The document discusses systems and system design. It defines a system as an organized group of interconnected units that work together towards a common goal. A system has synergy where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Systems can be modeled and optimized using various techniques to achieve their objectives while adapting to their environment. System design involves constructing new systems using scientific principles to meet specified criteria. It discusses various approaches, methods, and considerations for system design and decision making.
A management policy evolves over time by addition, deletion and modifications of rules. Policies authored
by different administrators may be merged to form the final system management policy. Since policies are
used to govern the system behavior, conflicts may arise in the set of policies and also may arise during the
refinement process, between the high-level goals and the implementable policies. Moreover, policy conflict
can result from propagation, action composition and other constraint policies, which cannot be detected by
simply comparing authorization policies. Static and dynamic conflicts are considered as two classes of
conflict which need to be understood and independently managed. Furthermore, the distinction between
these two classed is important; as detecting and resolving of conflict can be computationally intensive, time
consuming and hence, costly. However, a dynamic conflict is quite unpredictable, in that it may, or may
not; proceed to a state of a realized conflict. In this paper we present static analyses to address the overlap
cased when there are two or more policies are enforced simultaneously. Moreover, the paper provides
temporal specification patterns to avoid each type of conflicts, and to ensure that policies are enforced
correctly.
A management policy evolves over time by addition, deletion and modifications of rules.
Policies authored by different administrators may be merged to form the final system
management policy. These operations cause various problems such as policy overlap. Static and
dynamic conflicts are Considered as two classes of conflict which need to be understood and
independently managed. Furthermore, the distinction between these two classed is important; as
detecting and resolving of conflict can be computationally intensive, time consuming and hence,
costly. However, a dynamic conflict is quite unpredictable, in that it may, or may not; proceed
to a state of a realized conflict. In this paper we present static analyses to address the overlap
cased when there are two or more policies are enforced simultaneously. Moreover, the paper provides temporal specification patterns to avoid each type of conflicts, and to ensure that policies are enforced correctly.
Evaluating Soft Approaches Used in Strategy Development and Planning by Moh...Mohammad Ali Jaafar
The paper introduces and evaluates six soft approaches used in strategy development and planning. (SWOT analysis, the Future Workshop, the Scenario methodology, Strategic Option Development and Analysis, Strategic Choice Approach and Soft Systems Methodology)
A system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
The Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) is a three years regular degree program. JIMS Vasant Kunj-II is one of the best BCA Colleges in Delhi NCR. It is one of the Top BCA College in Delhi NCR which provides best Placements in Top IT Companies. BCA is a three years regular academic degree in Computer Science awarded after completion of three years course. The curriculum is well updated and is designed to bridge the gap between IT industries and educational institutes. The syllabus has incorporated the latest languages and technologies which are in demand in the curriculum. This helps the students to update themselves with the recent trends in the IT industry.
JIMS Vasant Kunj-II provides is the best infrastructure located in the prime location and easy to commute. The Institute is fully Air-Conditioned, Wi-Fi-enabled campus which provides best industry exposure in the form of Workshops, Guest Lecture delivered to the students by IT Experts.
The three-year course is divided into 6 semesters and comprises of subjects which are as per the need of IT Industry.
The updated curriculum of BCA includes almost all the programming languages like C, C++, Java, Advance Java, Dot Net, Python etc.
Web Technologies subjects includes XML, AJAX, All Scripting languages, Php.
Database technologies like SQL, Oracle, Mongo DB and Linux OS.
Many more subjects like AI, AI using Python, Machine learning, Network Security, Data Warehousing and Datamining and many more good subjects.
System Analysis and Design subject comes in 2nd sem of BCA.
A management policy evolves over time by addition, deletion and modifications of rules. Policies authored
by different administrators may be merged to form the final system management policy. Since policies are
used to govern the system behavior, conflicts may arise in the set of policies and also may arise during the
refinement process, between the high-level goals and the implementable policies. Moreover, policy conflict
can result from propagation, action composition and other constraint policies, which cannot be detected by
simply comparing authorization policies. Static and dynamic conflicts are considered as two classes of
conflict which need to be understood and independently managed. Furthermore, the distinction between
these two classed is important; as detecting and resolving of conflict can be computationally intensive, time
consuming and hence, costly. However, a dynamic conflict is quite unpredictable, in that it may, or may
not; proceed to a state of a realized conflict. In this paper we present static analyses to address the overlap
cased when there are two or more policies are enforced simultaneously. Moreover, the paper provides
temporal specification patterns to avoid each type of conflicts, and to ensure that policies are enforced
correctly.
A management policy evolves over time by addition, deletion and modifications of rules.
Policies authored by different administrators may be merged to form the final system
management policy. These operations cause various problems such as policy overlap. Static and
dynamic conflicts are Considered as two classes of conflict which need to be understood and
independently managed. Furthermore, the distinction between these two classed is important; as
detecting and resolving of conflict can be computationally intensive, time consuming and hence,
costly. However, a dynamic conflict is quite unpredictable, in that it may, or may not; proceed
to a state of a realized conflict. In this paper we present static analyses to address the overlap
cased when there are two or more policies are enforced simultaneously. Moreover, the paper provides temporal specification patterns to avoid each type of conflicts, and to ensure that policies are enforced correctly.
Evaluating Soft Approaches Used in Strategy Development and Planning by Moh...Mohammad Ali Jaafar
The paper introduces and evaluates six soft approaches used in strategy development and planning. (SWOT analysis, the Future Workshop, the Scenario methodology, Strategic Option Development and Analysis, Strategic Choice Approach and Soft Systems Methodology)
A system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
The Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) is a three years regular degree program. JIMS Vasant Kunj-II is one of the best BCA Colleges in Delhi NCR. It is one of the Top BCA College in Delhi NCR which provides best Placements in Top IT Companies. BCA is a three years regular academic degree in Computer Science awarded after completion of three years course. The curriculum is well updated and is designed to bridge the gap between IT industries and educational institutes. The syllabus has incorporated the latest languages and technologies which are in demand in the curriculum. This helps the students to update themselves with the recent trends in the IT industry.
JIMS Vasant Kunj-II provides is the best infrastructure located in the prime location and easy to commute. The Institute is fully Air-Conditioned, Wi-Fi-enabled campus which provides best industry exposure in the form of Workshops, Guest Lecture delivered to the students by IT Experts.
The three-year course is divided into 6 semesters and comprises of subjects which are as per the need of IT Industry.
The updated curriculum of BCA includes almost all the programming languages like C, C++, Java, Advance Java, Dot Net, Python etc.
Web Technologies subjects includes XML, AJAX, All Scripting languages, Php.
Database technologies like SQL, Oracle, Mongo DB and Linux OS.
Many more subjects like AI, AI using Python, Machine learning, Network Security, Data Warehousing and Datamining and many more good subjects.
System Analysis and Design subject comes in 2nd sem of BCA.
With the rapid increase in performance of computers over the last few years it is unlikely that any business will survive without some means of computerised data processing in the future.
It is therefore very important that any person planning and involved in any career in today’s commercial environment is provided with a basic understanding of computer technology and the theory of Management Information System (MIS).
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
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What is Software or System ?
How to develop a good Software or System ?
What attributes of designing a good Software or System ?
Which methodology should be to design a good Software or System ?
What is SDLC ?
How many phases available in SDLC ?
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
2. WHAT IS SYSTEMS?
• its original meaning (Greek) is to ‘set up’ in ‘sync’
• defined as
• an organized or connected group of objects; a set or assemblage of things
connected, associated, or interdependent, so as to form a complex unity;
3. SYNERGY EFFECTS OF SYSTEMS
• A system is an ‘organised whole’ of a plural number of units. The essential sense
of this term captures its organic (or materialistic) characteristics, or the synergy
effect, that is, the total optimisation is greater than the sum of the partial
optimisations.
4. CHAOS
• A state which is not systematized is ‘chaos’
• Chaos now means a mode which creates unforeseen irregular behaviour or
pattern in spite of deterministic character following a certain specific rule/law.
5. TOTAL SYSTEM/SYSTEM INTEGRATION
• If a unit forming part of a system behaves with strong independence/autonomy,
this unit is called a module or holon; a system consisting of autonomous modules
is called a total system.
The total system often has a mode of system integration with the following three
features
(1) syncretism—integrating different fields whilst maintaining their own autonomy;
(2) symbiosis— obtaining symbiotic gain;
(3) synergy— synergistically obtaining amplification effects.
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM
• Many characteristics are concerned with systems; some are size, complexity,
totality, mission/functions/objectives, internal/external relationships,
equilibrium/balance, hierarchy, dimensionality, dynamic behavior, etc.
7. FOUR BASIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE SYSTEM
• Assemblage - A system consists of a plural number of distinguishable units which may be
either physical or conceptual, natural or artificial.
• Relationship -Several units assembled together are merely a ‘group’ or a ‘set.’ For such a
group to be admissible as a system, a relationship or an interaction must exist among the
units.
• Goal-seeking - An actual system as a whole performs a certain function or aims at single or
multiple objectives.
• Adaptability to environment - A specific, factual system behaves so as to adapt to the
change in its surroundings, or external environment. This external environment influences
and is influenced by the system, in that matter and/or energy and/or information are
received from and given to each other.
8. FOUR DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS
• Abstract (or basic) definition- a system is a collection of recognizable units having
relationships among the units.
• Structural (or static) definition- a system is a collection of recognizable units having
relationships among the units, aiming at specified single or multiple objectives subject
to its external environment.
• Transformational (or functional) definition - a system receives inputs from its
environment, transforms them to outputs, and releases the outputs to the
environment, whilst seeking to maximize the productivity of the transformation.
• Procedural (or dynamic) definition - he process of transformation in the input-output
system consists of a number of related stages, at each of which a specified operation
is carried out.
9. SYSTEMS DESIGN
is to construct a new, useful system (static structure and operating procedure)
under a specified evaluation criterion by the use of scientific disciplines and
empirical laws concerning systems.
10. CONTROL SYSTEM
The basic characteristic of systems design is ‘operationality’. Components to be
considered in this category are:
• controllable variables controlled as specified by the designer;
• uncontrollable parameters which cannot be controlled by the designer.
Systems with controllable variables are called control (or cybernetic) systems. By
properly (optimally) setting values for controllable variables, the objective of the
system is attained. In some cases this operationality is unlimited, whilst in others it
is limited or restricted.
11. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
• Proper setting of values for controllable variables in a system is made so as to attain
the highest measure of performance for the system’s objectives. This is based upon
the optimizing criterion , and under this criterion “systems optimization" is achieved.
It is important to express the basic structure of a system. This is specified by the four
attributes mentioned before and by the following two factors:
(1) goals of the system—attained by the function of the system made up of
components;
(2) constraints on the system—both internal and external restrictions caused by the
structure of the system itself and the relationship between the system and its external
environment.
12. MODEL BUILDING
What is a model ?
Goals and constraints can be described by models. A model is an abstract
representation of a real situation or behavior with a suitable language or
expression.
13. REPRESENTATIVE MODELS
Physical models- Scaled - down replicas, such as a small-sized wing in a wind tunnel or a small ship in a
water tank to which dimensional analysis can be applied, a mock-up of layout for a machine shop in plant
engineering.
Schematic (or graphical) models – Those describing an actual situation in the form of diagrams, These
expressions aid decision-making in that they are often useful in sequentially deriving the near-optimal
solution.
Mathematical (or analytical) models - using the highest level of abstraction, and are the most effective
method for performing systems optimization analysis.
Simulation models – It aids proper decision- and policy-making by efficiently and economically
determining the system’s structure and behavior, operating procedures, and decision rules to meet the
system’s objectives, which demonstrates virtual manufacturing operations on computer displays without
utilising any actual production facilities.
14. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
Types of System Optimization
System optimization is defined as "the determination of optimum values for
decision variables x such that the goal function (2.4) is maximized or minimized
subject to constraints (2.5) and (2.6) (constrained optimization"), but it is frequently
performed without any constraints (unconstrained optimization).
15. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Typical optimization techniques are :
• Extremum method
• Mathematical programming
• Multiple-objective (or multicriterion)
• Network theory
• The maximum principle
• Functional analysis
16. DECISION-MAKING CRITERIA
• Basic Criteria for Decision-making - cases where neither optimizing nor satisficing
criteria are utilized owing to the complexity of the problems, the consistency
criterion or principle, consistency criterion (or principle) may be useful.
17. FEASIBILITY STUDY/HEURISTICS
Two procedures are taken for decision-making under the satisficing criterion
• Feasibility study - derives feasible solutions. Solutions a certain level of aspiration
that the decision-maker is willing to accept for each objective
• Heuristics or heuristic programming - a method to reduce efforts of trial and
error in the problem-solving process.
18. BASIC APPROACHES TO SYSTEMS DESIGN
Two design Methods
• Inductive design - analytical approach to derive a general solution for an actual
system by identifying and investigating the cases of the existing system’s reality
• Deductive design - axiomatic approach to deduce a feasible or an optimal
solution theoretically by first setting an ideal system based on universal
disciplines and principles.
19. WORK DESIGN
In this approach seven system elements— function, inputs, outputs, sequence,
environment, physical catalyst, and human agents.
In work design 10 steps are processed following basic rules/check lists:
(1) determining the function; (2) developing the ideal system;
(3) gathering information; (4) suggesting alternatives;
(5) selecting a workable system; (6) formulating the system;
(7) reviewing the system; (8) testing the system;
(9) installing the system; (10) measuring system
performance.
20. TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO LARGE-SCALE SYSTEM
DESIGN
(1) Modular method - arge-scale system is first divided into several subsystems, each having as
much independence as possible.
(2) Hierarchical method - subsystems with different functions are arranged vertically, such as a
three-level system consisting of the execution system P for conducting actual implementation of
the conversion process of inputs into outputs, the low-level management systems.
21. Total System Approach is define as advance approach in the design of
management information systems.
22. What is Decision-making?
Decision-making is the process of selecting one best plan from among several possible
alternatives.
Rational decision- making is structured under the following two premises such as factual and
value premise.
• factual premise— results which would be attained by implementing the possible means in
the circumstances are predicted;
• value premise— values (measures of performance through implementation of the
alternatives) are measured and ranking of the values can be made, either by ordinal numbers
or by quantitative figures.
23. TWO MODES OF DECISION-MAKING
(1) programmed decision-making— repetitively routine decisions for well-
structured problems;
(2) non-programmed decision-making—heuristically made decisions for ill-
structured issues.
24. TYPES OF DECISION-MAKING
• Decision under certainty
• Decision under risk
• Decision under uncertainty
• Decision under Conflict
• Optimum Decision-making Procedure
