. The pleura helps to protect the
lungs. The windpipe (trachea) brings air down into the lungs. It
divides into tubes called bronchi, which divide into smaller
branches called bronchioles. At the end of these small
branches are tiny air sacs known as alveoli.
Most lung cancers start in the lining of the bronchi. But
lung cancer can also begin in other areas like the trachea,
bronchioles, or alveoli. Lung cancer often takes many years to
develop.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for
both men and women. Lung cancer is fairly rare in people
under the age of 40. The number of cases goes up after age 50
and even more so after age 65.
21. Oral cancer is cancer that starts in the oral cavity (mouth).
The oral cavity starts at the skin edge of the lips. It includes the lips,
the ducal mucosa (inside lining of the lips and cheeks), the teeth, the
gums, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth
below the tongue, the hard palate (bony roof of the mouth), and the
retro molar trogon (area behind the wisdom teeth).
Oropharyngeal cancer develops in the oropharynx (the part
of the throat just behind the mouth). The oropharynx begins where
the oral cavity stops. It includes the base of tongue (back third of the
tongue), the soft palate, the tonsillar area (tonsils and tonsillar
pillars), and the posterior pharyngeal wall (back wall of the throat).
Many types of tumors can develop in the oral cavity and
oropharynx. Some of these tumors are benign, or noncancerous.
Others are cancerous, which means they can penetrate into
surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. There are
also some growths that start off harmless, but sometimes develop
into cancer. These are known as precancerous conditions.
23. Ovarian cancer starts in a woman's ovaries, which are in
the pelvis. The ovaries contain eggs. There is one ovary on each
side of the spine. The ovaries are the main source of the female
hormones estrogen and progesterone.
There are three main types of ovarian tumors. They are
named for the kind of cells they start from. The most common
starts from the cells that cover the surface of the ovary, called the
epithelial cells. Most epithelial ovarian tumors are harmless, but
some are cancerous. Most ovarian cancers are the epithelial type.
The second kind of tumor starts in the germ cells that form
the eggs in the ovary. As used here, the word germ refers to an
early or seed cell. Most germ cell tumors are also benign, although
some are cancerous. Germ cell cancers account for about 5% of
ovarian cancers.
The third type of tumor starts from the tissue that holds an
ovary together and produces female hormones, the stromal cells.
Stromal tumors are fairly rare, accounting for only about 5% of
ovarian tumors.
24.
25. Prostate cancer starts in the prostate gland. The prostate
gland is found only in men; therefore, only men get prostate cancer.
The prostate is about the size of a walnut. It is just below the bladder
and in front of the rectum. The tube that carries urine (urethra) runs
through the prostate.
Most of the time, prostate cancer grows very slowly. Autopsy
studies show that many elderly men who died of other diseases also
had prostate cancer that neither they nor their doctor were aware of.
But sometimes it can grow quickly, spreading to other parts of the
body. Cancer cells may enter the lymph system and spread to lymph
nodes (small, bean-shaped collections of cells that help in fighting
infections). If cancer is in the lymph nodes, it is more likely to have
spread to other organs of the body as well.
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer found in
American men, other than skin cancer. Although men of any age can
get prostate cancer, it is found most often in men over 50. In fact,
more than 8 out of ten of the men with prostate cancer are over the
age of 65.
27. Kidney cancer begins in the kidneys, two large, bean-
shaped organs. One is just to the left and the other to the right
of the backbone.
The main job of the kidneys is to filter the blood and rid
the body of liquid waste. This waste, called urine, leaves the
kidneys through a long slender tube called a ureter. The ureters
connect to the bladder, where the urine is stored until it leaves
the body.
Although we have two kidneys, it is possible to survive
with less than even one complete kidney. Some people live
without any kidneys at all. Their blood is filtered by a machine in
a process called dialysis.
Renal is the Latin word for kidney. The most common
type of kidney cancer is called renal cell cancer. It accounts for
about 85% of kidney tumors.
29. Stomach cancer is a cancer that starts in the stomach. The
medical name for stomach cancer is gastric cancer. The stomach
is divided into five different sections. Cancer can develop in any of
these sections. Cancers beginning in these different sections may
produce different symptoms and tend to have different outcomes.
The location can also affect some of the treatment options that are
available.
Stomach cancers are believed to develop slowly over many
years. Before a true cancer develops, there are usually
precancerous changes that occur in the lining of the stomach.
Approximately 90% to 95% of the malignant (cancerous) tumors of
the stomach are adenocarcinomas. The terms stomach cancer or
gastric cancer almost always refer to adenocarcinoma of the
stomach. This cancer develops from the cells that form the inner
lining of the stomach called the epithelium.
Most people diagnosed with stomach cancer are in their
60s and 70s.
31. Endometrial cancer is a cancer that has developed from
the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus (womb).
Nearly all endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas
(cancers of glandular cells). In addition, over 75% of these are
endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Although "endometrial" and
"endometrioid" have similar spelling, they are not identical.
Endometrioid cancers are a specific type of endometrial cancer.
One-third to one-half of endometrioid cancers have glandular
areas as well as areas formed by squamous cells (the type of
cells found on the surface of the cervix and the skin). If the
squamous cells look benign (noncancerous) under a microscope,
and the glandular cells look cancerous these tumors are called
adenoacanthomas. If the squamous areas and glandular areas
both look malignant (cancerous), these tumors are called
adenosquamous carcinomas. However, both adenocanthomas
and adenosquamous carcinomas are cancerous tumors.
In the United States, cancer of the endometrium is the
most common cancer of the female reproductive organs
33. Treatment for cancer ranges from rounds of powerful
chemicals to focused burst of radiation to complete surgical
removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. Each treatment
type brings a certain level of risk and pain to the patient, but
cancerous cells left untreated will almost inevitably choke off
vital organs and circulation. Chemotherapy introduces strong
medicines which target fast-growing cells, but this also includes
normal events such as hair growth and digestion. Radiation
treatments use heat energy to literally burn off malignant cells,
but healthy tissue is also damaged. Surgical removal can lead to
a permanent recovery, but undetected malignant cells may have
already metastasized to other organs or be jarred loose by the
surgery itself
34. Curing cancer has been a major goal of medical
researchers for decades, but development of new treatments
takes time and money. Already there are many forms of cancer
which are no longer considered untreatable. Some cancers, such
as leukemia (blood cancer), can actually stop growing as
suddenly as they started. This is called remission, and is often
seen as a tremendous blessing for patients who have fought their
conditions for years. Science may yet find the root causes of all
cancers and develop safer methods for shutting them down
before they have a chance to grow or spread
35. Although some risk factors are unavoidable, there are substances
that have been clearly linked with cancer. These substances are
known as carcinogens. Smoking, for instance, clearly causes lung
cancer and many head and neck cancers .
Simple lifestyle modifications and precautions, such as not
smoking, limiting alcohol consumption and limiting exposure to
ultraviolet rays can prevent many cancers. In addition to reducing
lifestyle risks, cancer can be prevented through early detection and
risk assessment. Regular screenings have dramatically improved
the survival rates for many cancers, such as breast cancer, cervical
cancer and prostate cancer
36. IN UNITED STATES SOME ORNIMENTS ARE WEARING
TO PROTECT FROM CANCER BUT GOVERNMENT IS
NOT GIVEN ANY IDENTIFICATION, THEY ARE:
37. 1. NCERT TEXT BOOK BIOLOGY- CLASS –XII
2. MICROSOFT ENCARTA
3. BRITANICA 2004
4. www.cancer.com
38. CANCER
PRESENTED BY: K.G.MALLIKARJUN
JNV PRABHAT PATTAN,
BETUL (M.P.).
SPECIAL THANKS :1.NVS(HR), BHOPAL
2. Sri.BD.RAMTEKE,
PRINCIPAL,
3. JNVSTAFF
ALL THE COPY ® 2005 RESERVED
END OF THE PRESENTATION
