Fungi including yeat and moulds, introduction, morphological classification, importance of fungi.

1. Fungi
By S.D.Mankar

3.  Fungi:-
 Are group of unicellular and multicellular non motile
eukaryotic organism.
It consist of moulds and yeast.
Depends on morphology fungi divides in four class
1. Moulds
2. Yeast
3. yeast like fungi
4. Dimorphic fungi

4. 
A)Moulds:-
1. Fungi which forms mycelia called Moulds or filamentous fungi.
2. the thallus of mould consist of long filaments of cell joined
together – known as Hypae.
3. Hypae contain cross wall called septa, this divides them into
uninucleate or multinucleate.
4. the hypae grow and form mass called mycelium.

5. 5. the portion of mycelium – concern with nutrition called
vegetative mycellium. & portion concerned with reproduction
called reproductive mycelia.
Yeast:- these are round, oval, or elongated unicellular fungi.
Most of them are produced by budding.

6. Importance of fungi:-
1. Imp. Source of antibiotics.
E.g. penicillium notatum –penicillin.
2.Good source for diff. enzyme. E.g Amylase from aspargillus species.
3. useful in production of citric, oxalic & gluconic acid.
4. used in alter texture, improve flavor, palatability, digestability of
natural or processed food.

7. 5. yeast- useful in fermentation in production of beverages and
juices and in backing.
6. Moulds- production of industrial alcohol.
7. fungi have capability to breakdown complex organic structure
and it is essential activity in reducing of carbon and other elements
in cycle of life.
Food source- edible wild or domesticated varities of mushrooms.

8. mycelium: septate mycelium: non septate

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10. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae:-
Cells are elliptical, measuring about 6-8 µm in diameter.
They multiply asexually by budding process.
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae used in fermentation of beer and wine
and in production of bakery products.
4. it is found in nature or ripe fruits
Thus it is a yeast of great importance in fermentation.

12. Candida albicans:-
 is an ovoid or spherical budding cell 3-5 µm in diameter.
Gram stained smear and KOH wet mount from lesions, patches, from
mucus membrane of the mouth, oesophagous, vagina and skin shows
budding.
Cream coloured, smooth, pasty colonies appear in 1-2 days.
Germ Tube:- candida albicans may be identified on its ability to form
tube within two hrs when incubated in human serum at 37 C.


13. It grow well on subourauds dextrose agar and ordinary
bacteriological culture media at 25-37 C.

14. Penicillium species:-
 there are more than 150 known species of the genes
penicillium.
They occur as saprophytes in the soil and decomposing organic
debris.
Growth:- On sabourauds dextrose agar at 20 C for 1-4 days.
Pigmentation: blue green colored colonies.
Structure:- microscopic examination of these colonies shows brush
like arrangement of conidia, sterigmata and conidophores.

15. Conidophores may be branched and have brush like heads bearing
spores.
Clusters of strigmata are usually in one place and forms chain of
conidia.
Some species of penicillium causes spoilage of fruits, vegetables,
grains and grasses.